1980–1995 – FAA-supported investigations into microburst morphology and microburst detection and warning systems. Principals: Ted Fujita, U. Chicago, John McCarthy and James Wilson, NCAR, J. Evans and Marilyn M. Wolfson, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, R Bowles and F Proctor, NASA). Hundreds of microbursts were detected and studied, many by dual Doppler weather radar analysis. Several had intensities in excess of 80 knots (92 mph; 150 km/h).[2][3][4]
August 1, 1983 – The strongest microburst recorded at an airport was observed at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, near Washington, DC. The wind speeds may have exceeded 150 mph (240 km/h) in this microburst. The peak gust was recorded at 2:11 PM –-7 minutes after Air Force One, with the President on board, landed on the same runway.[5]
August 2, 1985 - Delta Flight 191 encountered a microburst while attempting to land at Dallas-Fort Worth Airport and subsequently crashed, killing 136 passengers and crew on board the aircraft and one person on the ground.
May 1986 – A microburst squall with wind speeds of 80 mph (130 km/h) is responsible for capsizing and sinking the Pride of Baltimore in the Caribbean Sea, about 250 mi (400 km) north of Puerto Rico. The ship took the lives of her captain and three of her other 11 crew members.[6]
May 13, 1989—A microburst damaged around 200 helicopters and other aircraft at Fort Hood, Texas, at an estimated cost of $600 million dollars, despite the aircraft being secured for storm weather.[7]
July 8, 1989 – DenverStapleton International Airport. After being alerted by LLWAS of an imminent encounter with a 95 kn (109 mph; 176 km/h) microburst, Captain Craig Levine initiated a missed approach, taking his Boeing 737 to full takeoff power, climbing 400 ft (120 m) and adding 40 kn (46 mph; 74 km/h) of airspeed. Encountering the microburst at full takeoff power, they lost 400 ft (120 m) of altitude and lost 50 kn (58 mph; 93 km/h) of airspeed in about one-half of a minute. This event is a documented "save" of an airplane by a windshear alert system.[8][9][10][11]
August 7, 1994 – Severe thunderstorms produce numerous reports of damaging winds (and large hail) across central, southern, and southeastern Oklahoma. The worst damage occurs in Prague, where estimated winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) produced widespread damage across town, downed the steeple of a church, partially unroofed the high school, and damaged to destroyed mobile homes.[12]
August 17, 1994 – A series of extreme downbursts are produced by a southward moving long-lived supercell thunderstorm across south-central Kansas and western Oklahoma, whereafter new severe storms fire in western Oklahoma and drop into north Texas. Severe damage occurs across a long and narrow swath with numerous reports of 80–100 mph (130–160 km/h) winds and a then record gust of 113 mph (182 km/h) is measured at the LahomaOklahoma Mesonet site. At least two tornadoes and windblown hail the size of softballs and footballs also occur.[13][12][14]
July 15, 1995 – A series of microbursts hit northern and eastern New York State, killing 5 people, injuring 11, and causing nearly a half billion dollars in damages. It was the second derecho of a series during mid-July. The storms severely damaged 125,000 acres (51,000 ha; 195 sq mi; 510 km2) of forest in the Adirondack Park, necessitating the helicopter rescue of 31 hikers/backpackers stranded in the backcountry due to blocked trails.[15]
May 21, 1996 – A microburst caused extensive damage and 60 injuries in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, where winds were clocked at 104 mph (167 km/h). Brockton, Whitman, and Abington were the hardest hit towns.[citation needed]
In the early hours of September 7, 1998, a microburst hit the city of Syracuse, New York. Three people were killed and the area suffered $130 million in damages.[17]
On July 12, 2002, a microburst hit the town of Quincy, CA, snapping trees and damaging homes in a random pattern.[18]
On March 12, 2006, at approximately 8:10 AM, a severe microburst with winds varying from 70–90 mph (110–140 km/h) damaged large portions of Lawrence, Kansas. Reported damage included downed power lines, stop lights and trees, overturned semi-trailers, collapsed farm silos and damage to roofs. Seventy buildings on the University of Kansas campus reported damage. In total, over $8 million in damages was estimated.[19]
On May 6, 2008, a microburst made by a LP/HP supercell hit Olton, Texas. It did no damage.
