This is a list of some of the more notable people excommunicated by the Catholic Church. It includes only excommunications acknowledged or imposed by a decree of the Pope or a bishop in communion with him. Latae sententiae excommunications, those that automatically affect classes of people (members of certain associations or those who perform actions such as directly violating the seal of confession[1] or carrying out an abortion),[2] are not listed unless confirmed by a bishop or ecclesiastical tribunal with respect to certain individuals.
In Roman Catholic canon law, excommunication is a censure and thus a "medicinal penalty" intended to invite the person to change behavior or attitude that incurred the penalty, repent, and return to full communion.[3] Excommunication severs one from communion with the Church; excommunicated Catholics are forbidden from receiving any sacrament and refused a Catholic burial, but are still bound by canonical obligations such as attending Mass or fasting seasonally. Excommunicated Catholics, however, are barred from receiving the Eucharist or from taking an active part in the liturgy (reading, bringing the offerings, etc.).[4]
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, with 5 separate excommunications from 3 different Popes, carries the distinction of publicly being the most excommunicated individual. In this list below there are two popes (Honorius and Leo I) and five saints (Leo I, Athanasius, Columba, Joan of Arc, Mary Mackillop) who were issued an excommunication by a church authority.
Felicissimus, deacon of Carthage, was excommunicated by St Cyprian, bishop of Carthage. Cyprian was in hiding at the time from persecution and he sent people to distribute alms to those hurt by the persecutions. Felicissimus tried to frustrate the efforts of those distributing alms as he saw it as an encroachment on his office.[8]
4th century
Arius, Cyrenaic presbyter after whom Arianism is named
St Athanasius was excommunicated by Pope Liberius allegedly for refusing to attend a synod. Athanasius believed the Pope was acting under duress (the Pope had been exiled from Rome) and refused to accept the validity of the excommunication [14][15]
Papal legates that were sent by Pope Felix III to Constantinople were excommunicated by Pope Felix III. They were sent to call Acacius to explain his conduct and urge the Byzantine Emperor to depose Peter Mongus from his see. After being imprisoned and threatened after arriving at Constantinople, they caved in and held communion with heretics, which led to the Pope excommunicating them.[17]
Monks in Constantinople were excommunicated by Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople, on account of their opposition to Nestorius's teachings. This took place before Nestorius himself was excommunicated by the Council of Ephesus. The monks appealed to the Emperor Theodosius II to help them against Nestorius, who later summoned the Council of Ephesus.[18]
Classicianus a Roman official was excommunicated along with his entire household by a bishop named Auxilius after he had entered a church to seize several perjurers. Classicianus wrote afterwards to Augustine of Hippo to intercede for him with Auxilius. Augustine then wrote to Auxilius on Classicianus's behalf.[21][22]
6th century
Macliau [fr], bishop of Vannes was excommunicated after he abandoned his episcopacy and religious vows to become Count of Vannes in 560 [23]
St Columba was excommunicated in 562 by the synod of Teltown for allegedly praying for the winning side in an Irish War. The excommunication was later held to be an abuse of justice and the bishops in question removed their charge.[24]
The sons of Conall mac Domnaill by St Columba some time in the late 6th century, due to their persecution of churches [24]
Leudaste [fr], count of Tours, by a synod of bishops in 581 on account of creating scandals and false accusations he made against Gregory of Tours
a man named Pelagius was excommunicated by Gregory of Tours in the late 6th century after the former had beaten and robbed some of Gregory's men. Gregory later allowed him back into communion after he and others made oaths. [25]
Eulalius, future Count of Auvergne was excommunicated by Cautinus bishop of Clermont as a young man as a result of suspicion of murdering his mother. He protested his innocence and Cautinus agreed to allow him to return to communion. [26][27]
Pyrrhus of Constantinople was excommunicated 648 by Pope Theodore I and a synod of bishops after he had gone back on his recantation of monothelitism. The Pope and the bishops also declared him deposed from being Patriarch of Constantinople. Theodore reportedly signed the excommunication upon St Peter's tomb using ink that was mingled with drops of the Blessed Sacrament.[29]
an unnamed noble was excommunicated by Cedd, bishop of London on account of an unlawful marriage he was in [32] According to Bede, this noble was one of the assassins of Sigeberht the Good
8th century
The heretic preachers Adalbert and Clement by a council headed by St Boniface in 745. Adelbert's excommunication was not upheld by Rome, however, although Clement's was.
