List of existing technologies predicted in science fiction

This list of existing technologies predicted in science fiction includes every medium, mainly literature and film. In 1964 Soviet engineer and writer Genrikh Altshuller made the first attempt to catalogue science fiction technologies of the time.

Alongside first prediction of a particular technology, the list may include all subsequent works mentioning it until its invention. The list includes technologies that were first posited in non-fiction works before their appearance in science fiction and subsequent invention, such as ion thruster. To avoid repetitions, the list excludes film adaptations of prior literature containing the same predictions, such as "The Minority Report". The list also excludes emerging technologies that are not widely available. The names of some modern inventions (atomic bomb, credit card, robot, space station, oral contraceptive and borazon) exactly match their fictional predecessors. A few works correctly predicted the years when some technologies would emerge, such as the first sustained heavier-than-air aircraft flight in 1903 and the first atomic bomb explosion in 1945.

Literature

Work Author(s) Publication year Predicted technology Name(s) in the work
Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon Cyrano de Bergerac 1657 Space rocket[1] Machine
The Blazing World Margaret Cavendish 1666 Submarine[2] Ships that could swim under water
Giphantie Charles-François Tiphaigne de la Roche 1761 Photography[3] Unnamed, descriptive
Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery Adam Seaborn[a] 1820 Jet engine[4] Unnamed, descriptive
Probable Tall Tales Thaddeus Bulgarin 1824 Aviation[b] Aerial stagecoaches
Printer[6] Writing machines
Kingston valve Openings with valves for letting water into a special bulkhead in the hold
The United Worlds, a Poem, in Fifty Seven Books Mark Drinkwater 1834 Android[7] Androides
The Year 4338: Petersburg Letters Vladimir Odoyevsky 1835 Rapid transit (subway),[8] electric multiple unit, aviation Electric carriage (for electric multiple unit), galvanic flying machine (for aviation)
The Wicked Prince Hans Christian Andersen 1840 Airship[9]
The Air Battle; A Vision of the Future Hermann Lang 1859 Remote control devices[10]
From the Earth to the Moon Jules Verne 1865 Solar sail, splashdown[11] Both unnamed, descriptive
The Brick Moon Edward Everett Hale 1869 Space station[12] Brick moon
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas Jules Verne 1870 Electric submarine, gas-discharge lamp,[13] taser[11] Submarine Nautilus, Ruhmkorff apparatus, gun
"The Great Electric Diaphragm. Some Account of the Telegraphic System of the Baron O---" Robert Duncan Milne 1879 Radio[14]
"The Senator's Daughter" Edward Page Mitchell 1879 Electric heating Thermo-electrode
Mizora Mary Bradley Lane 1880 Synthetic meat[12] Chemically prepared meat
Robur the Conqueror Jules Verne 1886 Autogyro, helicopter[15] Flying engine Albatross
Looking Backward Edward Bellamy 1888 Credit card and debit card[16] Credit card
"In the Year 2889" Jules Verne or Michel Verne 1889 News broadcasting, videotelephony[11] Phonotelephote (for videotelephony)
Electric Life Albert Robida 1891 Television, videotelephony, aviation, biological weapons, miniskirt[17] Telephonoscope (for television), aeronefs-omnibus (for aviation)
Six Thousand Years Hence Milton Ramsey 1891 Machine translation[18]
"The Great Brown–Pericord Motor" Arthur Conan Doyle 1891 Heavier-than-air unmanned aerial vehicle (drone)[19] Brown–Pericord Motor
The Angel of the Revolution George Griffith 1893 Air-to-surface missile,[20] radar, sonar, heavier-than-air aircraft flight[21] Missile boring its way through the air for the centre of the fortress, air-ship Ariel
A Journey in Other Worlds John Jacob Astor IV 1894 International telephone network[22] Descriptive
Videotelephony Kintograph or visual telegraph
Hidden camera[22]
Phosphorescent paint[22] Strips of nickel painted white, and showing a bright phosphorescence at night
Radar speed gun,[22]
Chemical weapon Asphyxiating bombs containing compressed gas that could be fired from guns or dropped from the air
Propeller Island Jules Verne 1895 Audiobook
The Crack of Doom Robert Cromie 1895 Atomic bomb[23] or hydrogen bomb[24] Disintegrating agent
The Island of Dr. Moreau H. G. Wells 1896 Organ transplantation[25] Unnamed, descriptive
