List of Jewish diaspora languages

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.^[1]

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

• Kayla^[2]
• Qwara^[3]

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

• Judeo-Arabic^[1]

• Judeo-Algerian Arabic
• Judeo-Andalusi Arabic (extinct)
• Judeo-Egyptian Arabic
• Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
  • Jewish Baghdadi Arabic
• Judeo-Levantine Arabic (extinct)
  • Judeo-Syrian Arabic
  • Modern Judeo-Palestinian Arabic^[4]
• Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
• Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
• Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
• Judeo-Yemeni Arabic

• Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old Egyptian Arabic^[5]

Aramaic languages

• Judeo-Aramaic^[1][6]

• Hulaulá (Persian Kurdistani Jewish Neo-Aramaic)^[7]
• Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (extinct)

• Galilean dialect (extinct)

• Lishana Deni (Zakho Jewish Neo-Aramaic)^[7]
• Lishan Didan (Persian Azerbaijani Jewish Neo-Aramaic)^[7]
• Lishanid Noshan (Arbil Jewish Neo-Aramaic)

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

• Judeo-Berber^[1] (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Austronesian languages

• Judeo-Malay (extinct)

Dravidian languages

• Judeo-Malayalam^[1]

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

• Jewish English Languages
• Lachoudisch (extinct)
• Lotegorisch (extinct)^[8]
• Yiddish^[1]
  • Eastern Yiddish
  • Western Yiddish

Indo-Aryan languages

• Judeo-Gujarati^[9]
• Judeo-Hindustani^[10][11]
• Judeo-Marathi^[11]
• Judeo-Urdu

Iranian languages

• Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik)^[12] (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of Samarkand)
• Judeo-Golpaygani^[12] (possibly extinct)
• Judeo-Hamedani^[12] (possibly extinct)
• Judeo-Kashani
• Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)^[12]
• Judeo-Shirazi^[12][13]
• Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)^[14]

Romance languages

• Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)

• Judeo-Aragonese (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of Skopje)^{[citation needed]}

• Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)^{[citation needed]}

• Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish)^{[citation needed]}
• Judeo-French (Zarphatic):^[1] a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)
• Judeo-Portuguese^[1] (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of Portugal, Northern Africa and the Netherlands) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)^{[citation needed]}
• Judeo-Provençal^[1] (extinct)
• Judeo-Sicilian^[15] (including the zone of so-called Meridionali Estremi (Far Southern) dialects of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia, including Judeo-Salentino of Corfu) (extinct or almost extinct)^{[citation needed]}

Occitan

• Judeo-Gascon

• Judeo-Provencal
  • Judeo-Niçard

Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)^[1]

• Haketia
• Tetuani

Judeo-Italian

• Judeo-Ferrarese† (Giudeo-Ferrarese) in Ferrara^[16]
• Judeo-Modenese† (Giudeo-Modenese) in Modena^[16]
• Judeo-Pitigliano/ Judeo-Pitgilianese† (Giudeo-Pitigliano/ Giudeo-Pitgiliananese) in Tuscany^[16]
• Judeo-Salentinian† (Giudeo-Salentino) In Salentino^[16]
• Judeo-Resan† (Giudeo-Resab) in the region of Reggio Emilia of Emilia-Romagna^[16]
• Judeo-Torinese† (Giudeo-Torinese) in Turin^[17]
• Judeo-Italian of Lugo Di Romanga† (Giudeo-italiano di Lugo Di Romanga) in Lugo Di Romanga^[18]
• Judeo-Italian of Moncalvo† (Giudeo-italiano di Moncalvo) in Moncalvo^[18]
• Judeo-Italian of Casale Monferrato† (Giudeo-italiano di Casale Monferrato) in Casale Monferrato^[18]
• Judeo-Italian of Finale Emilia† (Giudeo-italiano di Finale Emilia) in Finale Emilia^[18]
• Judeo-Roman (Giudeo-Romanesco) in Rome^[19]

