List of current heads of state and government

"World leaders" redirects here. For the CIA-published public domain directory, see World Leaders.

This is a list of current heads of state and heads of government. In some cases, mainly in presidential systems, there is only one leader being both head of state and head of government. In other cases, mainly in semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of state and the head of government are different people. In semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of government role (i.e. executive branch) is fulfilled by both the listed head of government and the head of state. In single-party systems, the ruling party's leader (i.e. General Secretary) is usually the de facto top leader of the state, though sometimes this leader also holds the presidency or premiership. In some countries like Andorra and Vatican City (Holy See), a clergy member also acts as the head of state for both countries (Bishop of Urgell as Co-Prince of Andorra and the Pope) and head of government for the latter (President of the Governorate of Vatican City State).

The list includes the names of recently elected or appointed heads of state and government who will take office on an appointed date, as presidents-elect and prime ministers-designate, and those leading a government in exile if internationally recognised.

Member and observer states of the United Nations

Colour key
Green cells indicate leaders whose offices constitutionally administer the executive of their respective state/government.
Blue cells indicate de facto executive branch leaders whose offices lack de jure constitutional power.

Note: Names in small font generally denote acting, interim, transitional, temporary leaders, or representatives. Other notes and exceptions are provided at § Notes.

State	Head of state	Head of government
Afghanistan	Supreme Leader – Hibatullah Akhundzada	Acting Prime Minister – Hasan Akhund
Albania	President – Bajram Begaj	Prime Minister – Edi Rama
Algeria	President – Abdelmadjid Tebboune	Prime Minister – Nadir Larbaoui
Andorra	Episcopal Co-Prince – Joan Enric Vives i Sicília Co-Prince's Representative – Josep Maria Mauri French Co-Prince – Emmanuel Macron[α] Co-Prince's Representative – Patrick Strzoda	Prime Minister – Xavier Espot Zamora
Angola	President – João Lourenço
Antigua and Barbuda	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Sir Rodney Williams	Prime Minister – Gaston Browne
Argentina	President – Javier Milei
Armenia	President – Vahagn Khachaturyan	Prime Minister – Nikol Pashinyan
Australia	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – David Hurley Governor-general-designate – Sam Mostyn	Prime Minister – Anthony Albanese
Austria	President – Alexander Van der Bellen	Chancellor – Karl Nehammer
Azerbaijan	President – Ilham Aliyev	Prime Minister – Ali Asadov
Bahamas, The	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Dame Cynthia A. Pratt	Prime Minister – Philip Davis
Bahrain	King – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa	Prime Minister – Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
Bangladesh	President – Mohammed Shahabuddin	Prime Minister – Sheikh Hasina
Barbados	President – Dame Sandra Mason	Prime Minister – Mia Mottley
Belarus	President – Alexander Lukashenko[γ]	Prime Minister – Roman Golovchenko
Belgium	King – Philippe	Prime Minister – Alexander De Croo
Belize	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Dame Froyla Tzalam	Prime Minister – Johnny Briceño
Benin	President – Patrice Talon
Bhutan	King – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck	Prime Minister – Tshering Tobgay
Bolivia	President – Luis Arce
Bosnia and Herzegovina	High Representative – Christian Schmidt[δ]
	Presidency[ε]	Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers – Borjana Krišto
	Members: Denis Bećirović (Chairman) Željka Cvijanović Željko Komšić
Botswana	President – Mokgweetsi Masisi
Brazil	President – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Brunei	Sultan and Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah
Bulgaria	President – Rumen Radev	Acting Prime Minister – Dimitar Glavchev
Burkina Faso	President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration – Ibrahim Traoré
	Interim President – Ibrahim Traoré	Interim Prime Minister – Apollinaire Kyélem
Burundi	President – Évariste Ndayishimiye[γ]	Prime Minister – Gervais Ndirakobuca
Cambodia	President of the People's Party – Hun Sen[1]