The War of the Worlds H. G. Wells 1898 Laser, chemical weapon Heat-ray (for laser), black and poisonous vapour by means of rockets (for chemical weapon)
When the Sleeper Wakes H. G. Wells 1899 Military aviation,[26] automatic door[27] Aeroplanes (for military aircraft)
"The Imp of the Telephone" John Kendrick Bangs 1902 Videocassette recorder[28]
"The Land Ironclads" H. G. Wells 1903 Armoured fighting vehicles,[c] joystick with firing button[20] Land ironclads
"Sultana's Dream" Begum Rokeya 1905 Solar power, seasonal thermal energy storage[12] Unnamed, descriptive
"With the Night Mail" Rudyard Kipling 1905 Airmail by airplanes[29]
The Last Miracle M. P. Shiel 1907 Hologram[30]
Red Star Alexander Bogdanov 1908 Nuclear engine, automated plant[31] Etheroneph (for nuclear engine)
The War in the Air H. G. Wells 1908 Military aviation Fleet of airships
A Columbus of Space Garrett P. Serviss 1909 Nuclear-powered spaceship[32] Atomic balloon
"The Machine Stops" E. M. Forster 1909 Home automation (smart home), television, videotelephony, social media[26] Cinematophote (for television)
The Emperor of the Air George Glendon 1910 Wankel engine[33]
"He of the Glass Heart" George Allan England 1911 Artificial human heart[34]
Ralph 124C 41+ Hugo Gernsback 1911 Solar power, television, tape recorder, sound film, videotelephony, radar and spaceflight[16][35] Telephot (for videotelephony), actinoscope (for radar)
The Great Aeroplane. A Thrilling Tale of Adventure Frederick Sadleir Brereton 1911 Jet propulsion[36]
The World Set Free H. G. Wells 1914 Atomic bomb,[16] nuclear propulsion[37] Atomic bomb, atomic engine
Beyond the Earth Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1920 Artificial gravity,[38] lunar rover[39] Artificial gravity[d]
R.U.R. Karel Čapek 1920 Robots[35][e] Robots
"The Devolutionist" Homer Eon Flint 1921 Artificial human heart[40]
"The Secret of Artificial Reproduction" Clement Fezandié 1921 Cloning[41]
"Number 87" Eden Phillpotts 1922 Discovery of francium[42]
The Absolute at Large Karel Čapek 1922 Nuclear reactor[43] Karburator
Men Like Gods H. G. Wells 1923 Email, voicemail[25] Unnamed, descriptive
We Yevgeny Zamyatin 1924 Interstellar message, specifically Voyager Golden Record[44][f] Unnamed, descriptive
Metropolis Thea von Harbou 1925 Robots Machines
In a Thousand Years Vadim Nikolsky 1926 Atomic bomb explosion in 1945 (Trinity test)[31] Atomic explosion of 1945
The Garin Death Ray Aleksey Tolstoy 1927 Laser[45][g] Hyperboloid
Amphibian Man Alexander Belyaev 1928 Aqua-Lung[48][h] Underwater suits with oxygen tanks
The Struggle in Space Alexander Belyaev 1928 Mobile phone[49] Wireless telephone
Electropolis Otfrid von Hanstein 1928 Microwave oven,[50] Global Positioning System (GPS)[51]
"Evans of the Earth-Guard" Edmond Hamilton 1930 Vernier thruster Rocket's side tubes
Paradise and Iron Miles J. Breuer 1930 Home automation,[52] self-driving car[52]
"The Black Star Passes" John W. Campbell 1930 Solar-powered aircraft Solar engine, one that could be placed in the wings of a plane to generate power
"The Message From Space" David M. Speaker 1930 Videotelephony[i] Visiphone
Underwater Farmers Alexander Belyaev 1930 Diver propulsion vehicle[49]
Brave New World Aldous Huxley 1932 4D film Feelies, works of art out of practically nothing but pure sensation
"Pygmalion's Spectacles" Stanley Weinbaum 1935 Smartglasses, virtual reality[35] Magic spectacles (for smartglasses)
The Star KETS Alexander Belyaev 1936 Space station, extravehicular activity, satellite[53]
"Sugar in the Air" Ernest Charles Large 1937 Artificial photosynthesis[54]
"Helen O'Loy" Lester del Rey 1938 Domestic robot[55] Helen O'Loy
"Blowups Happen" Robert Heinlein 1940 Nuclear power plant[32]
"Coventry" Robert Heinlein 1940 Solar vehicle[56] Vehicle with "sunpower screens"
"Solution Unsatisfactory" Robert Heinlein 1941 Atomic bomb[57] U235 in a controlled explosion, a one-ton bomb that would be a whole air raid in itself
"Nerves" Lester del Rey 1942 Widespread nuclear power[58]
"Waldo" Robert Heinlein 1942[j] Remote manipulator,[59] robot-assisted surgery Waldo F. Jones' Synchronous Reduplicating Pantograph; later in acknowledgment some remote manipulators were dubbed "Waldos".
"Fakaofo Atoll" Ivan Yefremov 1944 Underwater television[60]
"Shadow of the Past" Ivan Yefremov 1945 Hologram[60] Light imprint
"A Logic Named Joe" Murray Leinster 1946 Computer,[61] Internet,[62] server[61] Logic (for computer), tank (for server)
Space Cadet Robert Heinlein 1948 Mobile phone[63][k]