John VIII, archbishop of Ravenna, was excommunicated by Pope Nicholas I for various crimes, including the forging of documents to support claims against the Roman See, making unjust demands on suffragan bishops for money, illegally imprisoning priests and maltreating papal legates. He later submitted to the Pope at the Roman synod in 861. But he was then subsequently excommunicated a second time after he entered into a pact with the excommunicated Archbishops of Trier and Cologne. He then submitted again to the Pope after this second excommunication.[34]
Rodoald of Porto and Zachary of Anagni, were excommunicated by Pope Nicholas I in 863 at a synod in the Lateran. The two men had served as Papal legates to Constantinople with direction to hear the two sides in the dispute between Photius and Ignatius, who both claimed to be rightful Patriarchs of Constantinople. They received bribes and passed a ruling in the Pope's name in favour of Photius.[35]
In 998, Robert II of France, who had been insisting on his right to appoint bishops, was ultimately forced to back down, and ultimately also to put aside his wife Bertha of Burgundy who had also been excommunicated. The stated reason was the degree of consanguinity between the two. Excommunicated by Pope Gregory V.[37] They had the marriage annulled by Pope Sylvester II in 1000 and were reinstated.
11th century
Michael Cerularius, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, along with Leo of Ohrid and their adherents, were excommunicated in 1054 after he had erased the Pope's name from church diptychs and made accusations against the western church of being in heresy. The excommunication was carried out by legates of Pope Leo IX after the Pope's death. This excommunication was only directed at these individuals named and not at the wider eastern church; the legates specifically made note that they considered the wider eastern church to remain pious and orthodox.[38] However, in the ensuing years, most of the eastern bishops followed Cerularius and also ceased recognition of the Pope by striking his name from their diptychs. This led to the East–West Schism. The legal validity of this excommunication has been questioned as it was issued by legates of Pope Leo IX after the Pope's death. It was declared lifted on 7 December 1965.[39]
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated 4 times in the 11th century (and would later be excommunicated a fifth time in the 12th century). He was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII three separate times, and once more by Pope Urban II. The first was on 22 February 1076 over the Investiture Controversy. This excommunication was lifted on 28 January 1077 after Henry's public show of penitence known as the Road to Canossa. His second excommunication by Gregory was on 7 March 1080, and the third was in 1084 or 1085. Urban II excommunicated Henry in 1088.
Bishops in France, under orders of Benedict VIII, excommunicated feudal barons who had seized property belonging to the monastery of Cluny in 1016 [41]
The bishop of Autun excommunicated Cluniac monks in his diocese who took over the monastery of Vezelay without his permission; the excommunication was removed after they left the diocese [41]
In 1031 the council of Limoges in France excommunicated feudal barons in the diocese of Limoges who were conducting private warfare between themselves in the midst of widespread famine and pestilence that was killing off a large portion of the peasantry. The famine and pestilence were thought to be punishments from God for grave sins being committed close to the millennium anniversary of Christ's death and resurrection. The members of the council dashed their candles to the ground in unison after calling out 'As these lights are extinguished before your eyes, so let their joy be extinguished before the angels.' [41]
Arialdo was excommunicated by Guido da Velate, bishop of Milan while he was working against clerical abuses in Milan. He was immediately reinstated by Pope Stephen IX[43]
Guido da Velate, bishop of Milan was excommunicated because of repeated lapses in his failure to reform[43]
William I of Sicily, by Pope Adrian IV, while the king was waging war against the papal states and raiding pilgrims on their way to the tombs of the apostles.
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, excommunicated by Pope Paschal II in 1106 for refusing to abjure his claim to imperial investitures, posthumously lifted in 1111. (Henry IV had already been excommunicated four times in the 11th century.)
Mauritius Burdinus, Archbishop of Braga, was excommunicated for crowning Henry V as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome during Henry's invasion of Italy during the Investiture Controversy in 1117 by Pope Paschal II. He was excommunicated a second time in 1118 when after Paschal II died, Pope Gelasius II was elected and Henry established Archbishop Mauritius as Antipope Gregory VIII in opposition to him.[46]
In 1170 Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket excommunicated Roger de Pont L'Évêque, the archbishop of York, along with Gilbert Foliot, the bishop of London, and Josceline de Bohon, the bishop of Salisbury, for crowning the heir-apparent Henry at York, thereby usurping Canterbury's privileges. In response to these excommunications, the heirs father, Henry II of England famously exclaimed words that led to Becket's assassination.