	King – Norodom Sihamoni	Prime Minister – Hun Manet
Cameroon	President – Paul Biya[γ]	Prime Minister – Joseph Ngute
Canada	King – Charles III[β] Governor General – Mary Simon	Prime Minister – Justin Trudeau
Cape Verde	President – José Maria Neves	Prime Minister – Ulisses Correia e Silva
Central African Republic	President – Faustin-Archange Touadéra[γ]	Prime Minister – Félix Moloua
Chad	Transitional President – Mahamat Déby	Prime Minister – Succès Masra
Chile	President – Gabriel Boric
China	General Secretary of the Communist Party – Xi Jinping
	President – Xi Jinping	Premier – Li Qiang
Colombia	President – Gustavo Petro
Comoros	President – Azali Assoumani
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	President – Félix Tshisekedi	Prime Minister – Judith Tuluka
Congo, Republic of the	President – Denis Sassou Nguesso	Prime Minister – Anatole Collinet Makosso
Costa Rica	President – Rodrigo Chaves Robles
Croatia	President – Zoran Milanović	Prime Minister – Andrej Plenković
Cuba	First Secretary of the Communist Party – Miguel Díaz-Canel
	President – Miguel Díaz-Canel	Prime Minister – Manuel Marrero Cruz
Cyprus	President – Nikos Christodoulides
Czech Republic	President – Petr Pavel	Prime Minister – Petr Fiala
Denmark	King – Frederik X	Prime Minister – Mette Frederiksen
Djibouti	President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[γ]	Prime Minister – Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Dominica	President – Sylvanie Burton	Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic	President – Luis Abinader
East Timor	President – José Ramos-Horta	Prime Minister – Xanana Gusmão
Ecuador	President – Daniel Noboa
Egypt	President – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi	Prime Minister – Mostafa Madbouly
El Salvador	President – Nayib Bukele
	Acting President – Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara
Equatorial Guinea	President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[γ]	Prime Minister – Manuela Roka Botey
Eritrea	President – Isaias Afwerki
Estonia	President – Alar Karis	Prime Minister – Kaja Kallas
Eswatini	Ngwenyama – Mswati III	Prime Minister – Russell Dlamini
	Ndlovukati – Ntfombi
Ethiopia	President – Sahle-Work Zewde	Prime Minister – Abiy Ahmed
Fiji	President – Ratu Wiliame Katonivere	Prime Minister – Sitiveni Rabuka
Finland	President – Alexander Stubb	Prime Minister – Petteri Orpo
France	President – Emmanuel Macron[α]	Prime Minister – Gabriel Attal
Gabon	Chairman of the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions – Brice Oligui Nguema
	Transitional President – Brice Oligui Nguema[2]	Interim Prime Minister – Raymond Ndong Sima
Gambia, The	President – Adama Barrow
Georgia	President – Salome Zourabichvili	Prime Minister – Irakli Kobakhidze
Germany	President – Frank-Walter Steinmeier	Chancellor – Olaf Scholz
Ghana	President – Nana Akufo-Addo
Greece	President – Katerina Sakellaropoulou	Prime Minister – Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Grenada	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Dame Cécile La Grenade	Prime Minister – Dickon Mitchell
Guatemala	President – Bernardo Arévalo
Guinea	Chairman of the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development – Mamady Doumbouya
	Interim President – Mamady Doumbouya	Prime Minister – Bah Oury
Guinea-Bissau	President – Umaro Sissoco Embaló	Prime Minister – Rui Duarte de Barros
Guyana	President – Irfaan Ali[γ]	Prime Minister – Mark Phillips
Haiti	President – Vacant[ζ]	Acting Prime Minister – Ariel Henry
Honduras	President – Xiomara Castro
Hungary	President – Tamás Sulyok	Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán
Iceland	President – Guðni Th. Jóhannesson	Prime Minister – Bjarni Benediktsson
India	President – Droupadi Murmu	Prime Minister – Narendra Modi
Indonesia	President – Joko Widodo
	President-elect – Prabowo Subianto
Iran	Supreme Leader – Ali Khamenei[η]	President – Ebrahim Raisi
Iraq	President – Abdul Latif Rashid	Prime Minister – Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani
Ireland	President – Michael D. Higgins	Taoiseach – Simon Harris
Israel	President – Isaac Herzog	Prime Minister – Benjamin Netanyahu
Italy	President – Sergio Mattarella	Prime Minister – Giorgia Meloni
Ivory Coast	President – Alassane Ouattara[γ]	Prime Minister – Robert Beugré Mambé
Jamaica	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen	Prime Minister – Andrew Holness
Japan	Emperor – Naruhito[θ]	Prime Minister – Fumio Kishida
