Legion of Merit

Legion of Merit
TypeOrder of merit
Awarded forExceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements
Presented byUnited States Department of the Army[1]
United States Department of the Navy[2]
United States Department of the Air Force[3]
United States Department of Homeland Security[4]
EligibilityMembers of the Uniformed Services of the United States and political and military leaders of allied states
StatusCurrently awarded
First awarded1942
Precedence
Next (higher)Defense Superior Service Medal
Next (lower)Distinguished Flying Cross

The Legion of Merit (LOM) is a military award of the United States Armed Forces that is given for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements. The decoration is issued to members of the eight uniformed services of the United States[5] as well as to military and political figures of foreign governments.

The Legion of Merit (Commander degree) is one of only two United States military decorations to be issued as a neck order (the other being the Medal of Honor), and the only United States military decoration that may be issued in degrees (much like an order of chivalry or certain orders of merit), although the degrees including a neck ribbon are only awarded to non-U.S. nationals.[6][7]

The Legion of Merit is seventh in the order of precedence of all U.S. military awards and is worn after the Defense Superior Service Medal and before the Distinguished Flying Cross.[8] In contemporary use in the U.S. Armed Forces, the Legion of Merit is typically awarded to Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force general officers and colonels, and Navy and Coast Guard flag officers and captains occupying senior command or very senior staff positions in their respective services. It may also be awarded to officers of lesser rank, senior warrant officers (typically in command positions at the rank of chief warrant officer 5), and to very senior enlisted personnel (typically in the rank of command sergeant major and Sergeant Major of the Army in the Army, fleet master chief petty officer and Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy in the Navy, command chief master sergeant and Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force in the Air Force, command chief master sergeant and Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force in the Space Force, and Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps in the Marine Corps), but these instances are less frequent, typically by exception, and the circumstances vary by branch of service.

Authority to award the Legion of Merit is reserved for general officers and flag officers in pay grade O-9 (i.e., lieutenant general, vice admiral) and above, civilian Department of Defense personnel at assistant service secretary or Assistant Secretary of Defense level and above, or equivalent secretary-level civilian personnel with the Department of Homeland Security with direct oversight of the U.S. Coast Guard.

Criteria

The degrees of Chief Commander, Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire are awarded only to members of armed forces of foreign nations under the criteria outlined in Army Regulation 672-7 and is based on the relative rank or position of the recipient as follows:[9]

  1. Chief Commander: Head of state or government. However, this degree was awarded by President Roosevelt to some Allied World War II theater commanders, usually for joint amphibious landings or invasions. (The President had this power under Executive Order 9260 of October 29, 1942, paragraph 3b.[10])
  2. Commander: Equivalent of a U.S. military chief of staff or higher position, but not to a head of state.
  3. Officer: General or flag officer below the equivalent of a U.S. military chief of staff; colonel or equivalent rank (e.g., Navy or Coast Guard captain) for service in assignments equivalent to those normally held by a general or flag officer in U.S. military service; or military attachés.
  4. Legionnaire: All recipients not included above.

When the Legion of Merit is awarded to members of the uniformed services of the United States, it is awarded without reference to degree. The criteria are "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements" and is typically reserved for senior officers at O-6 level and above, typically in connection with senior leadership/command positions or other senior positions of significant responsibility.[citation needed]

  • The performance must have been such as to merit recognition of key individuals for service rendered in a clearly exceptional manner.
  • Performance of duties normal to the grade, branch, specialty, or assignment, and experience of an individual is not an adequate basis for this award.
  • For service not related to actual war, the term "key individual" applies to a narrower range of positions than in time of war and requires evidence of significant achievement.
  • In peacetime, service should be in the nature of a special requirement or of an extremely difficult duty performed in an unprecedented and clearly exceptional manner.
  • However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of important positions.

The degrees and the design of the decoration were influenced by the French Legion of Honour (Légion d'honneur).[11]

History

Legion of Merit with golden "V" device (as used by USN and USMC) denoting combat bravery. The "V" device ceased being awarded with the Legion of Merit in 2017.

World War II

Although recommendations for creation of a medal for meritorious service were initiated as early as September 1937, no formal action was taken toward approval.

In a letter to the Quartermaster General (QMG) dated December 24, 1941, the Adjutant General formally requested action be initiated to create a meritorious service medal, and provide designs in the event the decoration was established. Proposed designs prepared by Bailey, Banks, and Biddle, and the Office of the Quartermaster General were provided to the Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel (Colonel Heard) by the QMG on January 5, 1942.