On November 16, 2008, a microburst during a severe supercell thunderstorm unleashed major havoc on the suburb of The Gap in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.[20]
On February 12, 2009, high winds from a microburst caused a 92 mph (148 km/h) wind gust in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania. Several damages were reported including roofs and garages collapsing.[citation needed]
On May 2, 2009, a microburst struck the Dallas Cowboys indoor practice facility in Irving, Texas, causing the roof to collapse. 12 people were hospitalized.[21]
On July 11, 2009, winds believed to be caused by a microburst uprooted trees and brought down close to 30 utility poles in Mississauga, Ontario.[22][23]
On July 21, 2009, a strong thunderstorm produced a probable microburst in the western and southern suburbs of Denver, Colorado, causing extensive damage to trees and property. Cities that were most affected were Lakewood, Wheat Ridge, and Arvada.[24]
In the evening of August 18, 2009, an isolated thunderstorm originated in Bridgewater when a boundary generated from rain-cooled air associated with the isolated thunderstorm quickly shifted east toward Newark, New Jersey. Shortly thereafter, the isolated thunderstorm quickly intensified strong-to-severe while in the vicinity of Newark and after the intensification, the isolated severe thunderstorm produced 0.75 in (1.9 cm) hail in Hoboken and Weehawken. The isolated severe thunderstorm changed direction from moving east to northeast as the thunderstorm approached and shortly affected Manhattan, New York City. The isolated severe thunderstorm was responsible for producing 70 kn (81 mph; 130 km/h) thunderstorm wind gust, resulted a possible microburst that downed over few more than 500 trees, damaged several automobiles and spread debris across some streets.[25]
On February 17, 2010, a microburst caused the capsizing and sinking of the tall shipConcordia some 550 km (340 mi) southeast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in rough seas.[26] All 64 people who were on board (48 students attending school on board, eight teachers and eight crew) were rescued from 5 life rafts by merchant vessels.
In the afternoon of June 24, 2010, there were reports of 52 kn (60 mph; 96 km/h) thunderstorm winds that downed tree limbs with some roads temporarily blocked by fallen tree limbs as the linear cluster of severe thunderstorms impacted across northern New Jersey and southeastern New York. Nutley, Cliffside Park, and Pompton are locations that reported downed tree limbs. 61 kn (70 mph; 113 km/h) thunderstorm wind was reported in SUNY Maritime College that knocked down trees and tree limbs when the linear clusters quickly changed into a severe thunderstorm after leaving The Bronx and central portions of Manhattan counties. 54 kn (62 mph; 100 km/h) thunderstorm gust was reported twice in LaGuardia Airport and fallen trees destroyed two homes and one car in College Point. 70 kn (81 mph; 130 km/h) thunderstorm wind was reported in Whitestone, responsible for downed numerous utility poles, street lamps, trees, at least one collapsed chimney, and damaged several vehicles, including a destroyed mini-van. Besides from thunderstorm wind damage, a funnel cloud was reported over Flushing Bay and the severe thunderstorm dumped at least golf ball sized hail in Queens side of Throgs Neck Bridge that was reported earlier with at least one car dented. After the aftermath of northeastern Queens, the severe thunderstorm produced 64 kn (74 mph; 119 km/h) thunderstorm gust in Kings Point and 87 kn (100 mph; 161 km/h) thunderstorm wind that was reported near Great Neck, resulted a microburst that accompanied dime-to-quarter sized hail and downed numerous large trees, powerlines and uprooted trees. The microburst produced winds exceeding 60–100 mph (97–161 km/h) that caused significant damage to homes and automobiles across Long Island.[27]
In the afternoon of June 24, 2010, a severe thunderstorm resembling characteristics of a supercell produced a wet microburst exceed 100 mph (160 km/h) winds and severe hail in the townships of Drexel Hill, Springfield, and Broomall, Pennsylvania in Delaware County, uprooted trees and damaged homes.[28]
On August 25, 2010, a microburst storm squall hit in the Lake Elsinore, California had snapped power poles.