Jordan	King – Abdullah II	Prime Minister – Bisher Al-Khasawneh
Kazakhstan	President – Kassym-Jomart Tokayev[γ]	Prime Minister – Oljas Bektenov
Kenya	President – William Ruto
Kiribati	President – Taneti Maamau
Kuwait	Emir – Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah	Prime Minister – Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan	President – Sadyr Japarov[γ]	Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers – Akylbek Japarov
Laos	General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party – Thongloun Sisoulith
	President – Thongloun Sisoulith	Prime Minister – Sonexay Siphandone
Latvia	President – Edgars Rinkēvičs	Prime Minister – Evika Siliņa
Lebanon	President – Vacant	Prime Minister – Najib Mikati
Lesotho	King – Letsie III	Prime Minister – Sam Matekane
Liberia	President – Joseph Boakai
Libya	Chairman of the Presidential Council – Mohamed al-Menfi	Prime Minister – Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh
Liechtenstein	Prince Regnant – Hans-Adam II	Prime Minister – Daniel Risch
	Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois
Lithuania	President – Gitanas Nausėda	Prime Minister – Ingrida Šimonytė
Luxembourg	Grand Duke – Henri	Prime Minister – Luc Frieden
Madagascar	President – Andry Rajoelina	Prime Minister – Christian Ntsay
Malawi	President – Lazarus Chakwera
Malaysia	Yang di-Pertuan Agong – Ibrahim Iskandar	Prime Minister – Anwar Ibrahim
Maldives	President – Mohamed Muizzu
Mali	Interim President – Assimi Goïta[γ]	Interim Prime Minister – Choguel Kokalla Maïga
Malta	President – Myriam Spiteri Debono	Prime Minister – Robert Abela
Marshall Islands	President – Hilda Heine
Mauritania	President – Mohamed Ould Ghazouani	Prime Minister – Mohamed Ould Bilal
Mauritius	President – Prithvirajsing Roopun	Prime Minister – Pravind Jugnauth
Mexico	President – Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Federated States of Micronesia	President – Wesley Simina
Moldova	President – Maia Sandu	Prime Minister – Dorin Recean
Monaco	Sovereign Prince – Albert II	Minister of State – Pierre Dartout
Mongolia	President – Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh	Prime Minister – Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
Montenegro	President – Jakov Milatović	Prime Minister – Milojko Spajić
Morocco	King – Mohammed VI	Prime Minister – Aziz Akhannouch
Mozambique	President – Filipe Nyusi[γ]	Prime Minister – Adriano Maleiane
Myanmar	Chairman of the State Administration Council – Min Aung Hlaing
	Acting President – Myint Swe	Prime Minister – Min Aung Hlaing
Namibia	President – Nangolo Mbumba[γ]	Prime Minister – Saara Kuugongelwa
Nauru	President – David Adeang
Nepal	President – Ram Chandra Poudel	Prime Minister – Pushpa Kamal Dahal
Netherlands	King – Willem-Alexander	Prime Minister – Mark Rutte
New Zealand	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Dame Cindy Kiro[ι]	Prime Minister – Christopher Luxon
Nicaragua	President – Daniel Ortega
Niger	President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland – Abdourahamane Tchiani	Prime Minister – Ali Lamine Zeine[7]
Nigeria	President – Bola Tinubu
North Korea	General Secretary of the Workers' Party – Kim Jong Un
	President of the State Affairs Commission – Kim Jong Un	Premier – Kim Tok Hun
North Macedonia	President – Stevo Pendarovski	Acting Prime Minister – Talat Xhaferi
Norway	King – Harald V	Prime Minister – Jonas Gahr Støre
Oman	Sultan and Prime Minister – Haitham bin Tariq
Pakistan	President – Asif Ali Zardari	Prime Minister – Shehbaz Sharif
Palau	President – Surangel Whipps Jr.
Palestine	President – Mahmoud Abbas	Prime Minister – Mohammad Mustafa
Panama	President – Laurentino Cortizo
Papua New Guinea	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Sir Bob Dadae	Prime Minister – James Marape
Paraguay	President – Santiago Peña
Peru	President – Dina Boluarte[γ]	Prime Minister – Gustavo Adrianzén
Philippines	President – Bongbong Marcos
Poland	President – Andrzej Duda	Prime Minister – Donald Tusk
Portugal	President – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa	Prime Minister – Luís Montenegro
Qatar	Emir – Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani	Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani
Romania	President – Klaus Iohannis	Prime Minister – Marcel Ciolacu
Russia	President – Vladimir Putin	Prime Minister – Mikhail Mishustin
Rwanda	President – Paul Kagame[γ]	Prime Minister – Édouard Ngirente
Saint Kitts and Nevis	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Dame Marcella Liburd	Prime Minister – Terrance Drew