The Assistant Chief of Staff (G-1), Brigadier General John H. Hilldring, in a response to the QMG on April 3, 1942, indicated the Secretary of War had approved the design recommended by the QMG. The design of the Legion of Merit (change of name) would be ready for issue immediately after legislation authorizing it was enacted into law. (A separate medal called the Meritorious Service Medal was established in 1969.)

An act of Congress (Public Law 671, 77th Congress, Chapter 508, 2d Session) on July 20, 1942, established the Legion of Merit and provided that the medal "shall have suitable appurtenances and devices and not more than four degrees, and which the President, under such rules and regulations as he shall prescribe, may award to

(a) personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States and of the Government of the Commonwealth Philippines and
(b) personnel of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations who, since the proclamation of an emergency by the President on 1939-09-08, shall have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services."

The medal was announced in War Department Bulletin No. 40, dated August 5, 1942. Executive Order 9260, dated October 29, 1942, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, established the rules for the Legion of Merit, and required the President's approval for the award.

Following the invasion of North Africa in November 1942, a number of United States officers were awarded the Legion of Merit in the degree of Officer. One of the recipients was future Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Lyman Lemnitzer. Soon after, regulations for the award of the Legion of Merit were revised so that it would not be awarded in the degrees above Legionnaire to United States military personnel.

The Legion of Merit is similar to the French Legion of Honor in both its design, a five-armed cross, and in that it is awarded in multiple degrees. Unlike the Legion of Honor, however, the Legion of Merit is only awarded to military personnel. In addition, it is the only award in the world with multiple degrees of which the higher degrees cannot be awarded to citizens of the country of the award's origin.

In October 1942, Brazilian Army Brigadier General Amaro Soares Bittencourt became the first person awarded the Legion of Merit (Commander) and a week later, Lieutenant, junior grade Ann A. Bernatitus, a U.S. Navy Nurse Corps officer, became the first member of the United States Armed Forces and the first woman to receive the Legion of Merit. She received the award for her service during the defense of the Philippines.[12] LTJG Bernatitus was also the first recipient of the Legion of Merit authorized to wear a Combat "V" with the medal.[13]

General Dwight D. Eisenhower was presented the Legion of Merit by President Roosevelt while he was en route to the Tehran Conference, in Cairo, Egypt, on November 26, 1943.[14][15]

In 1943, at the request of the Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, approval authority for U.S. personnel was delegated to the Department of War. Executive Order 10600, dated March 15, 1955, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, again revised approval authority. Current provisions are contained in Title 10, United States Code 1121. As a result, awarding authority for the Legion of Merit resides with general officers/flag officers at the Lieutenant General / Vice Admiral level or higher.

The U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, unlike the Army and later the Air Force, provided for the Legion of Merit to be awarded with a "V" device indicating awards for participation in combat operations.

From 1942 to 1944, the Legion of Merit was awarded for a fairly wide range of achievements. This was because it was, until the establishment of the Bronze Star Medal in 1944, the only decoration below the Silver Star which could be awarded for combat valor, and the only decoration below the Distinguished Service Medal which could be awarded for meritorious noncombat service.

After World War II

Legion of Merit award certificates

After the establishment of the Bronze Star Medal (BSM) in February 1944, the Legion of Merit was awarded almost exclusively to senior officers in the rank of lieutenant colonel (Army, Marine Corps and Air Force) or commander (Navy and Coast Guard) (O-5), and above. Beginning in the 1980s, the Legion of Merit began to be awarded more frequently to senior-ranking warrant officers (W-4 and W-5), as well as to senior enlisted service members (E-8 and E-9), usually as a retirement award. When not awarded as a retirement award, it is most commonly awarded to officers in pay grade O-6 and higher.

The Meritorious Service Medal (MSM) was established in 1969 as a "junior" version of the Legion of Merit and prior to 2003 was only awarded for non-combat service. The MSM is awarded more frequently, and to more lower-ranking military personnel, than the Legion of Merit. Recipients of the MSM are usually in pay grades E-7 through E-9, W-3 through W-5 (Army Only), and O-4 through O-6 for the Army, Air Force, and Space Force; for the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard the MSM is usually presented to those in pay grades E-9, W-4, W-5, O-5 and O-6.