"The Veldt" Ray Bradbury 1950 Home automation (smart home), 4D film, virtual reality Happylife Home (for smart home), odorophonics (for 4D film)
"There Will Come Soft Rains" Ray Bradbury 1950 Robotic vacuum cleaner[61] Small cleaning animals, all rubber and metal
Foundation Isaac Asimov 1951 Pocket calculator[65]
"Rock Diver" Harry Harrison 1951 Helmet-mounted display Oscilloscope screen set inside helmet
"The Pedestrian" Ray Bradbury 1951 Self-driving car[66] Police car
Islands in the Sky Arthur C. Clarke 1952 Space station[67] Space Station, Inner Station
Childhood's End Arthur C. Clarke 1953 Oral contraceptive, DNA paternity testing[68] Oral contraceptive, infallible method of identifying the father of any child
Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury 1953 Earphones (earbuds), flatscreen television, automated teller machine (ATM)[8][66] Seashells (for earbuds), wall-TV (for flatscreen television), bank which was open all night and every night with robot tellers (for ATM)
The Caves of Steel Isaac Asimov 1953 Fingerprint scanner[69] Unnamed, descriptive
The Star Beast Robert Heinlein 1954 Mobile phone[70]
The Magellanic Cloud Stanisław Lem 1955 Internet, smartphone with internet access, additive manufacturing file format, 3D printing[71] Trion (for internet), pocket receiver (for smartphone), production prescription (for additive manufacturing file format), the automaton (for 3D printer)
The City and the Stars Arthur C. Clarke 1956 Immersive virtual reality games[27] Central computer, which virtually ran the city
The Door into Summer Robert Heinlein 1956 Automated teller machine (ATM), robotic vacuum cleaner, computer-aided design (CAD)[57] Twenty-four-hour bank (for ATM), Hired Girl (for robotic vacuum cleaner), gismo (for CAD)
"The Minority Report" Philip K. Dick 1956 Facial recognition system, personalized ads[72]
The Naked Sun Isaac Asimov 1956 Flatscreen 3D television,[73] domestic robot Viewing panels, household robots
Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale Ivan Yefremov 1957 Borazon, space probe, powered exoskeleton, ion thruster[60] Borason,[l] geological bomb, robot station (for space probe), jumping skeletons (for powered exoskeletons), ion trigger motors (for ion thrusters)
The Man Without Heart Oles Berdnik, Yuri Bedzik 1957 Artificial human heart[74]
"Prospector's Special" Robert Sheckley 1959 Mobile phone, videotelephony[51] Telephone, video screen
Return from the Stars Stanisław Lem 1961 E-reader, audiobook[71] Opton (for e-reader), lecton (for audiobook)
"The Way You Will Be" Arkady and Boris Strugatsky 1961 4D film[75]
Razor's Edge Ivan Yefremov 1963 Solar-pumped laser[60]
Podkayne of Mars Robert Heinlein 1963 Video ads in taxis
The Age of the Pussyfoot Frederik Pohl 1965 Smartphone Joymaker
The Cyberiad Stanisław Lem 1965 Life simulation game[71]
The Final Circle of Paradise Arkady and Boris Strugatsky 1965 Paintball,[15] self-driving car,[75] Bluetooth headset[53] Liapnik (for paintball)
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress Robert Heinlein 1966 Voice user interface,[76] cyberattacks, deepfakes Computer subverted to attack its owners, computer-generated audio and video fakes used for political purposes
2001: A Space Odyssey Arthur C. Clarke 1968 Voice user interface,[77] tablet computer Newspad (for tablet computer)
Stand on Zanzibar John Brunner 1968 On demand television, laser printer[16]
"The Scarred Man" Gregory Benford 1970 Computer virus[61]
Cyborg Martin Caidin 1972 Robotic prostheses[16]
When HARLIE Was One David Gerrold 1972 Computer virus[78][m]
Imperial Earth Arthur C. Clarke 1975 Personalized ads, search engine Personal messages (for personalized ads), Comsole (for search engine)
The Shockwave Rider John Brunner 1975 Hacking, computer worm[79]
One Hundred Years Ahead Kir Bulychev 1978 E-reader,[53] smartwatch
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams 1979 Audio translation device,[16] Wikis Babel fish
"Burning Chrome" William Gibson 1982 Internet[57]
Friday Robert Heinlein 1982 Internet[57]
The Descent of Anansi Steven Barnes, Larry Niven 1982 Tethered satellite[80]
Neuromancer William Gibson 1984 World Wide Web, virtual reality[59]
Islands in the Net Bruce Sterling 1988 Smart shoe[50]
Paris in the Twentieth Century Jules Verne 1994[n] Skyscrapers,[81] gasoline-powered cars,[81] electric street lights,[65] electronic dance music,[81] fax,[81] internet,[81] electric chair,[81] weapons of mass destruction[81]