Saint Lucia	King – Charles III[β] Acting Governor-General – Errol Charles	Prime Minister – Philip J. Pierre
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Dame Susan Dougan	Prime Minister – Ralph Gonsalves
Samoa	O le Ao o le Malo – Afioga Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II	Prime Minister – Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa
San Marino	Captain Regent[κ] – Alessandro Rossi	Secretary for Foreign and Political Affairs – Luca Beccari
	Captain Regent[κ] – Milena Gasperoni
São Tomé and Príncipe	President – Carlos Vila Nova	Prime Minister – Patrice Trovoada
Saudi Arabia	King – Salman	Prime Minister – Mohammed bin Salman
Senegal	President – Bassirou Diomaye Faye[γ]	Prime Minister – Ousmane Sonko
Serbia	President – Aleksandar Vučić	Acting Prime Minister – Ivica Dačić
Seychelles	President – Wavel Ramkalawan
Sierra Leone	President – Julius Maada Bio[γ]	Chief Minister – David Moinina Sengeh
Singapore	President – Tharman Shanmugaratnam	Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong
		Prime minister-designate – Lawrence Wong
Slovakia	President – Zuzana Čaputová President-elect – Peter Pellegrini	Prime Minister – Robert Fico
Slovenia	President – Nataša Pirc Musar	Prime Minister – Robert Golob
Solomon Islands	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Sir David Vunagi	Prime Minister – Manasseh Sogavare
Somalia	President – Hassan Sheikh Mohamud	Prime Minister – Hamza Abdi Barre
South Africa	President – Cyril Ramaphosa
South Korea	President – Yoon Suk-yeol[γ]
South Sudan	President – Salva Kiir Mayardit
Spain	King – Felipe VI	Prime Minister – Pedro Sánchez
Sri Lanka	President – Ranil Wickremesinghe[γ]	Prime Minister – Dinesh Gunawardena
Sudan	Transitional Sovereignty Council[λ]	Acting Prime Minister – Osman Hussein
	Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (Chairman)
	Other members:[11][12] Malik Agar (Deputy Chairman) Shams al-Din Khabbashi Yasser al-Atta Ibrahim Jabir Karim El Hadi Idris Yahya El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar Raja Nicola Abdulgasim Bortom Yousef Jad Karim Abdelbagi al-Zubeir Salma Abdeljabbar
Suriname	President – Chan Santokhi
Sweden	King – Carl XVI Gustaf	Prime Minister – Ulf Kristersson
Switzerland	Federal Council[μ]
	Members: Viola Amherd (President) Karin Keller-Sutter (Vice President) Guy Parmelin Ignazio Cassis Albert Rösti Élisabeth Baume-Schneider Beat Jans
Syria	President – Bashar al-Assad[γ]	Prime Minister – Hussein Arnous
Tajikistan	President – Emomali Rahmon[γ]	Prime Minister – Kokhir Rasulzoda
Tanzania	President – Samia Suluhu Hassan[γ]	Prime Minister – Kassim Majaliwa
Thailand	King – Maha Vajiralongkorn	Prime Minister – Srettha Thavisin
Togo	President – Faure Gnassingbé[γ]	Prime Minister – Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
Tonga	King – Tupou VI	Prime Minister – Siaosi Sovaleni
Trinidad and Tobago	President – Christine Kangaloo	Prime Minister – Keith Rowley
Tunisia	President – Kaïs Saïed[γ]	Prime Minister – Ahmed Hachani
Turkey	President – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Turkmenistan	Chairman of the People's Council – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow[13]
	President – Serdar Berdimuhamedow
Tuvalu	King – Charles III[β] Governor-General – Sir Tofiga Vaevalu Falani	Prime Minister – Feleti Teo
Uganda	President – Yoweri Museveni[γ]	Prime Minister – Robinah Nabbanja
Ukraine	President – Volodymyr Zelenskyy	Prime Minister – Denys Shmyhal
United Arab Emirates	President – Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan	Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
United Kingdom	King – Charles III	Prime Minister – Rishi Sunak
United States	President – Joe Biden
Uruguay	President – Luis Lacalle Pou
Uzbekistan	President – Shavkat Mirziyoyev[γ]	Prime Minister – Abdulla Aripov
Vanuatu	President – Nikenike Vurobaravu	Prime Minister – Charlot Salwai
Vatican City (Holy See)	Sovereign – Pope Francis	President of the Governorate – Cardinal Fernando Vérgez Alzaga
Venezuela	President – Nicolás Maduro
Vietnam	General Secretary of the Communist Party – Nguyễn Phú Trọng
	Acting President – Võ Thị Ánh Xuân	Prime Minister – Phạm Minh Chính
Yemen	Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council – Rashad al-Alimi	Prime Minister – Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak
Zambia	President – Hakainde Hichilema
Zimbabwe	President – Emmerson Mnangagwa

