Lockheed YF-12

YF-12
YF-12A
General information
TypeInterceptor aircraft
ManufacturerLockheed Corporation
StatusCanceled
Primary usersUnited States Air Force
Number built3
History
First flight7 August 1963
Developed fromLockheed A-12

The Lockheed YF-12 is an American Mach 3+ capable, high-altitude interceptor prototype, developed and manufactured by American aerospace company Lockheed Corporation.

The interceptor was developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s as a potential replacement for the F-106 Delta Dart interceptor for the United States Air Force (USAF). The YF-12 was a twin-seat version of the then-secret single-seat Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft operated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); unlike the A-12, it was furnished with the Hughes AN/ASG-18 fire-control radar and could be armed with AIM-47 Falcon (GAR-9) air-to-air missiles. Its maiden flight was on 7 August 1963. Its existence was publicly revealed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 24 February 1964; this move was to provide plausible deniability for the CIA-operated A-12 fleet, which closely resembled the prototype YF-12.

During the 1960s, the YF-12 underwent flight evaluations by the USAF, but funding to put it into operational use was not forthcoming partly due to the pressing demands of the Vietnam War and other military priorities. It set and held speed and altitude world records of over 2,000 miles per hour (3,200 km/h) and over 80,000 feet (24,000 m) (later surpassed by the closely related SR-71 Blackbird), and is the world's largest, heaviest and fastest crewed interceptor.[1] Following its retirement by the USAF, it served as a research aircraft for NASA for a time, which used it to develop several significant improvements in control for future supersonic aircraft.

Design and development

In the late 1950s, the United States Air Force (USAF) sought a replacement for its F-106 Delta Dart interceptor. As part of the Long Range Interceptor Experimental (LRI-X) program, the North American XF-108 Rapier, an interceptor with Mach 3 speed, was selected. However, the F-108 program was canceled by the Department of Defense in September 1959.[2] During this time, Lockheed's Skunk Works was developing the A-12 reconnaissance aircraft for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) under the Oxcart program. Kelly Johnson, the head of Skunk Works, proposed to build a version of the A-12 named AF-12 by the company; the USAF ordered three AF-12s in mid-1960.[3]

Picture of the modified chine to accommodate the AN/ASG-18 radar

The AF-12s took the seventh through ninth slots on the A-12 assembly line; these were designated as YF-12A interceptors.[4] The main changes involved modifying the A-12's nose by cutting back the chines to accommodate the huge Hughes AN/ASG-18 fire-control radar originally developed for the XF-108 with two infrared search and track sensors located in the chine leading edge, and the addition of the second cockpit for a crew member to operate the fire control radar for the air-to-air missile system.[5] The modifications changed the aircraft's aerodynamics enough to require ventral fins to be mounted under the fuselage and engine nacelles to maintain stability. Three of the four bays previously used to house the A-12's reconnaissance equipment were converted to carry Hughes AIM-47 Falcon (GAR-9) missiles.[6] One bay was used for fire control equipment.[7]

Lockheed YF-12A, Serial# 60-6934, the only YF-12A in ADC markings

The first YF-12A flew on 7 August 1963.[6] President Lyndon B. Johnson announced the existence of the aircraft[A][8] on 24 February 1964.[9][10] The YF-12A was announced in part to continue hiding the A-12, its still-secret ancestor; any sightings of CIA/Air Force A-12s based at Area 51 in Nevada could be attributed to the well-publicized Air Force YF-12As based at Edwards Air Force Base in California.[8] The first public showing of the aircraft was on 30 September 1964 at Edwards.[11]

On 14 May 1965, the Air Force placed a production order for 93 F-12Bs for its Air Defense Command (ADC).[12] However, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara would not release the funding for three consecutive years due to Vietnam War costs.[12] Updated intelligence placed a lower priority on defense of the continental US, so the F-12B was deemed no longer needed. Then in January 1968, the F-12B program was officially ended.[13]

Operational history

Air Force testing

Sideview of black jet aircraft overflying mountain towards right of photo.
YF-12A over mountainous terrain.

During flight tests the YF-12As set a speed record of 2,070.101 miles per hour (3,331.505 km/h)[14] and altitude record of 80,257.86 feet (24,462.60 m), both on 1 May 1965,[9] and demonstrated promising results with its unique weapon system. Six successful firings of the AIM-47 missiles were completed, and a seventh failed due to a gyro failure on one of the missiles. The last one was launched from the YF-12 at Mach 3.2 at an altitude of 74,000 feet (23,000 m) to a JQB-47E target drone 500 feet (150 m) off the ground.[15] The missile did not have a warhead but still managed to hit the B-47 directly and take a 4 feet (120 cm) section off its tail. The Air Force considered it a success and ordered 96 aircraft and had an initial budget of $90 million to further testing, but this was withheld by Secretary of Defense McNamara, who on 23 November 1967[16] put it towards the much less successful F-106X program that nearly failed.[17]

The successful AIM-47 Falcon missile was increased in size and performance and became the AIM-54 Phoenix missile for the F-14 Tomcat. The AN/ASG 18 radar was upgraded to become the AN/AWG-9 and APG-71, which added the ability to track multiple targets.

