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Lee Highway logo from 1925 Rand McNally Auto Trails Map.

The Lee Highway was a national auto trail in the United States, connecting New York City^{[dubious – discuss]} and San Francisco, California, via the South and Southwest.

History

In 1919, Dr. Samuel Myrtle Johnson of Roswell, New Mexico, wrote to David Carlisle Humphreys of Lexington, Virginia, proposing a transcontinental auto trail that would connect Southern states as the 1913 Lincoln Highway had done in the north. Johnson proposed to name this new road for Robert E. Lee, the former leader of the vanquished Confederate Army. At the time, Lee was venerated by many in the American South, thanks in large part to Lost Cause pseudohistory.

Humphreys duly put out a call for a meeting in Roanoke, Virginia, to form a new national highway association. On December 3, 1919, five hundred men from five states met in Roanoke to officially form the Lee Highway Association.^[1]

In January 1922, Johnson wrote in The New York Times, "Although only twenty months old, the work of the Lee Highway Association has already progressed so steadily that completion of the transcontinental route is anticipated within three years."^[2] In November 1923, a commemorative milestone was dedicated at a ceremony at Horton Plaza Park in downtown San Diego to mark the arrival of the highway at the Pacific coast. With much fanfare, President Calvin Coolidge pushed a button in the White House that rang a gong in Horton Plaza.^[3]

From the memoirs of Katherine Johnson Balcomb (April 3, 1894 – February 2, 1980), published in The Balcomb Family Tree Book:^[4]

Promoting a coast-to-coast highway across the southern tier of states as a memorial to General Robert E. Lee was considered by my father [Samuel Myrtle Johnson] as his crowning achievement. As the number and speed of automobiles increased, there arose a demand for good roads to run them on. Cities along logical routes for highways banded together to promote construction of roads to come through their towns. The first transcontinental highway that was thus promoted was conceived as a memorial to Abraham Lincoln and ran through the northern states. Father's concept was a companion highway that would start at Washington, run south and then west to the Pacific coast. He organized The Lee Highway Association and set about selling the idea to the cities along its logical routing. The idea, of course, had a great appeal in the South and he was able to induce prominent men to serve in the Association. The first president was Claudius Houston, Tennessee, undersecretary to Herbert Hoover. Cordell Hull, later to become Secretary of State, served on the board and later as president of the Association. Father had the title of Director General and received a good salary and liberal expense money.

The national project echoed efforts in cities and towns across the South to venerate Lee and other Confederate leaders during the nadir of American race relations.^[5] In his 1922 piece in the Times, Johnson wrote that the association "proposes to infuse into the national life, the inspiration to noble things that cannot fail to result from a knowledge of the life, character, and services of Lee", adding that the project would be a "worthy work of patriotism in honoring a great American".^[2]

Routing

The route of the Lee Highway is now roughly designated by the following routes:

US 1: New York to Washington, D.C.^{[citation needed]}
US 29: Key Bridge from Washington to Rosslyn, Virginia
US 29: traversing Arlington County, Virginia, where it carries the name Langston Boulevard. In July 2021, the Arlington County Board voted to change the name from Lee Highway to Langston Boulevard, after John Mercer Langston, the first African American elected to Congress from Virginia. Installation of signs with the new name was reported to be near completion in October 2021.^[6]
US 29: through Falls Church, Virginia, where it carries the names North Washington Street and South Washington Street. The road was built through Tinner Hill, a largely Black neighborhood, and bisected the property of Edwin Henderson, a civil-rights activist who had thwarted the town's housing-segregation ordinance.^[7]
US 29: now bearing the name Route 29 in Fairfax County, Virginia (the county changed its name to route 29 in July 2023), to its intersection with US 50/Arlington Boulevard in Fairfax City.
US 29/US 50: bearing the name Fairfax Boulevard within Fairfax City, Virginia (formerly Lee Highway).
US 29: bearing the name Lee Highway from Centreville in Prince William county to Warrenton, Virginia.
US 211: Warrenton to New Market, Virginia
US 11: New Market to Bristol, Virginia
US 11W: Bristol to Knoxville, Tennessee
US 11: Knoxville to Chattanooga, Tennessee
US 72: Chattanooga to Corinth, Mississippi
US 45, Corinth to Selmer, Tennessee^{[citation needed]}
US 64, Selmer to Memphis, Tennessee^{[citation needed]}
US 70, Memphis to Alamogordo, New Mexico
US 54, Alamogordo to El Paso, Texas
US 180, El Paso to Las Cruces, New Mexico
US 70, Las Cruces to Globe, Arizona
US 60, Globe to Phoenix, Arizona
Arizona SR 85 (former US 80) and Old US 80, Phoenix to Gila Bend, Arizona
I-8 (former US 80), Gila Bend to San Diego, California
I-5 (former US 101), San Diego to Los Angeles, California
US 101, Los Angeles to San Francisco, California

