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Leonard Volk
Leonard Volk
Born	November 7, 1828; Wellstown (now Wells), New York, US
Died	August 19, 1895 (aged 66); Osceola, Wisconsin, US
Known for	Sculpting
Spouse	Emily Clarissa King Barlow (m. 1852; died 1894)
Children	Stephen Douglas Volk
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Leonard Wells Volk (November 7, 1828 – August 19, 1895) was an American sculptor. He is notable for making one of only two life masks of United States President Abraham Lincoln. In 1867 he helped establish the Chicago Academy of Design and served as its president until 1878. He made several large monumental sculptures, including the tomb of the politician Stephen A. Douglas, and statues of American Civil War figures.

Biography

Volk was born at Wellstown (now Wells), Hamilton County, New York to Garrett and Elizabeth (née Gesner) Volk.^[1] He first followed the trade of a marble cutter with his father in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where the family moved.^[2]

Marriage and family

In 1852, Volk married Emily Clarissa King Barlow, daughter of Honor (née Douglas) and Dr. Jonathan King Barlow of Bethany, New York.^[1] Her maternal cousin, Stephen A. Douglas, was a nationally known politician who ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln as the Democratic Party presidential nominee in 1860.^[3]

Their son, Stephen A. Douglas Volk (1856–1935), as an adult became notable as a figure and portrait painter. He studied under Jean-Léon Gérôme in Paris. Later he helped establish the Minneapolis School of Design.^[2]

Emily died in May 1894.^[4]

Career

In 1848, Volk moved west and opened an artist's studio in St Louis, Missouri. From 1855 to 1857, Stephen A. Douglas, his wife's cousin, supported the family's travel to Rome so that Volk could pursue additional study.^[2]

Returning to the United States in 1857, Volk and his family settled in the booming city of Chicago, where he helped to establish the Chicago Academy of Design, precursor to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. For eight years, he served as its director and taught numerous students.^[5]

In 1860 Volk made a life mask of Abraham Lincoln. Only one other was made, by Clark Mills in 1865.^[2] In the early part of spring 1860, during Lincoln's visit to Chicago, Volk asked him to sit for a bust. The artist decided to start by doing a life mask. Lincoln found the process of letting wet plaster dry on his face, followed by a skin-stretching removal process, "anything but agreeable". Volk later used the life mask and bust of 1860 as the basis for other versions of Lincoln, including a full-size statue. The life mask was also studied by other artists, such as Daniel Chester French.^[6]

In mid-May 1860, Volk went to Springfield, Illinois to present the Lincolns with the completed cabinet bust. He had just received the nomination as presidential candidate for the Republican Party. The following day, Volk asked Lincoln to allow a casting of both his hands, for use in other sculptural works. He wanted Lincoln to hold something to simulate grasping a document in his right hand. Lincoln came back from his tool shed with a whittled piece of broom handle. The casting for Lincoln's right hand was made as he held the broom handle. Lincoln's left hand was cast slightly closed but empty.

Leonard Volk died in Osceola, Wisconsin on August 19, 1895, and was buried at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago.^[4]

Works

Stephen A. Douglas Tomb in Chicago, Illinois
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Rochester, New York
statues of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas in the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois
statue of General James Shields in Statuary Hall, United States Capitol
statues of Elihu B. Washburne, Zachariah Chandler and David Davis
Stephen Douglas's original life mask taken in Chicago (from the Collections at the Library of Congress)
Modeling Tools made by Leonard Wells Volk and used by him in making the life mask of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas and all his other works. From the Collections at the Library of Congress
Hickory Mallet used by Leonard Wells Volk in making his busts of Lincoln and Douglas. From the Collections at the Library of Congress

Notes

^ ^a ^b Moses, John; Kirkland, Joseph (1895). History of Chicago, Illinois. Vol. II. Chicago & New York: Munsell & Co. pp. 699–701. Retrieved April 11, 2024 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chisholm 1911.
^ "'Honest Abe' wasn't above raucous debates, savvy politics". CNN. March 14, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Great Artist Dead". The Daily Inter Ocean. Chicago. August 20, 1895. p. 2. Retrieved April 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Dimmick, Lauretta; Hassler, Donna J. (1999). Tolles, Thayer (ed.). American Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born before 1865. Vol. I. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 122. Retrieved April 11, 2024 – via Google Books.
^ Kammen, Michael (August 17, 2011). Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 331. ISBN 9780307761408. Retrieved April 11, 2024 – via Google Books.

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Volk, Leonard Wells". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.