One of the Air Force test pilots, Jim Irwin, would go on to become a NASA astronaut and walk on the Moon.

The program was abandoned following the cancellation of the production F-12B, but the YF-12s continued flying for many years with the USAF and with NASA as research aircraft.

NASA testing

NASA Overview of the YF-12, circa 1974 (26:38)

The initial phase of the test program included objectives aimed at answering some questions about implementation of the B-1. Air Force objectives included exploration of its use in a tactical environment, and how airborne early warning and control (AWACS) would control supersonic aircraft. The Air Force portion was budgeted at US$4 million. The NASA tests would answer questions such as how engine inlet performance affected airframe and propulsion interaction, boundary layer noise, heat transfer under high Mach conditions, and altitude hold at supersonic speeds. The NASA budget for the 2.5-year program was US$14 million (~$37.4 million in 2023).[18]

The YF-12 and SR-71 originally suffered from severe control issues that affected both the engines and the physical control of the aircraft. Wind testing at NASA Dryden and YF-12 research flights developed computer systems that nearly completely solved the performance issues. Testing revealed vortices from the nose chines interfering with intake air, which led to the development of a computer control system to open the forward bypass doors. A computer system to reduce unstarts was also developed. They also developed a flight engineering computer program called Central Airborne Performance Analyzer (CAPA) that relayed engine data to the pilots and informed them of any faults or issues with performance and indicated the severity of malfunctions.[19]

Another system called Cooperative Airframe-Propulsion Control System (CAPCS) greatly improved the control of supersonic aircraft in flight. At such high speeds even minor changes in direction caused the aircraft to change position by thousands of feet, and often had severe temperature and pressure changes. CAPCS reduced these deviations by a factor of 10. The overall improvements increased range of the SR-71 by 7 percent.[19]

Of the three YF-12As, AF Ser. No. 60-6934 was damaged beyond repair by fire at Edwards AFB during a landing mishap on 14 August 1966; its rear half was salvaged and combined with the front half of a Lockheed static test airframe to create the only SR-71C.[20][21]

YF-12A, AF Ser. No. 60-6936 was lost on 24 June 1971 due to an in-flight fire caused by a failed fuel line; both pilots ejected safely just north of Edwards AFB. YF-12A, AF Ser. No. 60-6935 is the only surviving YF-12A; it was recalled from storage in 1969 for a joint USAF/NASA investigation of supersonic cruise technology, and then flown to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio on 17 November 1979.[9]

YF-12C on ramp

A fourth YF-12 aircraft, the "YF-12C", was actually the second SR-71A (AF Ser. No. 61–7951). This SR-71A was re-designated as a YF-12C and given the fictitious Air Force Serial Number 60-6937 from an A-12 to maintain SR-71 secrecy. The aircraft was loaned to NASA for propulsion testing after the loss of YF-12A (AF Ser. No. 60–6936) in 1971. The YF-12C was operated by NASA until September 1978, when it was returned to the Air Force.[22]

The YF-12 had a real-field sonic-boom overpressure value between 33.5 and 52.7 N/m2 (0.7 to 1.1 lb/ft2) – below 48 was considered "low".[23]

Variants

YF-12A
Pre-production version. Three were built.[24]
F-12B
Production version of the YF-12A with various improvements such as an increased combat radius from 1,200 to 1,350 nautical miles and an improved fire control system with increased bomber detection range from 100 to 125 miles;[25] canceled before production could begin.[26]
YF-12C
Fictitious designation for an SR-71 provided to NASA for flight testing. The YF-12 designation was used to keep SR-71 information out of the public domain.[27] From 1971 to 1978, 61-7951 was temporarily loaned to NASA from the Air Force as "YF-12C #06937".[28]

Operators

 United States

Accidents and incidents

  • 24 July 1971 YF-12A 60-6936 (Article 1003) was lost in an accident near Edwards Air Force Base, California, United States.

Aircraft on display

YF-12A AF Ser. No. 60-6935 in the National Museum of the USAF
YF-12A

Specifications (YF-12A)

Orthographically projected diagram of the Lockheed YF-12.
Orthographically projected diagram of the Lockheed YF-12.