Other states

The following states are in free association with another UN member state.

State	Associated with	Head of state	Head of government
Cook Islands	New Zealand	King – Charles III[ν] King's Representative – Sir Tom Marsters	Prime Minister – Mark Brown
Niue	New Zealand	King – Charles III[ν] King's Representative – Dame Cindy Kiro[ι]	Premier – Dalton Tagelagi

The following states control at least part of their territory and are recognised by at least one UN member state.

State	Also claimed by	Head of state	Head of government
Abkhazia	Georgia	President – Aslan Bzhania	Prime Minister – Aleksander Ankvab
Republic of China (Taiwan)	People's Republic of China	President – Tsai Ing-wen	Premier – Chen Chien-jen Premier-designate – Cho Jung-tai
		President-elect – Lai Ching-te
Kosovo	Serbia	President – Vjosa Osmani	Prime Minister – Albin Kurti
Northern Cyprus	Cyprus	President – Ersin Tatar	Prime Minister – Ünal Üstel
Sahrawi Republic	Morocco	General Secretary of the Polisario Front – Brahim Ghali
		President – Brahim Ghali	Prime Minister – Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun
South Ossetia	Georgia	President – Alan Gagloyev	Prime Minister – Konstantin Dzhussoyev

The following states control their territory, but are not recognised by any UN member states.

State	Also claimed by	Head of state	Head of government
Somaliland	Somalia	President – Muse Bihi Abdi
Transnistria	Moldova	President – Vadim Krasnoselsky	Prime Minister – Aleksander Rozenberg

Other governments

These alternative governments control part of their territory and are recognised as legitimate by at least one UN member state.

Government	State	Head of state	Head of government
Supreme Political Council	Yemen	Leader of Ansar Allah – Abdul-Malik al-Houthi[14]
		Chairman – Mahdi al-Mashat	Prime Minister – Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour
Syrian National Coalition	Syria	President – Hadi al-Bahra	Prime Minister – Abdurrahman Mustafa

These alternative governments control part of their territory, but are not recognized as legitimate by any UN member states.

Government	State	Head of state	Head of government
Government of National Stability	Libya	Supreme Commander of the Libyan National Army – Khalifa Haftar
		Chairman of the Presidential Council – Mohamed al-Menfi[ξ]	Acting Prime Minister – Osama Hammad[15]
Hamas government in Gaza	Palestine	Hamas Chief in the Gaza Strip – Yahya Sinwar
		President – Mahmoud Abbas[ο]	Head of the Government Administrative Committee – Essam al-Da'alis
National Unity Government	Myanmar	Acting President – Duwa Lashi La	Prime Minister – Mahn Win Khaing Than
Syrian Salvation Government	Syria	Commander-in-Chief of Tahrir al-Sham – Abu Mohammad al-Julani[16]
		President of the General Shura Council – Mustafa al-Mousa	Prime Minister – Ali Keda

These alternative governments do not control their territory but are recognized as legitimate by at least one UN member state.

Government	State	Head of state	Head of government
Coordination Council	Belarus	President and Head of the Cabinet – Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
National Assembly (2015)	Venezuela	President of the National Assembly – Dinorah Figuera[17]

Sui generis entities

Entity	Head of entity	Head of government
European Union	President of the European Council – Charles Michel[18]	President of the European Commission – Ursula von der Leyen[19]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta	Prince and Grand Master – John T. Dunlap	Grand Chancellor – Riccardo Paternò di Montecupo

See also

• President of the Republic
• List of countries by system of government
• List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office
• List of current monarchs of sovereign states
• List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents
• List of current interior ministers
• List of current foreign ministers
• List of current finance ministers
• List of current defence ministers
• List of current legislatures
• List of current presidents of legislatures
• List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
• List of leaders of dependent territories
• List of oldest living state leaders
• List of national governments
• Lists of state leaders
• Lists of state leaders by century
• List of state leaders in the 21st century
• List of state leaders in 2024

