This article is about Lutheran bishops of Hamburg. For Catholic archbishops of the modern see of Hamburg, see Archbishop of Hamburg. For Catholic archbishops of the ancient see of Hamburg-Bremen, see Archbishops of Bremen.
This list of bishops, seniors, and superintendents of Hamburg records the spiritual heads of the Lutheran church in Hamburg. Originally the Lutheran church in Hamburg formed a state church established by Johannes Bugenhagen's church order on 15 May 1529, after most of Hamburg's burghers had adopted Lutheranism before. As state church it was governed in administrative matters by the Senate of Hamburg (city government) and the Chief Elders [de], according to the law named the Long Recess of 1529.[1] At first the church order provided for superintendents as spiritual leaders. Since 1593 the spiritual leadership was wielded by a collegial body, the Spiritual Ministerium, with a senior elected by its members, the ministers (pastors) of the parishes. Separation of Church and State started in 1860, with the last privileges of state patronage waived in 1919. The new church order of 1923 enfranchised the synodals to elect one of the five Hauptpastoren (i.e. principal or head pastors) at the quintet of Hamburg's five Hauptkirchen [de] (principal or head churches) as senior.
After the putsch in the synod of 1933 by conservative Lutherans the new hierarchical office of bishop was created, establishing episcopalism and doing away with synodal and presbyterial polity and neglecting the traditional function of senior and spiritual ministerium. In 1934 through a second putsch by German Christians, backed by secular Nazi authorities, one of their acolytes assumed the episcopate. After the British occupiers prompted the bishop's resignation in late 1945, the presbyterial and synodal constitution of 1923 was restored, however, retaining the title bishop, but stripped of any episcopal supremacy, and reestablishing the office of senior, then functioning as the bishop's deputy. Conservative Lutherans prevailed again reelecting their first bishop of 1933. In 1977 the Hamburg Church seized its independent existence and merged with three neighbouring church bodies, in 2012 another merger with two more church bodies followed. Spiritual leaders for the Hamburg region retained the title of bishop, however, the traditional Hamburg seniorate was ended in 1976.
History
"In Hamburg as in other cities, the parishes … had been not only church districts but also municipal political districts since the Middle Ages. They … formed four incorporated bodies (Petri, Nikolai, Katharinen, Jacobi) in which the “allodial” (property-owning) burghers and the heads of guilds - thus only a fraction of the male population - were entitled to vote. The Reformation brought with it a significant curtailment of the senate's governmental power."[2] "At about the same time, three deacons from each parish (twelve altogether), acting as “chief elders”,[3] took on the task of centralizing, administering, and uniformly distributing relief to the poor."[2] Later the parishioners of St. Michael's Church in the New Town, established as parish independent of St. Nicholas in 1647, were granted the same rights than the burghers in one of the four parishes in the Old Town, and the same number or representatives. Together with the four above-mentioned churches St. Michael's forms until today the quintet of Hamburg's head churches. "Beginning in 1685, there were thus fifteen chief elders: sixty deacons instead of forty-eight and 180 assembly members altogether, rather than 144. These structures existed into the nineteenth century, with each college recruiting new members from the next larger."[2] Since Lutheran parishes and the collegial bodies staffed with their parishioners formed the constitutional bodies of Hamburg there was no easy way to open politics for non-Lutherans.
The superintendents were initially appointed by the senate. In 1593 the superintendency was given up and the pastors of the five urban congregations formed the spiritual ministerium (Geistliches Ministerium), collegially wielding spiritual leadership of the state church and electing from its midst one of the head pastors the senior as primus inter pares only.