Insignia

Chief Commander Commander Officer Legionnaire
Ribbon
  • The Chief Commander Degree of the Legion of Merit Medal is, on a wreath of green laurel joined at the bottom by a gold bow-knot (rosette), a domed five-pointed white star bordered crimson, points reversed with v-shaped extremities tipped with a gold ball. In the center, a blue disk encircled by gold clouds, with 13 white stars arranged in the pattern that appears on the Great Seal of the United States. Between each point, within the wreath are crossed arrows pointing outwards. The overall width is 2+1516 inches (75 mm). The words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" are engraved in the center of the reverse. A miniature of the decoration in gold on a horizontal gold bar is worn on the service ribbon.
  • The Commander Degree of the Legion of Merit Medal is, on a wreath of green laurel joined at the bottom by a gold bow-knot (rosette), a five-pointed white star bordered crimson, points reversed with v-shaped extremities tipped with a gold ball. In the center, a blue disk encircled by gold clouds, with 13 white stars arranged in the pattern that appears on the Great Seal of the United States. Between each star point, within the wreath, are crossed war arrows pointing outwards, representing armed protection to the Nation. The overall width is 2+14 inches (57 mm). A gold laurel wreath in the v-shaped angle at the top connects an oval suspension ring to the neck ribbon that is 1+1516 inches (49 mm) in width. The reverse of the five-pointed star is enameled in white, and the border is crimson. In the center, a disk for engraving the name of the recipient surrounded by the words "ANNUIT COEPTIS MDCCLXXXII": a combination of the motto from the Great Seal, "He [God] Has Favored Our Undertakings", with the date for the first award of a US decoration, the Purple Heart. An outer scroll contains the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." A miniature of the decoration in silver on a horizontal silver bar is worn on the service ribbon.
The neck ribbon for the degree of Commander is 1+1516 inches (49 mm) wide and consists of the following stripes: 116 inch (1.6 mm) white 67101; center 1+1316 inches (46 mm) crimson and 116 inch (1.6 mm) white.
  • The Officer Degree of the Legion of Merit Medal is similar to the degree of Commander except the overall width is 1+78 inches (48 mm) and the pendant has a suspension ring instead of the wreath for attaching the ribbon. A gold replica of the medal, 34 inch (19 mm) wide, is centered on the suspension ribbon.
  • The Legionnaire Degree of the Legion of Merit Medal and the Legion of Merit Medal issued to U.S. personnel is the same as the degree of Officer, except the suspension ribbon does not have the medal replica.

The ribbon for all of the decorations is 1+38 inches (35 mm) wide and consists of the following stripes: 116 inch (1.6 mm) white; center 1+14 inches (32 mm) crimson; and 116 inch (1.6 mm) white. The reverse of all of the medals has the motto taken from the Great Seal of the United States, "ANNUIT COEPTIS" ("He [God] has favored our undertakings") and the date "MDCCLXXXII" (1782), which is the date of America's first decoration, the Badge of Military Merit, now known as the Purple Heart. The ribbon design also follows the pattern of the Purple Heart ribbon.

Additional awards

Additional awards of the Legion of Merit are denoted by oak leaf clusters (in the Army, Air Force, and Space Force), and by 516 inch (7.9 mm) gold stars (in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard). Until 2017,[16] the sea services (the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard) awarded the Combat "V" for wear on the LOM. The Army, Air Force, and Space Force do not authorize the "V" device for the Legion of Merit.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ "Production publication" (PDF). static.e-publishing.af.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  4. ^ "Data" (PDF). media.defense.gov. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  5. ^ [1] Archived January 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Note: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps Amendments Act of 2012 amended the Legion of Merit to be awarded to any uniformed service.
  6. ^ "Legion of Merit". Awards. Institute of Heraldry. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  7. ^ "Types of the Medal of Honor: 1862 To Present." Archived July 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved: July 23, 2006.
  8. ^ Department of Defense Manual 1348.33-V3. http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/134833vol3.pdf Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved Assistant 20 August 2014.
  9. ^ "Legion of Merit". Archived from the original on November 12, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  10. ^ Executive Order 9260 of October 29, 1942 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58838 Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Borch III, Fred L. (2013). Medals for Soldiers and Airmen: Awards and Decorations of the United States Army and Air Force. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc. p. 124. ISBN 9780786474127. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
  12. ^ "Ann Bernatitus - Angel of Bataan, First Legion of Merit recipient". Home of Heroes. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2007. This is a detailed Home of Heroes combat biography of Lt. (j.g.), later, Capt. Ann Bernatitus (USN) with sources and also containing a discussion of Legion of Merit itself with sources.
  13. ^ [2] Archived April 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine full citation
  14. ^ New York Times. December 7, 1945.
  15. ^ "November 26th, 1943 - FDR: Day by Day". Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  16. ^ "Pentagon implements 'C' and 'R' awards devices, removes 'V' from 2 awards". Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2017.