Data from Lockheed's SR-71 'Blackbird' Family[31]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2; pilot and fire control officer (FCO)
  • Length: 101 ft 8 in (30.97 m)
  • Wingspan: 55 ft 7 in (16.95 m)
  • Height: 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m)
  • Wing area: 1,795 sq ft (167 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 1.7
  • Empty weight: 60,730 lb (27,604 kg)
  • Gross weight: 124,000 lb (56,200 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 140,000 lb (63,504 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney J58 (JTD11D-20A) afterburning turbojet with compressor bleed bypass, 20,500 lbf (91 kN) thrust each dry, 31,500 lbf (140 kN) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 2,275 mph (3,661 km/h, 1,977 kn) at 80,000 ft (24,000 m)[6]
  • Maximum speed: Mach 3.35
  • Combat range: 3,000 mi (4,800 km, 2,600 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 90,000 ft (27,400 m)
  • Rate of climb: 11,820 ft/min (60 m/s)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.44

Armament

Avionics

  • Hughes AN/ASG-18 look-down/shoot-down fire control radar

See also

Related development

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ Johnson's speech named the plane A-11, the name for the two-seat design.

Citations

  1. ^ Pace, Steve (1995). X-Planes at Edwards. Zenith Imprint. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-61060786-5.
  2. ^ Pace 2004, pp. 45–46.
  3. ^ Pace 2004, pp. 46–47.
  4. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. 40–41.
  5. ^ Jn., J. S. B. (November 1964). "Nine Times Better" (PDF). Air Force Magazine. USAF.
  6. ^ a b c Green and Swanborough, 1988, p. 350.
  7. ^ "Hughes AIM-47 Falcon". Designation systems.
  8. ^ a b McIninch 1996, p. 15.
  9. ^ a b c Air Force Museum Foundation, 1983, p. 133.
  10. ^ McIninch 1996, p. 14.
  11. ^ "Super jet fighter unveiled by U.S." Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. 1 October 1964. p. 1.
  12. ^ a b Pace 2004, p. 53.
  13. ^ Donald 2003, pp. 148, 150.
  14. ^ Could This Change Air Travel Forever?, retrieved 5 January 2024
  15. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, p. 44.
  16. ^ Knaack, 1978.
  17. ^ SR-71 Blackbird By Paul F Crickmore. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472813176
  18. ^ Drendel 1982, p. 6.
  19. ^ a b "NASA - NASA Dryden Technology Facts - YF-12 Flight Research Program". www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  20. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. 62, 75.
  21. ^ Pace 2004, pp. 109–10.
  22. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. 49–55.
  23. ^ Dugan, James F. Jr. "Preliminary study of supersonic-transport configurations with low values of sonic boom", p. 18. NASA Lewis Research Center, March 1973. Retrieved: March 2012. (PDF)
  24. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, p. 40.
  25. ^ Robert P. Lyons (30 April 1986). THE SEARCH FOR AN ADVANCED FIGHTER: A HISTORY FROM THE XF-108 TO THE ADVANCED TACTICAL FIGHTER (PDF) (Report). Defense Technical Information Center. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2019.
  26. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, p. 46.
  27. ^ Landis and Jenkins 2005, pp. 49–50.
  28. ^ "61-7951". habu.org.
  29. ^ "YF-12A/60-6935." Archived 4 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the USAF. Retrieved: 16 April 2013.
  30. ^ "YF-12A/60-6934." Archived 23 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Hill Aerospace Museum. Retrieved: 16 April 2013.
  31. ^ Goodall and Miller, 2002.

Bibliography

  • Air Force Museum Foundation Inc. US Air Force Museum. Dayton, Ohio: Wright-Patterson AFB, 1983.
  • Donald, David, ed. "Lockheed's Blackbirds: A-12, YF-12 and SR-71". Black Jets. AIRtime, 2003. ISBN 1-880588-67-6.
  • Drendel, Lou. SR-71 Blackbird in Action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1982, ISBN 0-89747-136-9.
  • Goodall, James and Jay Miller. Lockheed's SR-71 'Blackbird' Family. Hinchley, England: Midland Publishing, 2002, ISBN 1-85780-138-5.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1988, ISBN 0-7607-0904-1.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R. Lockheed Secret Projects: Inside the Skunk Works. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7603-0914-8.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R. and Tony R. Landis. Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. Minnesota, US: Specialty Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-58007-111-6.
  • Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
  • Landis, Tony R. and Dennis R. Jenkins. Lockheed Blackbirds. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, revised ed., 2005, ISBN 1-58007-086-8.
  • McIninch, Thomas. "The Oxcart story". Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 July 1996. Retrieved: 10 April 2009.
  • Pace, Steve. Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Swindon: Crowood Press, 2004, ISBN 1-86126-697-9.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lockheed YF-12.