In 1806 Hamburg turned into an independent sovereign city-state, annexed to France 1811-1814, and reconstituted thereafter. Reforms started with granting citizenship to non-Lutherans, and the full emancipation of Calvinists, Catholics and Jews until 1849. Adherents to these faithes could then enter officialdom and parliament. In 1860 the new Constitution of Hamburg provided for a start in separating state and church.[4] Rather than the senate directly governing and administering Lutheran church matters, separate bodies were developed.[4] The chief elders lost their role as constitutional body within Hamburg's administration, but continued as a body of Lutheran charity.[5] The administration of the Lutheran state church was altered in order to become a body separate from the government. Only the Lutheran members within the senate formed a college in charge of confirming the acts passed by the synodals as well as the elections of various officeholders within the Church, such as the senior of Hamburg, pastors, synodals and even laymen in presbyteries.[4] The Lutheran church established self-rule and in 1871 reconstituted as a regional Protestant church body called Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State [de].[4]
The spiritual leadership remained with the spiritual ministerium with its senior. In March 1919 the Lutheran senators waived the senate's supreme governance (summepiscopacy [de]; like the royal supreme governance of the Church of England), the privilege to confirm elected seniors and taken synodal decisions.[4] The Lutheran Church in the Hamburg State accounted for this change and adopted a democratised constitution in 1923.[4] The synod was now the highest legislator of the church, electing the church council (Kirchenrat), the executive, including the senior as its ex officio member.[6] The senior again was still to be elected from the five head pastors, but not by the members of the spiritual ministerium, but by the synod.[6] The spiritual ministerium, comprising all the Lutheran clergy, with many more than the five head churches and parishes being established in the 19th century, was redefined as a mere advisory and reviewing body.[6]
With the introduction of the general and equal suffrage also for women and people with no or only low incomes in Hamburg in 1919 also the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State established equal suffrage in presbyterial and synodal elections by an emergency ordinance in 1919 and its revised constitution in 1923.
After Hindenburg's suspension of central Weimar Constitutional civil liberties, followed by the Nazi takeover on the Reich's level and with its Empowerment Act de facto doing away with state autonomy the last democratic senate was deposed, and the Hamburg parliament restaffed disregarding Hamburg's state election outcome but mirroring the rather Nazi-preferential allocation of seats realised on the Reich's level. This atmosphere of hunting democratic witches encouraged antirepublican Nazi-submissive synodals affiliated with the so-called German Christians and conservative antiliberal synodals of the so-called Young-Reformatory Movement [de],[7] led by Bernhard Heinrich Forck, to form a new majority in Hamburg's synod imposing a putsch within the church's bodies.[8] The incumbent Senior Karl Horn was forced into resignation and an extraordinary synod convened.[9] On 29 May 1933 this synod established the new function of a state bishop (Landesbischof) with hierarchic supremacy over all the clergy following the Nazi Führerprinzip, thus doing away with collegiality in church bodies, and empowered the new state bishop Simon Schöffel [de] to rule discretionarily without the synod, abolishing the previously practised synodal and presbyterial polity in Hamburg's church.[10] This putsch turned Hamburg's church into a streamlined church body subjected to a state bishop obedient to the new Nazi regime and open for any experiment as to domesticating Protestantism for the Nazi purpose.[11]
So when Hitler's government imposed an unconstitutional premature reelection of all presbyters (elders) and the synod for 23 July 1933 – also in the other regional Protestant church bodies in Germany – the so-called German Christians and the Kirchenpartei[12]Gospel and Church [de] (a merger including the Young-Reformatory Movement, dominated by the latter's proponents) presented the Lutheran Hamburg electorate united lists of candidates for the synod and all presbyteries, each staffed with 51% German Christians and 49% proponents of Gospel and Church.[11] So in Hamburg the election of synod and presbyteries turned into a sheer farce. So these united lists attracted the traditionally fragmented rightist faction within the Lutheran electorate, but granted the so-called German Christians a share in the seats far exceeding their proportion among Lutheran parishioners.[11] Nazi government-funded propaganda mobilised previously inactive church members adhering to Nazism to vote for the united lists, causing a very high turnout of voters unheard of in earlier church elections. So the candidates of the united lists gained the majority in the synod and in most presbyteries.
Opposition developed, called the Confessing Church, and its adherents considered the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State to be a so-called destroyed church for having no unadulterated bodies and leadership anymore and thus not deserving the compliance of the opposing parishioners and clergy. Leading members of the confessing church in Hamburg, such as Forck and Theodor Knolle [de], had earlier themselves participated in the putsch streamlining their church. The German Christians radicalised during the 1930s so that Schöffel, himself a putschist, was forced to resign again in early March 1934. On 5 March Franz Tügel [de] succeeded.