King John of England, excommunicated in 1208 by Pope Innocent III after refusing to accept Cardinal Stephen Langdon as the pope's choice for Archbishop of Canterbury. John relented in 1213 and was restored to communion.
King Afonso II of Portugal, excommunicated in 1212 by Pope Honorius III for weakening the clergy and investing part of the large sums destined to the Catholic Church in the unification of the country. Afonso II promised to reconcile with the Church, however, he died in 1223 without making any serious attempt to do so.
King Andrew II of Hungary, was excommunicated in 1231 after not following the points of Golden Bull of 1222, a seminal bill of rights, which contained new dispositions related to the tithe and hostile practices against the Jews and Muslims of the realm.
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, was excommunicated three times. The first time by Pope Gregory IX in 1227 for delaying his promise to begin the 5th Crusade; the excommunication was lifted in 1229. The same pope excommunicated him again in 1239 for making war against the Papal States, a censure rescinded by the new pope, Celestine IV, who died soon after. Frederick was again excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV at the First Council of Lyons in 1245. Frederick repented just before his death and was absolved of the censure in 1250.
a number of clerics and prominent lay people in the German church were excommunicated by Papal legate Albert von Behaim after they had proved negligent in carrying out the needed measures to make the sentence of 1239 excommunication against Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor effective [48]
Jacopo Colonna and Pietro Colonna, both cardinals, were excommunicated by Pope Boniface VIII in the bull 'excelso throno' (1297) for refusing to surrender their relative Stefano Colonna (who had seized and robbed the pope's nephew) and refusing to give the pope Palestrina along with two fortresses, which threatened the pope. This excommunication was extended in the same year to Jacopo's nephews and their heirs, after the two Colonna cardinals denounced the pope's election as invalid and appealed to a general council.[49]
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse was excommunicated by Pierre de Castelnau, legate of Pope Innocent III in 1207 for refusing to persecute Albigensians in his lands and even showing them signs of favour, such as allowing them to preach in front of him. He later did penance and joined in the crusade against the Albigensians, but was excommunicated again in 1209 when he went to Toulouse and tried to elude his obligations.[50]
the people of Toulouse were excommunicated by the Council of Avignon in 1209 for failing to expel the Albigensians from their city.[51]
Barnabò Visconti, tyrant of Milan, by Blessed Urban V in 1363. This was later rescinded after Barnabo restored castles he had seized and peace was concluded between him and the papal states. He was again excommunicated by Pope Gregory XI after he took over Reggio and other places that were feudatory to the Holy See in 1371. Barnabo reportedly forced the papal legates who brought him the bull of excommunication to eat the parchment on which it was written.[53]
the inhabitants of Florence were collectively excommunicated by Pope Gregory XI after they conspired with the excommunicated Barnabò Visconti, tyrant of Milan, in 1375 to stir up the inhabitants of the Papal states against the French legates that Pope Gregory had sent to rule them in his place, since Gregory lived in Avignon. Florence sent Catherine of Siena to intercede for them with the Pope and she successfully convinced the Pope to leave Avignon and return to Rome.[53]
Mercenary bands known as the 'free companies' that had overrun Italy and France were excommunicated by Blessed Urban V in 1366. Included in this excommunication were the German Count of Landau[clarification needed] and the Englishman Sir John Hawkwood.[54]
King Philip the Fair of France in 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII, for failing to respond adequately to a papal letter regarding Philip's effective rejection of the pope's temporal authority.
William of Littlington, an English Carmelite friar, in 1305; he was reconciled, after a four years' penance, in 1309.
Matthew III Csák, Hungarian noble that was excommunicated in 1311 by the pope's envoy Gentile, for not accepting the new King Charles I of Hungary.
Robert the Bruce, King of Scots from 1306 to 1329, was excommunicated following his killing of John Comyn before the altar of the Greyfriars Church at Dumfries in 1306.[56] His excommunication was lifted by Pope John XXII.[57]
Henry IV of France and Navarre, who famously retaliated by "excommunicating" the Pope. He later converted to Catholicism and his excommunication was lifted on 17 September 1595.
