St James's lies to the north of St James's Park, a former hunting ground attached to St James's Palace.[1]The Mall, marking the northern boundary of the park, was transformed into a major thoroughfare in the 1900s by Aston Webb as part of the national memorial to Queen Victoria.[2] Its focal point looking west is the Victoria Memorial designed by Thomas Brock, one of several memorials set along its axis from the early 20th century onwards. To the east The Mall joins John Nash's processional route (which originally connected Carlton House to Regent's Park) at Carlton House Terrace.[3] The part of this route within St James's includes Waterloo Place, described as "one of the more dramatic pieces of town planning in London" and lined with statues and memorials mainly of a military character.[4] Elsewhere in the district, the Economist Plaza hosted changing displays of contemporary sculpture in the early 21st century; this programme came to an end in 2010 after running for over ten years.[5]
The Duke, in his Garter robes, stands atop an unflutedDoric column. Westmacott intended for the statue to face north towards Regent Street, but William IV, on the Duke of Wellington's advice, requested that it face the Horse Guards to the south. The column was completed in 1832 and the statue raised on 3 April 1834.[9]
Unveiled 3 August 1836 by the Duke of Cumberland. After the King's death in 1820 Wyatt designed an ambitious multi-figure monument, but there were too few subscriptions for the project to go ahead. Fund-raising recommenced in 1831. The statue came to be nicknamed "the Pigtail and Pump-head".[10]
Burton's gates were installed after the removal of Marble Arch, formerly the ceremonial entrance to the palace. Webb commissioned the Bromsgrove Guild to produce replicas with minor variations, which were erected on the southern side. The central gates were added at the request of George V.[11]
A marble figure of a boy naked to the waist, set on a granite plinth with marble panels. The badly worn and much vandalised sculpture was repaired in 1993 and unveiled by Douglas Hurd.[13]
Unveiled 15 November 1866. Franklin is depicted in the act of announcing the discovery of the Northwest Passage to his officers and crew. At the back of the pedestal is a map of the Arctic, showing the positions of the boats and crews at the moment of Franklin's burial.[14]
Unveiled 1 June 1867 in Pall Mall. Moved to the courtyard of the War Office, Whitehall, in 1906. In 1915 it was moved to Waterloo Place where it acts as a pendant to Florence Nightingale's statue; the latter was given a matching plinth.[15]
The statue stands on a cylindrical granite pedestal; on a lower base projecting from this is a group of Victory seated on a lion.[16] Originally intended for Horse Guards Parade, but when the pedestal was installed there the Admiralty complained that it was blocking their entrance, and the site was changed.[17]
A replacement for Boehm's statue of 1882, which was heavily criticised for its realism. This was presented to Lahore, where it proved equally controversial; in 1962 it was brought to Derry and erected in front of Foyle College, Lawrence's old school.[19]
Unveiled 16 May 1911 by George V. Brock was adamant that he, and not Aston Webb, was responsible for the architectural design of the memorial. Despite never having travelled to France, he produced a work that was convincingly abreast with belle époque fashion.[24]
Unveiled 25 April 1903 by the Prince of Wales (the future George V), on a site now occupied by the Admiralty Citadel. Removed in 1940 and reinstalled on the Mall in 1948.[25]
The nude boys on the two piers hold the 1908 coat of arms of Australia; the western boy is accompanied by a kangaroo and the eastern by a Merino ram.[26]
The nude boys on the outermost piers hold the 1868 arms of Canada and have attributes referring to fishing and agriculture. The gates were produced by the Bromsgrove Guild.[27]
The nude boy on the northern pier, representing South Africa, holds a shield with the arms of the Cape Colony; that on the southern, representing West Africa, holds a blank shield.[27]
Unveiled 20 July 1910 by the Duke of Connaught. Colton was given the commission after Thomas Brock turned it down due to the pressure of other commitments. Few were pleased with the resulting memorial.[29]
Unveiled 24 February 1915. The last of a group of three memorials with a Crimean theme on Waterloo Place. The plinth is a copy of that of the statue of Lord Herbert, and is decorated with bronze reliefs of scenes from Nightingale's life.[32]
Unveiled 20 July 1921 by George V. Edward VII is depicted in Field Marshal's uniform. Stands on the site previously occupied by the equestrian statue of Lord Napier now at Queen's Gate, Kensington.[34]
