List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior

Giraffes in Kenya; giraffes have been called "especially gay" for engaging in male-male sexual behavior more often than male-female (heterosexual) sex.[1][2]

This is a list of animals for which there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior. These animals have been observed practicing homosexual courtship, sexual behavior, affection, pair bonding, or parenting.

Bruce Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not officially observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to possible observer bias caused by social attitudes towards LGBT people, which made homosexuality in animals a taboo subject.[3][4] He devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality", and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) "explanations" for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities.[5] Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit, stated "[M]any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles". Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.[4]

Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sexual activity, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.[3][6] Homosexuality in animals is controversial with some social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to morality.[7][8] Animal preference and motivation is inferred from behavior, thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. Modern research[9][10][11][12] applies the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.

This is a list of some mammals that have been recorded engaging in homosexual behavior, which is part of a larger list of animals displaying homosexual behavior including birds, insects, fish, etc.

Selected images

List

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ a b c d Kick (2001)
  2. ^ a b "Gay Animals: Alternate Lifestyles in the Wild | Live Science". livescience.com. Live Science. 20 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024. Homosexuality has been documented in more than 450 species of vertebrates signaling that sexual preference is biologically determined in animals.
  3. ^ a b Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312192396.
  4. ^ a b News-medical.net (2006)
  5. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 213
  6. ^ Harrold (1999)
  7. ^ Solimeo, Luiz Sérgio (18 March 2004). "The "Animal Homosexuality" Myth - The American TFP". The American TFP. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  8. ^ Solimeo, Luiz Sérgio (18 March 2004). "Defending a Higher Law" (PDF). The American TFP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  9. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166
  10. ^ Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183
  11. ^ Vasey (1995) pages 173-204
  12. ^ Sommer & Vasey (2006)
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bagemihl (1999) page 316
  14. ^ a b Imaginova (2007e)
  15. ^ a b Forger (6 December 1998), Volume 375, Issue 2, Pages 333 – 343
  16. ^ Forger (1998)
  17. ^ Holekamp (2003)
  18. ^ a b Wilson (Sexing the Hyena)
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  20. ^ a b Imaginova (2007h)
  21. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 413
  22. ^ Imaginova (2007b)
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  24. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) page 432
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  42. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389
  43. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 88
  44. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89
  45. ^ Poiani (2010) page 52
  46. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279. Excerpt from the book: Common Chimpanzees engage in full mouth-to-mouth contact[...] Oral sex of various kinds also occurs in a number of species[, for example] cunnilingus in Common Chimpanzees[...] In [...] Common Chimpanzees, individuals often rub their anal and genital regions together[...] Other [...] forms of "manual" stimulation include [...] anal stimulation and penetration with fingers by male Common Chimpanzees.
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  49. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 457
  50. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 475
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  52. ^ a b c d Bagemihl (1999) page 333
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  56. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 447–448
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  62. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 299–301
  63. ^ a b Gómez et. al (2023) page 3
  64. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 280–284
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  67. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 231, 436–440
  68. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 293–298
  69. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 347
  70. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 412
  71. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 465-466
  72. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231
  73. ^ Stephanie H. Stack; Lyle Krannichfeld; Brandi Romano (2024). "An observation of sexual behavior between two male humpback whales". Marine Mammal Science. 40 (3). Bibcode:2024MMamS..40E3119S. doi:10.1111/mms.13119. hdl:10072/430033.
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  75. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 430
  76. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 422-425
  77. ^ Feige, Stacey, et al. "Heterosexual and homosexual behaviour and vocalisations in captive female koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 103.1-2 (2007): 131-145.
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  79. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 397-401
  80. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 336-338
  81. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 302–305.
  82. ^ Cooper
  83. ^ Eaton (1974)
  84. ^ Schaller, (1972)
  85. ^ Srivastav (2001)
  86. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 470–472
  87. ^ Imaginova (2007)
  88. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 409
  89. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 448
  90. ^ Jia, Z. Y., et al. "Effects of number of homosexual partners on copulating date in female captive masked palm civets (Paguma larvata), and fluctuation of urine estrogen during breeding season." Acta Zoologica Sinica 48 (2002): 610-616.
  91. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 109, 469
  92. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 387–390
  93. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 418–421
  94. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 663, 693, 714
  95. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 410–413
  96. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 472
  97. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 465–466
  98. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 284–288
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  101. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 225–226, 232–240
  102. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 418-421
  103. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 394–396
  104. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–401
  105. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 451
  106. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 81
  107. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 440
  108. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 437–441
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  111. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 364–365
  112. ^ Roselli (2004), Vol. 145, No. 2, pages 478–483
  113. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 289–292
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  120. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 340
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  122. ^ Julie A. Teichroeb; et al. (2023). "Non-Reproductive Sexual Behavior in Wild White-Thighed Colobus Monkeys (Colobus vellerosus)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 52 (6): 2295–2301. doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02561-2. PMID 36849676. S2CID 257231173.
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  124. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 425–426
  125. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 370–374
  126. ^ Imaginova (2007g)
  127. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 231
  128. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 421
  129. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–400
  130. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 374–377
  131. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 288–290
  132. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 424
  133. ^ Poiani (2010) page 50

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