Giovanni Bentivoglio, leader of Bologna, in 1506 by Julius II, while the pope was at war with him and leading an army to take Bologna.
Discalced Carmelites in Spain who participated in an illicit meeting to elect a provincial without approval, by the Pope's legate in Spain Filippo Sega in 1578[65] This was ignored by those excommunicated. It was formally revoked in 1579.[66]
Carmelite nuns of the Monastery of the Encarnacion in Avila who refused to renounce St Teresa's leadership of the convent, by the orders provincial, after the church authorities ordered a replacement in 1577.[67][68] This excommunication was revoked later that year.[69]
Gérard Cauvin, father of Jean Calvin, was excommunicated by the chapter of the diocese of Noyon on account of him not sending in his accounts while he served as a procurator for the diocese.[70]
Priests Francisco de Jaca and Epiphane de Moirans in 1681 for opposing slavery in Cuba by their local bishop, however in 1686 the Holy Office under Pope Innocent XI formally agreed with a document they co-authored, which decried the slave trade.[72]
18th century
Most important supporters of Jansenism, in the 1718 bull Pastoralis officii[73]
Napoleon was excommunicated in the 1809 bull Quum memoranda by Pope Pius VII for ordering the annexation of Rome and a long period of anti-Papal orders.[75][76] Before Napoleon's death, his excommunication was lifted and he received the last rites.[77]
Fr. Edward McGlynn was excommunicated in 1887 for opposing the establishment of parochial schools believing that they were unnecessary.[citation needed] The excommunication was lifted in 1892.[citation needed]
King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy was excommunicated by Pope Pius IX when the king successfully waged war against the Papal States, resulting in limiting the pope to Vatican City.[85] Before Victor Emmanuel II's death his excommunication was lifted and he was permitted to take the last rites.[86]
Colombian writer and atheist José María Vargas Vila was excommunicated upon the publication his novel Ibis (1900).[88]
Scientist Dr. Gregorio Chil y Naranjo was excommunicated in 1878 for his work on evolution in the Canary Islands entitled "Estudios historicos, climatologicos y patológicos de las Islas Canarias." The Bishop of Barcelona, José María de Urquinaona y Vidot, declared the work "false, impious, scandalous, and heretical" and excommunicated the doctor.[89]
This article is missing information about the disputed claim that Fidel Castro was excommunicated. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(September 2022)
Father Romolo Murri, a leader of the Italian Catholic Democrats, for giving speeches against Papal policy (1909)[94]
Marshal Josip Broz Tito (1946) and all Catholics who participated in the trial of Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac of Zagreb and the trial of Archbishop József Mindszenty of Hungary, which included most of the jury members.[95]
Fr Leonard Feeney, SJ on 13 February 1953 for disobedience to the Holy See.[97] Feeney promoted Feeneyism, a view condemned by the Catholic Church.[98] Fr. Feeney was later reconciled to communion in the church without recanting his views.[98]
Juan Perón, in 1955, after he signed a decree ordering the expulsion of Argentine bishops Manuel Tato and Ramón Novoa[99][100] In 1963 Perón was reconciled with the Church and his excommunication lifted.[101][102]
Plaquemines Parish President Leander Perez, Jackson G. Ricau (secretary of the Citizens Council of South Louisiana) and Mrs. B.J. Gaillot, Jr., president of Save Our Nation, Inc., on 16 April 1962 by Archbishop Joseph Rummel of the Archdiocese of New Orleans. They were excommunicated for aggressively opposing the racial integration of Catholic schools in the Archdiocese starting in the 1963-64 school year. Perez and Ricau were later reinstated into the Church following public retractions.[103]
Members of multiple organizations in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln, Nebraska were excommunicated by Bishop Fabian Bruskewitz in March 1996 for promoting positions he deemed "totally incompatible with the Catholic faith".[107] The organizations include Call to Action, Catholics for a Free Choice, Planned Parenthood, the Hemlock Society, the Freemasons, and the Society of St. Pius X. The Vatican later confirmed the excommunication of Call to Action members in November 2006,[107] but in 2017, the current bishop of Lincoln met with leadership of the group and proposed a way for individuals to be reconciled to the Church, without having to renounce their membership in the organization, as long as they reaffirmed their commitment to all of Church teaching.[108]
