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Leucadendron
	Leucadendron argenteum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Proteales
Family:	Proteaceae
Subfamily:	Proteoideae
Tribe:	Leucadendreae
Subtribe:	Leucadendrinae
Genus:	Leucadendron; R.Br.
	Natural range of the genus
Synonyms
	Chasme Salisb. (1807); Euryspermum Salisb. (1807); Gissonia Salisb. ex Knight (1809); Lepidocarpus Adans. (1763), nom. superfl.; Protea L. (1753), nom. rej.; Vionaea Neck. (1790), opus utique oppr.;

Leucadendron is a genus of about 80 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, endemic to the Cape Provinces and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, where they are a prominent part of the fynbos ecoregion and vegetation type.^[1]

Description

Species in the genus Leucadendron are small trees or shrubs that are erect or creeping.^[2] Most species are shrubs that grow up to 1 m tall, some to 2 or 3 m. A few grow into moderate-sized trees up to 16 m tall. All are evergreen. The leaves are largely elliptical, sometimes needle-like, spirally arranged, simple, entire, and usually green, often covered with a waxy bloom, and in the case of the Silvertree, with a distinct silvery tone produced by dense, straight, silky hairs. This inspired the generic name Leucadendron, which literally means "white tree".

The flowers are produced in dense inflorescences at the branch tips; plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants.

The seed heads, or infructescences, of Leucadendron are woody cone-like structures. This gave rise to their generic common name cone-bush. The cones contain numerous seeds. The seed morphology is varied and reflects subgeneric groupings within the genus. A few such as the Silvertree, Leucadendron argenteum have a silky-haired parachute, enabling the large round nut to be dispersed by wind. A few are rodent dispersed, cached by rats, and a few have elaiosomes and are dispersed by ants. About half the species store the seeds in fire-proof cones and release them only after a fire has killed the plant or at least the branch bearing the cone. Many such species hardly recruit naturally except after fires.

Cultivation

Leucadendron plants are conventionally propagated through seedlings as well as cuttings. The seeds reach maturity over a duration of a year. This time of germination and emergence depends on the species. When using cuttings as propagating material, the season as well as the type of material used can affect the success rate of the cultivation. Cuttings are preferred as propagating material because it provides uniform offspring, whereas seedlings produce genetic variability in the offspring. The genus Leucadendron is more prone to genetic variation than a genus that tends to self-fertilize, because of its cross-pollinating nature. In the natural habitat, Leucadendron grows exceptionally well, but in the case of cultivation the specific needs of the plant have to be readily available to allow optimal production of high quality cut flowers and foliage. Steps for cultivation include soil evaluation, clearing, drainage, chemical correction, and the physical preparation should be critically considered five months prior to planting Leucadendron.^[3]

Selected species

Hybridization

The drive behind the production of new Leucadendron cultivars is the production of a constant supply of new and improved quality products that are available initially from South Africa only.^[4] The genus Leucadendron is popular amongst consumers due to its colourful bracts and long vase life. Leucadendron hybrids are produced through interspecific hybridization.^[5] Crosses made within the same subsection are generally more viable in the hybridization of Leucadendrons with the quantity of seed set relative to the taxonomic relatedness of the species. Intersectional hybridization produces hybrids that show a unique set of characteristics which are favoured by consumers. One example of a hybrid produced by two Leucadendron genera is the cultivar 'Rosette', a hybrid between L. laureolum and L. elimense. This interspecific hybrid is however completely sterile due to autopolyploidy and thus have no use in further cultivation. The main aim of interspecific hybridization is to produce large quantities of progeny seed from the best interspecific hybrid parents.^[4]

In the UK the cultivars 'Safari Sunset'^[6] and 'Inca Gold'^[7] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Leucadendron R.Br. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^ Manning, John; Paterson-Jones, Colin (2008). Field Guide to Fynbos. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-77007-265-7.
^ Malan, G. (2012). Protea Cultivation from concept to carton. Gerhard Malan. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-620-55300-1.
^ ^a ^b Littlejohn, G.M. (2002). "Breeding Technology for Protea". Fynbos Research: 2.
^ Croxford, Yan, and Sedgley, 2003
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Leucadendron 'Safari Sunset'". Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Leucadendron 'Inca Gold'". Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 59. Retrieved 21 March 2018.