Read other articles:

布尔夏德和他的第二任妻子海德薇希 布尔夏德三世(約915年—973年11月12日),图尔高和苏黎高伯爵,有可能还兼任拉埃提亚伯爵;954年起任士瓦本公爵直到去世。 布尔夏德三世是士瓦本公爵布爾夏德二世(英语:Burchard II, Duke of Swabia)與妻子雷吉林達(英语:Regelinda of Zürich)的兒子。926年其父战死之后继任的士瓦本公爵是康拉德家族(英语:Conradines)的赫爾曼一世。为保

 

Trans Metro PekanbaruArmada Trans Metro Pekanbaru tahun 2013Didirikan18 Juni 2009; 14 tahun lalu (2009-06-18)Wilayah layananKota PekanbaruJenis layananbus raya terpaduRute12 koridorOperatorDinas Perhubungan Kota Pekanbaru Trans Metro Pekanbaru (TMP) adalah sistem bus raya terpadu yang melayani Kota Pekanbaru, ibu kota Provinsi Riau. Sejarah Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 111 Tahun 2009 memasukkan Kota Pekanbaru sebagai salah satu kota percontohan untuk transportasi di Indonesia. Per...

 

Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 13 de enero de 2021. Domingo de Santo Tomás O. P. Predecesor Tomás de San MartínSucesor Hernando de Santillán Título Obispo de La Plata, CharcasInformación religiosaOrdenación sacerdotal 8 de diciembre, 1520Ordenación episcopal 26 de diciembre, 1563 en Lima por arzobispo Jerónimo de LoayzaProclamación cardenalicia 1564Información personalNombre Domingo de Santo Tomá...

Battle during the Syrian civil war Battle of Jdaidet al-FadlPart of the Syrian civil war and the Rif Dimashq offensiveDate16–21 April 2013 (5 days)LocationRif Dimashq, Syrian territoriesResult Syrian Army victoryBelligerents Syrian Coalition Free Syrian Army Sunni jihadists Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Army National Defense Force Lijan militiasCommanders and leaders Muhammed Jameel Noufel  †[1] UnknownUnits involved Falcons of Damascus Republican Guard[2] 555t...

 

تنفيذ البرامج [الإنجليزية] المفاهيم العامة الشيفرة المعالجة المترجم وقت الترجمة قالب:تحسين المترجم التمثيل الوسيط قالب:التنفيذ (حوسبة) نظام وقت التنفيذ وقت التنفيذ ملف التنفيذ المفسر آلة افتراضية أنواع الشيفرات الكود المصدري شيفرة الكائن (Object code) شيفرة بايت لغة الآلة الش...

 

Details of trams in India Trams in India were established in the late 19th century. Horse-drawn trams were introduced in Kolkata in 1873; in Mumbai, trams began operations in 1874; in Nashik in 1889; electric trams began in Chennai in 1895, and trams were also introduced in Kanpur and Delhi. They were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for Kolkata.[1] Kolkata Main article: Trams in Kolkata Tram in Kolkata Trams in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), West Bengal a...

مسجد أوسيتيا الشمالية الإسلام هو إحدى الأديان المتواجدة في جمهورية أوسيتيا الشمالية - ألانيا الروسية، المفتي الرسمي لأوسيتيا الشمالية هو خادجيمورات قاتسالاف نسبة وعدد المسلمين عدد سكان أوسيتيا الشمالية حوالي 700000 نسمة، يشكل المسلمون منهم من 15% إلى 40% من عدد السكان.[1] مر

 

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Muhammad Bakhiet – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Biografi ini memerlukan lebih banyak catatan kaki untuk pemastian. Bantulah untuk menambahkan referensi atau sumber tepercaya. Materi ...

 

مايكل كونستانتين (بالإنجليزية: Michael Constantine)‏  معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (باليونانية: Gus Efstratiou)‏  الميلاد 22 مايو 1927(1927-05-22)ريدينغ، الولايات المتحدة الوفاة 31/08/2021ريدينغ مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  عدد الأولاد 2   الحياة العملية المهنة ممثل اللغة الأم الإنجليزية  اللغ...

Rekonstruktion der Mastaba S3503 مصطبة إس 3503 هي مقبرة في سقارة رقمها 3503 وهي مبنية في شكل مصطبة كبيرة ويرجع تاريخها إلى الأسرة الأولى أو عهد ما قبل الأسرات في مصر. تدل البحوث على انها بنيت نحو 3000 قبل الميلاد. البناء تم التنقيب عن تلك المقبرة من عالم الآثار «والتر إميري» ومجمموعته العلمية في س

 

Kurisi air tawar (Abramis brama) pada pameran ikan di Praha, Ceko. Kurisi atau Kerisi (bahasa Inggris: Bream; /ˈbrɪm/ ( simak)[1][2]) adalah suatu istilah umum bagi sejumlah spesies ikan air tawar dan ikan laut dari beragam genus yang meliputi: Abramis[3] (misalnya A. brama, terkadang disebut kurisi air tawar), Acanthopagrus, Argyrops, Blicca, Chilotilapia, Etelis, Lepomis, Gymnocranius, Lethrinus, Nemipterus, Pharyngochromis, Rhabdosargus serta Scolopsis. M...