Chinese bishops Joseph Liu Xinhong, Joseph Ma Yinglin, John Wu Shi-zhen and Bernardine Dong Guangqing were excommunicated by the Holy See in 2006 for engaging in illicit episcopal consecrations [111] The two who received ordination (Liu Xinhong and Ma Yinglin) had their excommunications lifted when the Holy See announced that all bishops in China were formally recognized in 2018
Zambian bishop Emmanuel Milingo was stated to be excommunicated by the Holy See in 2006 after he engaged in illicit episcopal consecrations
The Community of the Lady of All Nations for heretical teachings and beliefs after a six-year investigation. The declaration was announced by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops on 12 September 2007.[112]
Fr. Dale Fushek (also laicized by Pope Benedict XVI in February 2010) and Fr. Mark Dippre. Former Priests were issued a Decree of Excommunication by Bishop Thomas J. Olmsted for operating "an opposing ecclesial community" in direct disobedience to orders to refrain from public ministry.[113]
Both the doctors and the mother of the nine-year-old victim in the 2009 Brazilian girl abortion case were said by Archbishop José Cardoso Sobrinho of Olinda and Recife to have incurred an automatic excommunication. The victim had an abortion after being raped and impregnated by her stepfather.[115][116] The National Conference of Bishops of Brazil contradicted Sobrinho's statement: it declared that, in accordance with canon law, the girl's mother was not in fact excommunicated and that there were no grounds for stating that any of the doctors involved were in fact excommunicated.[117] Disagreement with the Archbishop's view of the supposed excommunication was expressed also by other bishops.[118][119]
Sr. Margaret McBride, a nun, for allowing an abortion.[120] McBride later reconciled with the Church and is no longer living in a state of excommunication.
In 2011 Joseph Huang Bingzhang was excommunicated by the Holy See for illicitly receiving episcopal consecration to become bishop of Shantou. [121] His consecrators were not formally excommunicated and the Holy See noted that it was possible they were forced to take part, however, if they were not forced, they would have also suffered an automatic excommunication. This excommunication was lifted in 2018 when Pope Francis recognized all bishops in China.
Lei Shiyin was excommunicated in 2011 by the Holy See for receiving illicit episcopal consecration to become bishop of Leshan. His consecrators were not formally excommunicated because of the possibility that they were forced, however, they would suffer an automatic excommunication if they were not forced to participate.[122] This excommunication was lifted in 2018 when Pope Francis recognized all bishops in China.
In October 2012, the newspapers El Observador and El País reported that all the Catholics who promoted the abortion law in Uruguay were excommunicated.[123][124] The newspaper Urgente24, in spite of a headline stating that what it called the "abortionist lawmakers" were excommunicated, explained in the body of the article that automatic excommunication applied only to someone who directly carried out an abortion.[125] The bishops website also explained that excommunication would automatically apply, under Canon Law 1398, only to anyone carrying out an abortion, and not to lawmakers.[126]
Fr. Roy Bourgeois (also laicized and dismissed from the Maryknoll Fathers) for participating in the attempted ordination of a woman.[127]
Yue Fusheng was excommunicated in 2012 by the Holy See for episcopal ordination to become bishop of Harbin. [128] His consecrators were not formally excommunicated because of the possibility they were forced, but they would suffer automatic excommunication if they had not been forced. This excommunication was lifted in 2018 when Pope Francis recognized all bishops in China.
Fr. Robert Marrone on 6 March 2013 by BishopRichard Gerard Lennon of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland in Cleveland, Ohio for direct disobedience to orders from the bishop regarding the terms of his leave of absence and orders to refrain from public ministry.[129] Marrone set up "an opposing ecclesial community" (the Community of St. Peter's) in a vacant warehouse that is not a Catholic church building and is outside of the authority of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland after St. Peter's Parish in Cleveland was closed (it has since been reopened with a new pastor).