Films and TV series

Film Release year Predicted technology Name(s) in the work
Back to the Future and Back to the Future Part II 1985, 1989 Voice user interface, tablet computer, videotelephony, augmented and virtual reality, flatscreen television, fingerprint scanner[82]
Star Trek: The Next Generation 1987–1994 Smartwatch
Until the End of the World 1991 High-definition flatscreen television[83]
Her 2013 AI-generated art (drawing and music), advanced talking AI in video games, AI personalities based on historical characters Samantha

Notes

  1. ^ Pseudonym, real name is unclear.
  2. ^ Probable Tall Tales also describe some technologies that were actually invented before, such as "running galoshes", consisting of "iron shoes with springs and wheels under the soles" (the first roller skates were invented in 1760[5]). These are excluded from the list.
  3. ^ Although land ironclads are sometimes interpreted as tanks, they are described by Wells as having pedrail wheels rather than continuous tracks.
  4. ^ The original Russian term used in the novel (искусственная тяжесть) is slightly different from its modern equivalent искусственная гравитация. However, in English they are translated identically.
  5. ^ While similar machines existed before (automatons, Leonardo's robot, etc), R.U.R. is credited with coining the word "robot" as applied to such machines.
  6. ^ The novel also includes devices similar to CCTV,[44] the street membranes, but they recorded sound rather than video, and thus are excluded from the list.
  7. ^ While hyperboloid is described as more powerful than laser, being able to "cut through a railway bridge in a few seconds", it has been regarded as very similar in principle.[46] The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, however, notes: "For example, Pulp-magazine sf of the 1930s made much of Death Rays; it is rather a dubious vindication to point out that laser beams can now be used as weaponry".[47] Because of that later mentions of death rays are excluded from this list. Nonetheless, laser cutting exists.
  8. ^ Although prototypes existed before, Aqua-Lung appeared after the novel's publication, in 1942.
  9. ^ Although videotelephony was not largely available at the time, ikonophone and "two-way television-telephone" emerged in 1927 and 1930, respectively.
  10. ^ In the same year Heinlein's novel Beyond This Horizon was published credited with predicting waterbed (alongside later Double Star and Stranger In A Strange Land),[57] but it has been known since the 19th century, thus all three novels are excluded from the list.
  11. ^ Space Cadet is also credited with predicting microwave oven,[63] but it was demonstrated before, in 1947 by Raytheon.[64]
  12. ^ Spelling per novel's English translation by George Hanna, with an "s" instead of a "z". Modern English spelling coincides with the Russian. While the synthesis of borazon was announced in 1957, the novel itself was written in 1955–1956.[60]
  13. ^ While internet did not exist at the time, Creeper virus in the ARPANET emerged before, in 1971.
  14. ^ Written in 1863, first published 131 years later.

References

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Sources

See also

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