With the defeat of Germany and its Nazi government the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State returned to its pre-1933 constitution, only reluctantly cleansing its staff and bodies from few of the most extreme proponents of the German Christians. However, its spiritual leaders continued to be titled bishop. With effect of 1 January 1977 the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State merged with three neighbouring Lutheran churches in the new North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, which - consisting of three spiritual ambits (Lutheran diocese [de]) – upheld the function of bishop of Hamburg until 2008. Since the episcopal ambits have been redrawn, with Hamburg being part of the new ambit called Hamburg and Lübeck including also parts of southeastern Holstein and Lübeck, but seated in Hamburg. This ambit structure continued also after the North Elbian Church merged with two neighbouring churches in the new Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany (abbr.: Northern Church)
Titles of the spiritual leaders of the Lutheran church in Hamburg
Titles and ambits of the incumbents altered. The respective incumbents of the spiritual leadership held the following titles and ambits :
Superintendent of Hamburg in its respective political borders from 1532–1593
Spiritual Ministerium, collegially with its senior as primus inter pares, for Hamburg in its respective political borders 1593–1933
State Bishop (Landesbischof) of Hamburg in its political borders of 1936, from 1933 to 1976
Bishop of the Hamburg Ambit, comprising the city-state in its political borders of 1937 and some congregations in its eastern vicinity, within the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church from 1977 to 2008
Bishop of the Hamburg and Lübeck Ambit, comprising the city-state and some congregations in its western and northern vicinity and all the congregations in southeastern Holstein including Lübeck, within the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church from 2008 to 2012
Bishop of the Hamburg and Lübeck Ambit, as mentioned above, within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany since 27 May 2012
Spiritual leaders of the Lutheran church in Hamburg
Superintendents of Hamburg (1532–1593)
Superintendents of Hamburg (1529–1593)
Superintendency
Portrait
Name, life data
Notes
1532–1553
Johannes Aepinus (aka Johann Hoeck/Huck/Hugk/Hoch) Ziesar, *1499–1553*, Hamburg
also head pastor at the Head Church of St. James in Hamburg from 1916 to 1934; in May 1933 forced into resignation by Nazi-submissive synodals streamlining Hamburg's church from within
State Bishops of Hamburg (1933–1976)
State Bishops of Hamburg as uncontrollable autocrats (1933–1946)
also head pastor at the Head Church of St. Michael's in Hamburg from 1922 and 1954; he led the putsch in the synod against Senior Horn in May 1933, a majority of submissive synodals abolished synodal co-rule, established episcopal hierarchy and elected him first state bishop. He resigned under pressure of a more radical Nazi-submissive synodal faction in March 1934, reelected in 1946
appointed general superintendent, a new title in Hamburg, as deputy of the new state bishop on 25 July 1933; opposing the merger of Hamburg's church into the Protestant Reich Church Knolle resigned on 1 March 1934; also head pastor at the Head Church of St. Peter's in Hamburg from 1924 to 1955
also head pastor at the Head Church of St. James in Hamburg from 1934 to 1940; appointed as sharp proponent of the German Christians he quitted that movement in 1935 and wielded an autocratic governance, not opposing any Nazi policy outside the church, but comprising many potential antagonists within the church by granting them exceptions such as allowing pastors in so-called mixed marriages with wives classified by the Nazi anti-Semitic categories as Jewesses due to three or more grandparents enrolled in Jewish congregations, to stay in ecclesiastical service, unheard of in other streamlined regional Protestant church bodies. The Aryan paragraph was never made church law, but the church provided no mercy let alone protection for Lutherans, who - not protected by mixed marriages - were to be deported to ghettos and extermination camps in the east due to their Jewish descent, let alone speaking up for unbaptised people of Jewish faith. Since 1935 Tügel ejected the quarrelling and thus increasingly unpopular German Christians from using church property for free, speeding their fading and financial collapse. The Control Commission for Germany - British Element (CCG/BE) forced the completely undiscerning Tügel into resignation on 18 July 1945.
The church constitution of 1923, suppressed in 1933, regained validity in 1945.
State Bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State (1946–1958)
also head pastor at the Head Church of St. Michael's in Hamburg from 1922 and 1954; presenting himself as victim of Nazism with his deposal by more radical Nazi-submissive synodals in March 1934, he cared a lot about his like, former German Christians and their collaborators, thus he organised their speedy formal de-Nazification and reemployment in pastorates or other functions within the church. He falsified the history, claiming that not he headed the putschist movement of 1933 which established the autocratic episcopacy in Hamburg's Church empowered to legislate without synod, but pretended it were introduced by his successor Tügel in 1934 only. Schöffel did silence over his Nazi collaboration, but not over Nazi crimes which he blatantly qualified as less bad than the suffering of Germans under the Allies.
On 19 February 1959 the synod enacted a new church order for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State, including more parishioners' and synodal participation and collegiality in leadership.
State Bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State (1959–1976)
The synod decided for the merger of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State with three neighbouring regional Lutheran church bodies in the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church with effect of 1 January 1977.
Bishops of Hamburg (1977–2008)
Bishops of the Hamburg Ambit (Sprengel Hamburg) within the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church (1977–2008)
The spiritual leading function – one among three within the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church – was retitled bishop, the pertaining ambit was extended from Hamburg in its borders of 1860 to its widened borders of 1937 including some parishes beyond the eastern city boundary, whereas Cuxhaven's parishes were ceded to Hanover's Lutheran Church.
On 28 March 2009 the synod decided for a merger of the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church with two neighbouring regional church bodies, one Lutheran and one with united traditions, in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany with effect of 27 May 2012.
Bishops of Hamburg and Lübeck (as of 2008)
Bishops of the Hamburg and Lübeck Ambit (Sprengel Hamburg und Lübeck)
The new extended ambit was formed by the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church in reaction to decreasing numbers of parishioners and their contributions and in preparation of the merger with two neighbouring haggard churches planned for 2012.
^ abcRainer Postel, "Hamburg at the Time of the Peace of Westphalia", in: 1648, War and Peace in Europe: 3 vols., Klaus Bussmann and Heinz Schilling (eds.), Münster in Westphalia: Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, 1998, (=Catalogue for the exhibition «1648: War and Peace in Europe» 24 October 1998-17 January 1999 in Münster in Westphalia and Osnabrück), vol. 1: 'Politics, Religion, Law, and Society', pp. 337–343, here p. 341. ISBN3-88789-128-7.
^The Chief Elders of Hamburg (die Oberalten), supervised all religious endowments for the poor after the donations and revenues for the poor of all parishes were centralised in the central God's Chest (Gotteskasten). The then four parishes agreed to this centralisation stipulating in a contract with the senate on 29 September 1528 that the college of the chief elders (Kollegium der Oberalten) will be in charge of the endowments. The chief elders were also entitled to decide with the senate in all matters concerning the welfare and the concord of the city, and formed thus besides parliament and senate a third constitutive body (till 1860). Until today this body administers the endowments taken over then and donated to the Lutheran church since. Cf. Die OberaltenArchived 2013-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on 21 January 2013.
^ abcdefRainer Hering, „Bischofskirche zwischen «Führerprinzip» und Luthertum: Die Evangelisch-lutherische Kirche im Hamburgischen Staate und das «Dritte Reich»“, in: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte (20. Jahrhundert), Rainer Hering and Inge Mager (eds.), (=Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte in Aufsätzen: 5 parts; part 5 / =Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte Hamburgs; vol. 26), Hamburg: Hamburg Univ. Press, 2008, pp. 155–200, here p. 163. ISBN978-3-937816-46-3.
^ abcRainer Hering, „Bischofskirche zwischen «Führerprinzip» und Luthertum: Die Evangelisch-lutherische Kirche im Hamburgischen Staate und das «Dritte Reich»“, in: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte (20. Jahrhundert), Rainer Hering and Inge Mager (eds.), (=Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte in Aufsätzen: 5 parts; part 5 / =Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte Hamburgs; vol. 26), Hamburg: Hamburg Univ. Press, 2008, pp. 155–200, here p. 164. ISBN978-3-937816-46-3.