Fr. Simon Lokodo, The Minister for Ethics and Integrity in Uganda, was excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Benedict XVI[130] when he entered politics in violation of Canon Law 285.3[131][132]
Fr. Roberto Francisco Daniel, known by local community as "Father Beto", by Bishop Caetano Ferrari, from Bauru, Brazil. Daniel was excommunicated because he refused a direct order from his bishop to apologize for or retract his statement that love was possible between people of the same sex. The priest also said a married person who chose to have an affair, heterosexual or otherwise, would not be unfaithful as long as that person's spouse allowed it.[133][134][135]
Samantha Hudson, a Spanish drag artist, was excommunicated in 2015 by the bishop of Mallorca for a controversial musical video about the oppression the LGBTQ+ community faces due to the Catholic Church. The video was a school project, she was 15 years old at the time.[139][140][141][better source needed]
Father Alessandro Maria Minutella, a priest in the archdiocese of Palermo was excommunicated in 2017 by his bishop Corrado Lorefice after his denunciation of Pope Francis as a heretic [142]
In February 2018 Fr Ezinwanne Igbo, a Nigerian priest working on the Sunshine Coast of Queensland, Australia, incurred an automatic excommunication for breaking the seal of the confessional.[143]
On Christmas Eve, 2019, three hermits named Father Stephen de Kerdrel, Sister Colette Roberts and Brother Damon Kelly living in Scotland were excommunicated after accusing Pope Francis of heresy in an online statement.[144]
In July 2020, Tomislav Vlašić, a former director of the alleged seers of Our Lady in Medjugorje was excommunicated for holding himself out as a priest and simulating sacraments, after continuing to preach after being laicized for teaching false doctrine, manipulating consciences, disobeying ecclesiastical authority, and of committing acts of sexual misconduct.[145]
In August 2020, Fr. Jeremy Leatherby, a priest of the Diocese of Sacramento, incurred an automatic excommunication for schism after refusing to recognize the legitimacy of Pope Francis, most notably substituting his name with that of his predecessor Pope Benedict XVI and omitting the name of Bishop Jaime Soto during the Eucharistic Prayer while offering Mass. Bishop Soto announced the excommunication on 7 August.[146]
Fr. Marko Ivan Rupnik, SJ in 2021 for absolution of an accomplice. Later lifted after he sought forgiveness from Pope Francis.
Father Ramon Guidetti of the diocese of Livorno was excommunicated by his bishop Simone Giusti in January 2024 following a new year's eve address shared online in which he denounced Pope Francis as an anti-pope [147]
Deacon Scott Peyton was excommunicated by the Bishop of LaFayette in March 2024 for 'leaving the Church".
^"Felicissimus". www.catholic.com. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^Chesnut, Glenn F. (1981), "The Date of Composition of Theodoret's Church history", Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 245–252, doi:10.2307/1583142, JSTOR1583142
^Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN0-14-051312-4.
^Rachel Stone, Canon law before canon law: using church canons, 400-900 AD
Paper presented to CLANS (Cambridge Late Antiquity Network Seminar), 11 February 2014
^ Gregory of Tours, A history of the Franks, Pantianos Classics, 1916
^ abAdomnan of Iona, Life of St Columba. Ed. by Richard Sharpe. Penguin Books, Toronto, 1995.
^ Gregory of Tours. A history of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916
^ Gregory of Tours. A history of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916
^Richard Gray (1987), "The papacy and the Atlantic slave trade: Lourenco da Silva, the capuchins and the decisions of the Holy Office.", Past & Present, 115 (115): 52–68, doi:10.1093/past/115.1.52
^E. Hales, "Napoleon and the Pope", (London:1962) pg 114
^Apostolic Letters, in the form of a Brief, by which Bonaparte, and all the authors, perpetrators, and abettors of the usurpation of the Kingdom of Rome, and of the other dominions belonging to the
Holy See, are declared to be excommunicated. PIUS VII. POPE. Ad perpetuam rei Memoriam
^ abPOPE ORDERS SHARP ACTION.; Archbishop of Manila Instructed to Excommunicate Philippine National Church Promoters. New York Times. New York, N.Y.: 29 December 1902. pg. 7, 1 pgs.
^Press, Margaret M. (1986). From Our Broken Toil — South Australian Catholics 1836 - 1906. The Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide. pp. 181–193. ISBN0-949807-35-4.