 

2010 American live action film directed by Tom Dey MarmadukeTheatrical release posterDirected byTom DeyWritten by Tim Rasmussen Vince Di Meglio Based onMarmadukeby Brad Anderson, Paul Anderson Michael Devito & Phil LeemingProduced byJohn DavisStarring Owen Wilson Lee Pace Judy Greer William H. Macy Steve Coogan Sam Elliott[1] Fergie George Lopez Christopher Mintz-Plasse Emma Stone Kiefer Sutherland Marlon Wayans CinematographyGreg GardinerEdited byDon ZimmermanMusic byChristopher ...

Scottish Conservative politician Maurice GoldenMSP FRSAOfficial portrait, 2016Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Fair Work and CultureIn office18 February 2020 – 20 May 2021LeaderJackson CarlawDouglas RossPreceded byDean LockhartChief Whip of the Scottish Conservative PartyIn office28 June 2017 – 14 February 2020LeaderRuth DavidsonPreceded byJohn LamontSucceeded byLiz SmithShadow Cabinet Secretary for Environment, Climate Change and Land ReformIn office19 May 2016...

 

水曜どうでしょう > 企画 > 海外 この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 独自研究が含まれているおそれがあります。(2021年10月) 雑多な内容を羅列した節があります。(2021年10月) 百科事典的でない記述が含まれているおそれがあります。(2021年10月) あまり重要でない事項が過剰に含まれているおそれが...

 

Furacão Eta Furacão Eta na intensidade máxima a leste da Nicarágua cedo em 3 de novembro História meteorológica Formação 31 de outubro de 2020 Extratropical 13 de novembro Dissipação 14 de novembro Ciclone tropical equivalente categoria 4 1-minuto sustentado (SSHWS) Ventos mais fortes 240 km/h (150 mph) Pressão mais baixa 923 hPa (mbar); 27.26 inHg Efeitos gerais Fatalidades 175 Desaparecidos >100 Danos $8.3 billhão (2020 USD) Áreas afetadas Colômbia, Jama...

1949 film by Lew Landers Barbary PirateFilm posterDirected byLew LandersWritten byRobert LibottFrank BurtProduced bySam KatzmanStarringTrudy MarshallDonald WoodsCinematographyIra H. MorganEdited byJames SweeneyProductioncompanySam Katzman ProductionsDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date November 10, 1949 (1949-11-10) Running time65 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Barbary Pirate is a 1949 American adventure film directed by Lew Landers and starring Donald Woods ...

 

Genus of moths Speiredonia Speiredonia spectans Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Superfamily: Noctuoidea Family: Erebidae Tribe: Hulodini Genus: SpeiredoniaHübner, [1823][1] Synonyms Sericia Guenée, 1852 Spiredonia Agassiz, 1847 Speiredonia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. It was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1823. Description Palpi with thickened second joint, reaching vertex of head ...

 

Vytautas Sakalauskas (24 April 1933 in Kaunas – 29 May 2001 in Vilnius) was a Lithuanian Soviet politician who was the last Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic before Lithuanian independence in 1990. Biography Sakalauskas served his compulsory military service in a sapper battalion in the Kirghiz SSR and Uzbek SSR between 1950 and 1953. After graduation from Kaunas Polytechnic Institute in 1956, Sakalauskas worked as a master met...

この項目の内容は、2019年5月20日に施行されたSI基本単位の再定義の影響を受けます。そのため、その変更を反映するために改訂する必要があります。 この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(このテンプレートの使い方)出典検索?: 透磁率 – ニュース · 書籍 ...

 

Historic London pub This article is about the pub in Whitechapel. For the bronze statue in Bethnal Green, see Blind Beggar and his Dog. The Blind BeggarThe Blind Beggar in 2008Location within East LondonGeneral informationAddress337 Whitechapel Road, London E1 1BUCoordinates51°31′12″N 0°03′25″W / 51.5200°N 0.0569°W / 51.5200; -0.0569Opened1894Websitetheblindbeggar.com The Blind Beggar is a pub on Whitechapel Road in the East End of London, England, at the j...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!