^So Hamburg's Young-Reformatory Movement, like elsewhere in Germany, welcomed the Nazi takeover, but unlike their fellow organisations in other regional Protestant church bodies, it helped create faits accomplis with the putsch, so that the movement had deprived itself of any way out once it realised the destructiveness of Nazism. In the Old-Prussian Church the Young-Reformatory Movement joined the Confessing Church, whereas in Hamburg it dropped into the irrelevant role as the former stirrup holders of the Nazi-submissive new church leader.
^Rainer Hering, „Bischofskirche zwischen «Führerprinzip» und Luthertum: Die Evangelisch-lutherische Kirche im Hamburgischen Staate und das «Dritte Reich»“, in: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte (20. Jahrhundert), Rainer Hering and Inge Mager (eds.), (=Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte in Aufsätzen: 5 parts; part 5 / =Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte Hamburgs; vol. 26), Hamburg: Hamburg Univ. Press, 2008, pp. 155–200, here pp. 168seq. ISBN978-3-937816-46-3.
^Rainer Hering, „Bischofskirche zwischen «Führerprinzip» und Luthertum: Die Evangelisch-lutherische Kirche im Hamburgischen Staate und das «Dritte Reich»“, in: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte (20. Jahrhundert), Rainer Hering and Inge Mager (eds.), (=Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte in Aufsätzen: 5 parts; part 5 / =Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte Hamburgs; vol. 26), Hamburg: Hamburg Univ. Press, 2008, pp. 155–200, here p. 168. ISBN978-3-937816-46-3.
^Rainer Hering, „Bischofskirche zwischen «Führerprinzip» und Luthertum: Die Evangelisch-lutherische Kirche im Hamburgischen Staate und das «Dritte Reich»“, in: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte (20. Jahrhundert), Rainer Hering and Inge Mager (eds.), (=Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte in Aufsätzen: 5 parts; part 5 / =Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte Hamburgs; vol. 26), Hamburg: Hamburg Univ. Press, 2008, pp. 155–200, here footnote 30 on p. 168. ISBN978-3-937816-46-3.
^ abcRainer Hering, „Bischofskirche zwischen «Führerprinzip» und Luthertum: Die Evangelisch-lutherische Kirche im Hamburgischen Staate und das «Dritte Reich»“, in: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte (20. Jahrhundert), Rainer Hering and Inge Mager (eds.), (=Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte in Aufsätzen: 5 parts; part 5 / =Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte Hamburgs; vol. 26), Hamburg: Hamburg Univ. Press, 2008, pp. 155–200, here p. 170. ISBN978-3-937816-46-3.
^A Kirchenpartei (church party) in German Protestantism is a group nominating candidates in a list for church council and synodal elections and compares roughly to nominating groups in the Church of Sweden.
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Freek de Jonge Freek de Jonge in 2018 Algemene informatie Volledige naam Frederik Jan Georg de Jonge Geboren 30 augustus 1944 Geboorteland Nederland Jaren actief 1968-heden Genre(s) Cabaret Officiële website (en) IMDb-profiel Portaal Cabaret Freek de Jonge leest voor uit het Wikipedia-artikel over derogatie opgenomen maart 2017 (download·info) Frederik Jan Georg (Freek) de Jonge (Westernieland, 30 augustus 1944) is een Nederlands cabaretier. Hij werd bekend toen...
Ehemaliger Bezirk Fürstenfeld Basisdaten Staat Österreich Bundesland Steiermark Hauptstadt Fürstenfeld Fläche 263,8 km² Einwohner 22.765 (1. Jänner 2012) Dichte 86 Einwohner pro km² ISO 3166-2 AT-6 KFZ: FF Bild 1 47.13239615.914949Koordinaten: 47° 8′ N, 15° 55′ O Der politische Bezirk Fürstenfeld war ein politischer Bezirk Österreichs im Osten der Steiermark. Im Zuge der Reorganisation der steirischen Bezirkshauptmannschaften wurde der Bezirk am 1. Jän...
Township in Minnesota, United States Township in Minnesota, United StatesWatertownTownshipWatertownLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaWatertownWatertown (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 44°56′46″N 93°49′14″W / 44.94611°N 93.82056°W / 44.94611; -93.82056CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyCarverArea • Total34.5 sq mi (89.3 km2) • Land32.6 sq mi (84.3 ...