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Obolon kan verwijzen naar: Obolon (bier), Oekraïens biermerk Obolon (district), deel van Kiev in Oekraïne Obolon (metrostation), metrostation in Kiev Bekijk alle artikelen waarvan de titel begint met Obolon of met Obolon in de titel. Dit is een doorverwijspagina, bedoeld om de verschillen in betekenis of gebruik van Obolon inzichtelijk te maken. Op deze pagina staat een uitleg van de verschillende betekenissen van Obolon en verwijzingen daarnaartoe. Bent u hier via een…
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هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (سبتمبر 2022) توبياس ستروبل معلومات شخصية الميلاد 12 مايو 1990 (العمر 33 سنة) الطول 1.86 م (6 قدم 1 بوصة) مركز اللعب لاعب وسط الجنسية ألمانيا معلومات النادي النادي ال
New Zealand psychology / sociology academic This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (April 2019) Katrina RoenAlma materUniversity of CanterburyScientific careerFieldsPsychology / sociologyInstitutionsUniversity of WaikatoThesis Constructing transsexuality: Discursive manoeuvres through psycho-medical, transgender, and queer texts (1998) Katrina Roen is a New Zealand ps…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan…
Pentaamina(dinitrogen)rutenium(II) klorida Nama Nama IUPAC pentaamminedinitrogenruthenium (II) chloride Penanda Nomor CAS 19504-40-6 N 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} Nomor EC Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} Sifat Rumus kimia H15N7Cl2Ru Massa molar 285,14 g/mol Penampilan padatan tak berwarna Kecuali dinyatakan lain, data di atas berlaku pada temperatur dan tekanan standar (25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N (apa ini YN ?) Referensi Pentaamina(dinitrogen)rutenium(I…
For the war they participated in, see War of the Camisards.18th Century Huguenot bands Camisards were Huguenots (French Protestants) of the rugged and isolated Cévennes region and the neighbouring Vaunage in southern France. In the early 1700s, they raised a resistance against the persecutions which followed Louis XIV's Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, making Protestantism illegal. The Camisards operated throughout the mainly Protestant Cévennes and Vaunage regions including parts of the Cam…
En este artículo sobre educación se detectaron varios problemas. Por favor, edítalo y/o discute los problemas en la discusión para mejorarlo: Necesita ser wikificado conforme a las convenciones de estilo de Wikipedia. Carece de fuentes o referencias que aparezcan en una fuente acreditada. Este aviso fue puesto el 16 de julio de 2012. SupOptique Forma parte de Universidad Paris-SaclayFundación 1917Fundador Armand de GramontLocalizaciónDirección Saint-Étienne, Burdeos y Palaiseau, Fra…
Nobody But YouSingle by Cesár SampsonReleased9 March 2018 (2018-03-09)Length3:03LabelSymphonix MusicSongwriter(s)Cesár SampsonBorislav MilanovSebastian ArmanJoacim PerssonJohan AlkenäsCesár Sampson singles chronology Nobody But You (2018) Stone Cold (2019) Music videoNobody but You on YouTubeEurovision Song Contest 2018 entryCountryAustriaArtist(s)Cesár SampsonLanguageEnglishComposer(s)Cesár SampsonBorislav MilanovSebastian ArmanJoacim PerssonJohan AlkenäsLyricist(s)Cesár …
Ne doit pas être confondu avec République populaire ukrainienne. Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’Ukraine. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. République populaire d'Ukraine occidentaleЗахідно-Українська Народна Республика, Zakhidno-Oukraïns'ka Narodna Respoublika 1918–1919Drapeau Armoiries Les frontières revendiquées par la république populaire d'Ukr…
Fictional character The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Nick Wolfe – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (…
Alexander August Wilhelm von PapeAlexander August Wilhelm von PapeThông tin cá nhânSinh(1813-02-02)2 tháng 2, 1813Berlin, PhổMất7 tháng 5, 1895(1895-05-07) (82 tuổi)Berlin, ĐứcBinh nghiệpPhục vụ Phổ Đế quốc ĐứcNăm tại ngũ1830 – 1895Cấp bậcThống chếTham chiếnChiến tranh Áo-Phổ Chiến tranh Pháp-ĐứcKhen thưởngThập tự Xanh gắn Lá sồi Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape (2 tháng 2 năm 1813 – 7 tháng 5 năm 1895) là …