• Bagitto/Judeo-Livornese† (Bagitto/Giudeo-Livornese) in Livorno^[19]
• Judeo-Florentine† (Giudeo-Fiorentino) in Florence^[19]

• Judeo-Venetian† (Giudeo-Veneziano) in Venice^[19]
• Judeo-Triestine† (Giudeo-Triestino) in Trieste^[19]
• Judeo-Veronese† (Giudeo-Veronese) in Verona^[19]

• Judeo-Reggiano† (Giudeo-Reggiano) in Reggio Emilia^[19]
• Judeo-Piedmontese† (Giudeo-Piemontese) in the region of Piedmont^[19]
• Judeo-Mantuan† (Giudeo-Mantovano) in Mantua^[19]

Other Indo-European languages

• Judeo-Czech (Knaanic)^[20][21] (extinct)
• Judeo-Greek (Romaniyot, Yevanic)^[1]

• Judeo-Sicilian Greek (extinct)^{[citation needed]}

• Judeo-Koiné Greek (extinct)

Kartvelian languages

• Judeo-Georgian^[1][22]
• Judeo-Mingrelian (first of all — so called Zugdidi–Samurzakano dialect of Mingrelian,^[23] e.g. Bandza and Senaki Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)^[22] (almost extinct)

Turkic languages

• Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)^{[citation needed]}
• Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak)^[24] (almost extinct)
• Judeo-Turkish^[25] (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
• Karaim^[1] (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)^{[citation needed]}

Creole languages

• Judaeo-Papiamento^[26]
• Judeo-Manado Malay (extinct)^[27]

See also

• Jewish languages

References

1. Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (30 October 2015). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
2. Appleyard, David, "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. ISBN 3-927620-28-9.
3. Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021. S2CID 143577497.
4. "Judeo-Arabic". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
5. Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.
6. Khan, Geoffrey (8 June 1999). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.
7. Weninger, Stefan (23 December 2011). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
8. "Language Contact Manchester". languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
9. "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
10. "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
11. "Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era". British Library. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
12. Spolsky, Bernard (27 March 2014). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
13. Borjian, Habib (2015). "Judeo-Iranian Languages". In Kahn, Lily; Rubin, Aaron D. (eds.). A Handbook of Jewish Languages. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. pp. 234–295.
14. Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51–74. [1].
15. Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
16. "Judeo-Italian". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
17. Ryzhik, Michael (2016-08-16). "Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile. 2012". Journal of Jewish Languages. 4 (2): 261–266. doi:10.1163/22134638-12340074. ISSN 2213-4387.
18. Minervini, Laura (2021-06-28), "Judeo-Romance in Italy and France (Judeo-Italian, Judeo-French, Judeo-Occitan)", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.454, ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5, retrieved 2024-01-19
19. Colasuonno, Maria Maddalena (2018-06-28), "Modern Judeo-Italian in the Light of Italian Dialectology and Jewish Interlinguistics through Three Case Studies: Judeo-Mantuan, Judeo-Venetian, and Judeo-Livornese", Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective, BRILL, pp. 122–156, doi:10.1163/9789004376588_008, ISBN 978-90-04-37658-8, retrieved 2024-01-19
20. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 1 January 2003. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
21. Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
22. Lomtadze, Tamari; Enoch, Reuven (2019). "Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia)". Journal of Jewish Languages. 7: 1–26. doi:10.1163/22134638-07011146. S2CID 166295234.
23. THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) (PDF) (in Russian, Georgian, English, and German). D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia. p. 55.
24. "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
25. Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543.
26. Jacobs, Neil G. "Jewish Papiamentu". Jewish Language Project. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
27. Aryani, Sekar Ayu (2022). "Dialectic of Religion and National Identity in North Sulawesi Jewish Communities in The Perspective of Cross-Cultural and Religious Psychology". Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: UIN Sunan Kalijaga. doi:10.14421/ajis.2022.601.199-226.