On September 1, 2010, a microburst was reported in West Yellowstone, Montana. The microburst, originally thought to be a tornado, topped at 80 mph (130 km/h), and ripped off 90% of the roof at Yellowstone Park Inn and Suites.[29]
On September 16, 2010, a macroburst was reported in the Middle Village and Forest Hills areas of Queens, New York during an unexpected linear/bowing segments contained intense thunderstorms that spawned two weak tornadoes. In a city with a population of 9 million people,[30] only one fatality was reported. A tree fell on a Pennsylvania couple's vehicle and killed the wife.[31]
On September 22, 2010, in the Hegewisch neighborhood of Chicago, a wet microburst hit with winds upwards of 100 mph (160 km/h), causing severe localized damage and power outages, including fallen-tree impacts into at least four homes. No fatalities were reported.[32]
On May 27, 2011, in the Morgantown, West Virginia neighborhood of Westover, a wet microburst hit with winds in the 70–80 mph (110–130 km/h) range. The National Weather Service, reported that "numerous trees came down in the Westover area. A metal roof from a car dealership was blown off in downtown Morgantown...while trees were uprooted on the campus of West Virginia University, including a 122-year-old silver maple which was the fifth oldest tree on the campus. The strong winds knocked down or uprooted trees sporadically eastward until the storm reached the Pleasant Hill Cemetery."[33][34]
On June 14, 2011 a microburst hit Norman, Oklahoma (a suburb of Oklahoma City) with wind speeds of up to 82 miles per hour (132 km/h) and hail up to golf ball size. An inch (2.54 cm) of rain fell within 20 minutes, causing areas of flash flooding. The storm caused widespread damage to both residences and businesses across the town. Electrical poles were snapped causing power outages to 33,000 residents.[35]
On July 31, 2011, a microburst hit in the Victorville, California thousands were customers had lost power.
On July 18, 2012, a microburst hit in Arlington, Massachusetts. Gusts were 70 to 80 mph, with worst damage in about a square mile area. Many trees and utility poles were damaged, tearing power lines from homes. There was one report of a fish blown five blocks from a pond that was near the center of the storm.[36][37]
On July 20, 2012 a microburst hit Ferry County, Washington with winds of up to 100 mph. Two people were killed in the storm, and it cost over $2 million dollars in electrical damage, blowing down over 900 miles of power lines. Over 3,000 forested acres were destroyed from the associated remnants of Hurricane Fabio.[38][39][40]
On July 19, 2013, a microburst hit in Las Vegas, Nevada causing severely knocked out trees and power lines. Wind gusts have been reported to reach 70-80 mph.[citation needed]
On July 21, 2013, a macroburst hit Piracicaba, Brazil, accompanied by large hail and causing damage in almost all the city neighborhoods. Wind gusts reached up to 128.5 km/h (80 mph).[41] At least four people were injured.[42]
On July 3, 2014, in the town of Cherryville, North Carolina a wet microburst tore apart a portion of a gas station car wash and brought down powerlines and trees. One tree fell on top of a mobile home nearly cutting it in half. The resident was injured when the fallen tree pinned him to the floor.[43]
On July 7, 2014, a microburst hit Tomball, Texas causing severe localized damage and power outages, including fallen-trees.[44]
On July 26, 2014, a wet microburst hit northern parts of Phoenix, Arizona felling trees, damaging homes, and causing power outages.[45]
On August 7, 2014 an apparent microburst toppled dozens of boats in the Dillon Reservoir in Dillon, Colorado, leaving emergency workers scrambling to get boaters out of the cold water.[46]
On December 20, 2014, an episode of severe thunderstorms produced damaging winds and hailstorms in Southern Brazil. A severe thunderstorm in Porto Alegre brought destructive wind gusts up to (80 mph; 129 km/h) causing significant damage.[47] Another severe thunderstorm brought a severe wet microburst that affected Sant'Ana do Livramento, from Rio Grande do Sul state. More than 400 homes were damaged, some of them were completely destroyed, trees were downed and power lines destroyed. In addition, eight wind turbines were destroyed by gusts up to 250 km/h.[48]
On June 23, 2015, a microburst hit Gloucester County and Camden County, New Jersey, causing major power outages across the region. Many homes and roads were damaged by fallen trees and debris from the storm.[citation needed]
On May 4, 2017, a microburst hit in Lacey, Washington had uprooted trees and fallen power lines.