2012 Japanese filmDead SushiDirected byNoboru IguchiWritten byNoboru IguchiProduced byMotohisa NagataYoichi SakaiMana FukuiStarringRina TakedaShigeru MatsuzakiKentaro ShimazuAsami SugiuraDemo TanakaRelease dates 22 July 2012 (2012-07-22) (Fantasia Festival, Montreal) Running time91 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapanese Dead Sushi (デッド寿司, Deddo sushi) is a 2012 Japanese comedy horror film directed by Noboru Iguchi. The film involves Keiko (Rina Takeda) who is the daught…
1978 novel by Max Ehrlich The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: The Cult novel – news · newspapers · books · schola…
2004 studio album by Montgomery GentryYou Do Your ThingStudio album by Montgomery GentryReleasedMay 18, 2004 (2004-05-18)GenreCountryLength47:49LabelColumbia NashvilleProducerBlake Chancey, Rivers Rutherford, Joe Scaife, Jeffrey SteeleMontgomery Gentry chronology My Town(2002) You Do Your Thing(2004) Something to Be Proud Of: The Best of 1999–2005(2005) Singles from You Do Your Thing If You Ever Stop Loving MeReleased: February 2, 2004 You Do Your ThingReleased: July 24,…
Diana Wells Diana Wells en 1950Información personalNacimiento Siglo XX Buenos Aires ArgentinaNacionalidad ArgentinaInformación profesionalOcupación Actriz [editar datos en Wikidata] Diana Wells fue una actriz argentina de una amplia trayectoria. Carrera Wells fue una eximia actriz de reparto de indudable eficacia actoral. Participó en algunos films durante la época de oro del cine argentino compartiendo escenas con divas de teléfonos blancos y galanes de gran porte como Nelly Dar…
2010 song by Foster the People Pumped Up KicksSingle by Foster the Peoplefrom the EP Foster the People and the album Torches B-sidePumped Up Kicks (A cappella)Pumped Up Kicks (Instrumental) (12)ReleasedSeptember 14, 2010Recorded2010GenreIndie pop[1]psychedelic pop[2]alternative rock[3]alternative pop[4]electropop[5]Length4:00 (album version)3:38 (radio edit)LabelColumbiaStartimeSongwriter(s)Mark FosterProducer(s)Mark FosterFoster the People singles chronol…
العلاقات الساموية السريلانكية ساموا سريلانكا ساموا سريلانكا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الساموية السريلانكية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين ساموا وسريلانكا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقا…
Championnats Banque Nationale de Granby 2022Qualificazioni singolare femminile Sport Tennis Tornei Singolare uomini donne (q) Doppio uomini donne Voce principale: Championnats Banque Nationale de Granby 2022. Le qualificazioni del singolare del Championnats Banque Nationale de Granby 2022 sono state un torneo di tennis preliminare per accedere alla fase finale della manifestazione. Le vincitrici dell'ultimo turno sono entrate di diritto nel tabellone principale. In caso di ritiro di una o…
For the building in Louisville, Kentucky, see The Green Building (Louisville, Kentucky). High-rise in Greater Manchester, EnglandThe Green BuildingThe Green BuildingGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeHigh-riseArchitectural styleSustainable architectureLocationManchesterGreater ManchesterEnglandDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Terry Farrell & Partners The Green Building purports to be an environmentally conscious mixed-use development situated in Manchester. The Green Building was design…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Corinne BarkerBarker, c. 1921LahirCorinne Riely5 Juni 1890 (1890-06-05)Salem, Oregon, A.S.Meninggal6 Agustus 1928(1928-08-06) (umur 38)New York City, New York, A.S.MakamRiver View Cemetery, Portland, Oregon, A.S.Suami/istriWilliam Barker Hobart…
This article is about the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution. For the Ancien Régime institution, see Parlement. Bicameral legislature of the French Republic French Parliament Parlement français16th Legislature of the French Fifth RepublicEmblem of the French RepublicTypeTypeBicameral HousesSenateNational AssemblyLeadershipPresident of the SenateGérard Larcher, LR since 1 October 2014 President of the National AssemblyYaël Braun-Pivet, RE since 28 June 2022 StructureSeats9…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع صاعقة (توضيح). صاعقة: هي طائرة قتالية بدون طيار حاملة للصواريخ إيرانية الصنع والتصميم متعددة المهام، تنتمي لعائلة سيمرغ المسيرة، من صناعة شركة شاهد الإيرانية للطيران.[1] وتأتي بنموذجين هما صاعقة-1 وصاعقة-2 وتبلغ سرعة صاعقة 2، 300 كيلومتر في الساعة، و…