Read other articles:

سفارة الأردن في كندا

سفارة الأردن في كندا الأردن كندا   الإحداثيات 45°25′00″N 75°42′32″W / 45.4168°N 75.709°W / 45.4168; -75.709 البلد كندا  المكان أونتاريو تعديل مصدري - تعديل   سفارة الأردن في كندا هي أرفع تمثيل دبلوماسي[1] لدولة الأردن لدى كندا.[2][3] تقع السفارة في أونتاريو وهي تهدف...

 

سانبوري (أوهايو)

سانبوري     الإحداثيات 40°14′34″N 82°51′38″W / 40.2428°N 82.8606°W / 40.2428; -82.8606  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[1]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ديلاواير، أوهايو  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 8.538736 كيلومتر مربع8.536001 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)  ارتفاع 296 متر  عدد...

 

الصفيحة الصومالية

الصفيحة الصومالية الصفيحة الصومالية (بالإنجليزية: Somali Plate)‏ ومعروفة علميا أيضا بـ Somalian Plate أو Somali Sub-Plate، هي إحدى الصفائح التكتونية الفرعية المكونة حديثا عن الأصل الأفريقي (الصفيحة الأفريقية) على زمن ما بين 10 إلى 60 مليون سنة تحت تأثير عوامل صدع شرق إفريقيا، حيث أن الصدع فصل ا�...

 

Taygetos

Pleiádes Taygetos (/teɪˈɪdʒətiː/;[1] bahasa Yunani: Ταϋγέτη, Yunani Kuno: [taːyɡétɛː], Yunani Modern: [taiˈʝeti]) adalah nimfa, salah satu Pleiades menurut Bibliotheke (3.10.1) dan pendamping Artemis, dalam peran kuno sebagai potnia theron, Ibu para hewan, dengan kemungkinan akar di prasejarah. Gunung Taygetos di Lakonia, dipersembahkan untuk sang dewi. Menurut Pausanias (iii. 1, 2, dll.) Taygetos mengandung Lakedaimon, pendiri mitos Sparta, melalui Zeus, da...

 

Flakes (film)

2007 American comedy film FlakesDVD coverDirected byMichael LehmannWritten byChris PocheKarey KirkpatrickProduced byGary WinickJake AbrahamMark RossKarey KirkpatrickStarringAaron StanfordZooey DeschanelCinematographyNancy SchreiberEdited byLynzee KlingmanNicholas C. SmithMusic byJason DerlatkaJon EhrlichProductioncompanyIFC First TakeDistributed byIFC FilmsRelease date December 19, 2007 (2007-12-19) Running time84 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$778 Flakes ...

 

Roberto Brasileiro

Roberto Brasileiro Roberto Brasileiro Cidadania Brasil Ocupação pastor [edite no Wikidata] Roberto Brasileiro Silva (Guimarânia, Minas Gerais, 2 de junho de 1951) é um pastor da Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil (IPB), sendo pastor efetivo da Igreja Presbiteriana do Bairro Constantino, na cidade de Patrocínio (MG), desde sua organização em 1983. Biografia Diretor do Instituto Bíblico Eduardo Lane (IBEL) desde 1988, atuando como professor de diversas disciplinas como Teologia Sistemá...

 

Human Error (film)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Human Error film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2004 American filmHuman ErrorDirected byRobert M. YoungStarringCaroline AshleyRelease date2004Running time95 minutesCountryUnit...

 

Drushyam

2014 film by Sripriya DrushyamTheatrical release posterDirected bySripriyaWritten by Paruchuri Brothers 'Darling' Swamy Story byJeethu JosephBased onDrishyam by Jeethu JosephProduced by D. Suresh Babu Rajkumar Sethupathi Starring Venkatesh Meena Nadhiya Kruthika Jayakumar Esther Anil CinematographyS. Gopal ReddyEdited byMarthand K. VenkateshMusic bySharrethProductioncompanies Suresh Productions Rajkumar Theatres Pvt Ltd Wide Angle Creations Release date 11 July 2014 (2014-07-11...

 

الاتحاد الأوروبي لألعاب القوى

  الاتحاد الأوروبي لألعاب القوى الاتحاد الأوروبي لألعاب القوى‌   الاختصار EAA المقر الرئيسي لوزان، سويسرا تاريخ التأسيس 1969 النوع اتحاد رياضي منطقة الخدمة أوروبا رئيس سفين آرني هانسين[1] الجهاز الرئيسي الاتحاد الأولمبي الأوروبي المنظمة الأم الاتحاد الدولي لألعاب �...