Originally stood in the Victorian clubhouse, which was demolished around 1962. The memorial went into storage at the Ministry of Defence. In 2001 it was returned to the club and displayed in a glass case outside its 1960s building.[35]
The sculpture, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1925, was offered to St James's Church by Wheeler's family after his death. It was erected on this site in 1975.[36]
As Hardiman died in 1949 leaving his Southwood Memorial for the churchyard unfinished, the sculptor's widow gave this earlier work to St James's as a substitute and as a memorial to her husband.[37]
Unveiled 8 June 1932 by George V. Despite Gilbert's earlier disgrace with the royal family after failing to complete the Duke of Clarence's tomb, the Queen was said to have expressed a wish that he sculpt her memorial should he outlive her. Gilbert, aged 78, was knighted the day after its unveiling.[38]
Unveiled 20 March 1931 by Stanley Baldwin. The statue stands opposite the viceroy's former house. Mackennal had previously sculpted Curzon's tomb effigy in All Saints Church, Kedleston.[39]
Originally with an architectural setting by Blomfield, these gates were installed to mark the coronation of George VI. They replaced the old entrance archway to St James's churchyard.[41] Blomfield's work was destroyed in 1940 and the gates are now set into post-war railings.[42]
At the entrance to the Garden of Remembrance financed by Southwood, a newspaper magnate. Putti on dolphins and playing musical instruments refer to his charitable work for the children's hospital at Great Ormond Street.[43]
Unveiled 21 October 1955 by Elizabeth II. The statue was moved forward from its original setting in 2008 to form part of a joint memorial with the King's wife, Queen Elizabeth (the Queen Mother).[45]
Unveiled 1 February 1985 by Margaret Thatcher. The first memorial to be erected by the Police Memorial Trust, founded in response to Fletcher's shooting during a siege of the Libyan embassy on the Square.[50][51]
Unveiled 23 June 1993 by the Queen Mother. De Gaulle (who requested that no statues be raised to him) gestures with his left hand towards 4 Carlton Gardens, the headquarters of the Free French from 1940.[39]
The memorial fountain consists of two moving discs mounted on a wall, which slowly fill up with water. In 2008 Conner voiced her displeasure with the Economist's neglect of the work's upkeep.[54]
Commissioned by the developer Patrick Despard for Cleveland House, St James's Square. As the sculpture did not find favour with the building's occupants, it was presented to the trustees of the square.[56]
Unveiled 5 November 2002 by Princess Michael of Kent. Sedlecká originally conceived the sculpture for the Bond Street site now occupied by Lawrence Holofcener's Allies.[57]
Unveiled 26 April 2005 by Elizabeth II. The memorial incorporates a ventilation shaft for the London Underground, faced with black granite and containing a Roll of Honour.[58]
Unveiled 24 February 2009 by Elizabeth II. Part of a joint memorial to the Queen Mother and her husband George VI, which incorporates William McMillan's 1955 statue of the latter.[59] A second cast of Jackson's statue was erected in Poundbury, Dorset, in 2016.[60]
Unveiled 15 September 2010, on the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Britain. Previously a larger, fibreglass version of the statue was displayed on the Fourth Plinth at Trafalgar Square for six months. It is now at the Royal Air Force Museum in Hendon.[61]
^Sheppard, F. H. W., ed. (1960). "St. James's Church, Piccadilly". Survey of London: Volumes 29 and 30, St James Westminster, Part 1. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^Raven, Simon; Shuttleworth, Martin (Autumn 1953). "Graham Greene, The Art of Fiction No. 3". The Paris Review. Retrieved 11 August 2014. Nearby are the courtyard and sundial of Pickering Place, where only the very rich penetrate to eat and wine in Carolinean isolation.
Blackwood, John (1989). London's Immortals: The Complete Outdoor Commemorative Statues. London and Oxford: Savoy Press. ISBN978-0951429600.
Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2003). London 6: Westminster. The Buildings of England. London and New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-09595-1.
Karlin, Daniel (2019). Street Songs: Writers and Urban Songs and Cries, 1800–1925. Clarendon Lectures in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0198792352.
Ward-Jackson, Philip (2011). Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1. Public Sculpture of Britain. Vol. 14. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN978-1-84631-691-3.
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