On Sept 3, 2017, a microburst hit in Santa Barbara, California and knocked off numerous trees and many landed on cars with many power lines down. Multiple traffic accidents occurred and 56 people were tossed into the water. A 22-foot sailboat was also overturned and was sinking into the ocean. With the associated from Tropical Storm Lidia.[49]
On February 2, 2019 a microburst hit in Long Beach, California with winds gusting 50 mph as a winter storm, and several trees fell.
On 31 March 2019, a very destructive downburst cluster with characteristics of a small derecho, but too small to satisfy the criteria, impacted across a 33 km (21 mi) wide and 45 km (28 mi) long swath in the Bara and Parsa Districts, Nepal. Occurring at an elevation of 83 to 109 m (270 to 360 ft) amsl around 18:45 local time, the 30-45 min duration winds flattened many and severely damaged numerous buildings, leading to 28 deaths and hundreds of injuries.[50]
On June 1, 2019, a relatively short-lived MCS with embedded stronger microbursts formed after morning storms on the west side of Michigan intensified and supercells formed west of Detroit. An area on the west side of Novi and another northwest of West Bloomfield (near Green Lake) were hit especially hard. Wind gusts of 70-80 MPH were estimated in few corridors causing numerous branches, and in some cases, whole trees, to snap. Thousands lost power.
On June 10, 2019, a microburst with wind speeds of up to 70 mph hit the DFW metroplex, leaving approximately 220,000 people without electricity in Dallas County, damaging many skyscrapers and other buildings, and knocking down around 200 trees.[51]
On July 6, 2019, a microburst hit Longmeadow, Massachusetts, downing dozens of trees, damaging cars, and houses.
On June 21, 2023, a severe thunderstorm in the Greater Houston area resulted in a powerful downburst. The storm was part of a larger tornado outbreak sequence that occurred from June 20-26, 2023. A record breaking wind gust of 97 mph (156 km/h) was observed at George Bush Intercontinental Airport, surpassing the previous record of 82 mph (132 km/h) recorded during Hurricane Ike in 2008.[53] The aftermath left approximately 324,000 customers without power and caused extensive damage to CenterPoint Energy's equipment and infrastructure.[54] The storm caused significant damage to buildings, with at least 243 homes damaged.[55] The storm was strong enough to flip a small plane and push another off the tarmac at Hooks Airport in northwest Harris County.[56][57]
On July 24, 2023, a microburst hit La Chaux-de-Fonds in Western Switzerland with wind gusts of up to 135 mph (217 km/h), caused by a collapsing supercell. One person was killed and 40 people were injured in the event. Roofs were blown off, high-voltage pylons were knocked down and a train derailed. The 135 mph wind gust is one of the strongest ever measured in inhabited areas in Switzerland.[58][59]
^1982 John McCarthy, James Wilson, T. Theodore Fujita. The Joint Airport Weather Studies Project, Bull. AMS 83.
^1989 Kimberly L. Elmore and John McCarthy, A Statistical Characterization of Denver-Area Microbursts, DOT/FAA/NR-92/13
^1994 Marilyn M. Wolfson, et al, Characteristics of Microbursts in the Continental United States, Lincoln Laboratory Journal Volume 1, Number 11
^Fujita, T. T., 1984. Andrews AFB microburst on 01 August 1983. The impact of weather on aviation safety. Hearings before the subcommittee on investigations and oversight, 97th Congress, 1st Session and 98th Congress, 1st Session: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 475-477.
^1990 F. Wesley Wilson, et al, An Intense Microburst at Denver's Stapleton International Airport. Proceedings of the Air Traffic Assoc., Boston
^1990 D. Hughs, LLWAS credited with helping 737 survive major microburst. Aviation Week & Space Technology;7/16/90, Vol. 133 Issue 3, p91
^1993 F. H. Proctor, Case Study of a Low-Reflectivity Pulsating Microburst: Numerical Simulation of the Denver, 8 July 1989, Storm. 7th Conference on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, Missouri. American Meteorological Society
^Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. "Norman, OK". www.srh.noaa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Kumar Pokharel, Ashok (August 11, 2021). "A straight-line wind hit some parts of Bara and Parsa districts of Nepal". Weather. 77 (5). doi:10.1002/wea.4050.