 

Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party

Azerbaijani political party Not to be confused with Azerbaijani Popular Front Party. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party Bütöv Azərbaycan Xalq Cəbh...

 

Ephialtes (illness)

Incubo, 1870 Ephialtes is an anxiety disorder identified as such by John Bond in 1753, along with other authors of those times, in his treatise An Essay on the Incubus, or Nightmare[1]. The famous Greek physician Galen in the 2nd century AD had already named nightmares Ephialtes.[2] Throughout history, sleep paralysis and the similar term nightmare have been widely accompanied by mythological creatures with paranormal powers (e.g., Ephialtes of the Greeks and Incubus of the Ro...

 

Plaza Puerta del Sol (Castellón)

Plaza Puerta del Sol Fachada del Casino AntiguoUbicaciónPaís  EspañaCaracterísticasOtros nombres Plaça Porta del SolTipo Plaza-Enlace de CallesVías adyacentes  Calle Trinidad   Calle Enmedio   Calle Gasset   Calle Ruíz Zorilla   Plaza del Real Área Mediana[editar datos en Wikidata] La Plaza Puerta del Sol de Castellón de la Plana, es un punto neurálgico de la ciudad, ya que une las principales calles comercia...

 

Ishtar Hotel

This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Building in Baghdad, IraqIshtar HotelGeneral informationLocationBaghdad, IraqOpenin...

 

Vitla

Pattana Panchayath in Karnataka, IndiaVitla Vitla, VittalPattana PanchayathVittalVitla Architecture Kalenjimale forest towards Vitla Salethur road VitlaTop to Bottom:Vitla Shri Panchalingeshwara Temple, Vitla Mohiyuddin Juma Masjid, Church of Our Lady Dolours, Kalenjimale forest towards Vitla Salethur road covered in mist, Left to right: Coconut plantations in Bairikatte near Vitla, Hills Of Kelinja (also part of Kalenjimale), Roads through Sandalwood plantations in UkkudaVitlaLocation in Kar...

 

Enfield Borough F.C.

Association football club in England Football clubEnfield BoroughFull nameEnfield Borough Football ClubNickname(s)PanthersFounded2016GroundThe Maurice Rebak Stadium, FinchleyChairmanMarvin WalkerManagerMalik YansanehLeagueEastern Counties League Division One South2022–23Eastern Counties League Division One South, 13th of 19WebsiteClub website Home colours colours Away colours colours Third Kit colours Enfield Borough Football Club is a football club based in Enfield, Greater London, England...

 

West Ham Park

51°32′21″N 0°1′4″E / 51.53917°N 0.01778°E / 51.53917; 0.01778 West Ham Park sign West Ham Park is a privately owned public park in West Ham in the London Borough of Newham. Spanning 77 acres (31 ha), it is the largest park in the borough. The park has been managed by the City of London Corporation since 1874.[1] Records from 1566 show that the park had been a part of the estate of Upton House, later known as Ham House. William Rooke, who had in...

 

Animalize

Animalize Студийный альбом Kiss Дата выпуска 13 сентября 1984[1] Дата записи июнь — июль 1984 Жанры Хард-рокГлэм-метал Длительность 35:42 Продюсер Пол Стэнли Страна  США Язык песен английский Лейблы MercuryVertigo (Европа) Профессиональные рецензии AllMusic [2] Metal Nightfall [3] Rolling Stone...

 

Ordre Nouveau (1960s)

Neofascist movement in France (1969–1973) New OrderOrdre NouveauThe Celtic cross, symbol of Ordre NouveauLeaderJean-François GalvaireFrançois DupratFrançois BrigneauFoundation15 December 1969 (1969-12-15)Dissolved5 October 1972 (1972-10-05)Merged intoNational FrontCountryFranceIdeologyNationalismNeo-Fascism[1][2]Nouvelle Droite[3]Political positionFar-right[4]Preceded byOccident Ordre Nouveau (New Order) was a far-ri...

 

Masaya Department

Department of Nicaragua This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Masaya Department – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Department in NicaraguaMasaya Departamento de MasayaDepartment FlagCoat of armsCountryNicaraguaCapitalMas...

 

Peter Mandelson

Peter Mandelson Peter Benjamin Mandelson, Baron Mandelson, PC (lahir 21 October 1953) adalah seorang politisi Buruh, presiden think tank internasional Policy Network dan Ketua firma penasihat strategis Global Counsel. Referensi Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Peter Mandelson. Artikel bertopik biografi tokoh ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs Artikel bertopik politik ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan me...