Notes

1. The President of France and the French Co-Prince of Andorra are positions held by the same person.
2. Charles III is separately and equally monarch of 15 sovereign states known collectively as the Commonwealth realms. In each of these states (with the exception of the United Kingdom, where he permanently resides), he is represented at the national level by a governor-general.
3. In this state, the president is both head of state and head of government; the office of prime minister may exist in these states, but it does not direct executive power—nor does the Kyrgyzstani Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, the Peruvian President of the Council of Ministers, or the Sierra Leonean Chief Minister.
4. The high representative is an international civilian overseer of the Dayton Agreement with authority to dismiss elected and non-elected officials and enact legislation.
5. The three-member Bosnian presidency is the head of state collectively.
6. According to the Constitution of Haiti as amended in 2012, the Council of Ministers collectively carries out the duties of the presidency during a presidential vacancy. The presidency has been vacant since the assassination of Jovenel Moïse in 2021.^[3][4][5][6]
7. According to articles 89 to 91 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader of Iran is the head of state, and the President is the head of government. The President is required to gain the Supreme Leader's official approval before being sworn in before Parliament, and the Supreme Leader also has the power to dismiss the elected President at any time.
8. The constitution of Japan does not define a formal head of state, but the Emperor by unwritten constitutional convention fulfills the functions and duties of this role.
9. The Governor-General of New Zealand and the King's Representative of Niue are positions held by the same person.
10. The Captain Regent representing the party with a plurality of seats in the legislature of San Marino, the Grand and General Council, exercises more legislative power than the Captain Regent belonging to the opposition.
11. The Transitional Sovereignty Council is the collective head of state of Sudan per the 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration. While the council was intended to be a unity government incorporating civilian and military elements that used consensus decision making, Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who is also Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces, has monopolized power.^[8][9][10]
12. The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is collectively head of state and government. As a party to the Council, the President serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
13. Charles III is head of state of the Cook Islands and Niue in his capacity as King in Right of New Zealand. He is represented in each of these states by a King's Representative.
14. Al-Menfi is also considered head of state by the internationally-recognized Government of National Unity. Hamada is disputing the premiership of Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, with the backing of the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army.
15. Internationally-recognized president also recognized by Hamas since the Palestinian Unity Government of June 2014

References

1. Cai, Derek; Head, Jonathan (7 August 2023). "Cambodia: PM's son Hun Manet appointed next ruler in royal formality". Singapore: BBC News. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Hun Sen will however retain leadership of the ruling Cambodian People's Party - a position political analysts say still gives him ultimate control. • Murphy, Matt (6 August 2023). "Hun Sen: Cambodia election result confirms expected win for PM". BBC News. Retrieved 7 August 2023. [Hun Sen] is expected to become president of the Senate early next year and will serve as acting head of state when King Norodom Sihamoni is abroad.
2. "General Nguema appointed transitional president of Gabon following coup". Anadolu Agency. Kigali. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
3. Méheut, Constant; Crowley, Michael; Kitroeff, Natalie; Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Porter, Catherine (19 July 2021). "Political Crisis in Haiti Deepens Over Rival Claims to Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
4. "Haiti's Constitution of 1987 with Amendments through 2012" (PDF). Constitute Project. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
5. Fatton, Robert (23 July 2021). "Will Haitians get the chance to determine their future — without foreign interference?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2023. On Tuesday, Henry was sworn in, pledging to hold new elections in 120 days. For now, Haiti has no president[...].
6. Sullivan, Becky (18 January 2023). "As its only remaining elected officials depart, Haiti reaches a breaking point". NPR. Retrieved 20 May 2023. The constitutional mandate of Haiti's de facto ruler, Prime Minister Ariel Henry — which some viewed as questionable from the start, as he was never technically sworn in — ended more than a year ago. The country has had no president since its last one, Jovenel Moïse, was assassinated in 2021.
7. "Niger military names 21-person cabinet ahead of key West African summit". Al Jazeera. 10 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
8. "Sudan's Constitution of 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
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External links

• CIDOB Foundation (in Spanish)—contextualised biographies of world political leaders
• EmilePhaneuf—an archived, partial list of official websites for heads of state
• Portale Storia (in Italian)—a list of current rulers by country
• Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places
• United Nations—a list of heads of state, heads of government, and foreign ministers