Present-day name usage

Much of the original route is still known by the name "Lee Highway", including in these cities and areas (listed from east to west):

Virginia
- The Lee Highway was defined by the General Assembly on March 20, 1922, to run from the District of Columbia at the Francis Scott Key Bridge to Bristol at the border with Tennessee. This was defined as U.S. Route 211 and U.S. Route 11 in 1926; US 211 northeast of Warrenton is now U.S. Route 29. It now uses the following business routes:^[8]
  - U.S. Route 29 Business and U.S. Route 211 Business in Warrenton
  - U.S. Route 211 Business in Washington
  - U.S. Route 211 Business in Luray
  - U.S. Route 11 Business in Staunton
  - U.S. Route 11 Business in Lexington
- The portion of US 11 known as Apperson Drive in Salem, Virginia, and Brandon Avenue SW in Roanoke, Virginia, is also commonly called Lee Highway. Other sections of US 11 in the Roanoke Valley are not typically referred to as Lee Highway. In the county of Botetourt, US 11 changes from Williamson Road to Lee Highway and is thus named at least until Buchanan, Virginia
Tennessee
Huntsville, Alabama^{[citation needed]}
Florence, Alabama
Corinth, Mississippi

Cultural references

The "Lee Highway Blues" is a standard of southern string band music. It is widely attributed to G. B. Grayson of the popular Grayson and Whitter string band of the late 1920s, who recorded it under the title "Going Down The Lee Highway" but it was almost certainly composed by fiddler James ("Uncle Jimmy" or "Fiddlin' Jim") McCarroll of the Roane County Ramblers.^[9] The tune has been used as a fiddler's showpiece, especially in the Virginia area and notably by Scotty Stoneman (who referred to it as Talkin' Fiddle Blues) and by string band revivalists such as the Highwoods String Band.

Alice Gerrard and Hazel Dickens recorded a rendition of Lee Highway Blues on the Smithsonian Folkways album Pioneering Women of Bluegrass,^[10] as did Chubby Wise.^[11]

David Bromberg wrote and performs a whimsical bluegrass tune, "The New Lee Highway Blues", describing the tribulations of traveling on an endless highway of one horse towns.

Fiddler Ken Clark performed a tune called Lee Highway Ramble.

Notes

^ The Highway Magazine. Armco Drainage & Metal Products. 1918.
^ ^a ^b Johnson, Samuel (January 15, 1922). "GREAT LEE HIGHWAY; By Wilson's Birthplace". The New York Times. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
^ Bell, Diane (June 24, 2020). "Lee highway marker was quietly removed from Horton Plaza". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
^ The Balcomb Family Tree Book, Cody Publishing, Seattle, 1989
^ Johnson, Samuel (January 15, 1922). "GREAT LEE HIGHWAY; By Wilson's Birthplace". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
^ "Langston Blvd sign replacement project expected to wrap up in a couple of weeks". ARLnow.com. October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
^ "South Washington Street Small Area Plan: South Washington Street Corridor: Planning Opportunity Area 2". City of Falls Church. October 28, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
^ Virginia Route Index, revised July 1, 2003 Archived August 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
^ Bob Fulcher, liner notes to Roane County Ramblers, Complete Recordings 1928-1929, 2004 P. 7
^ "Pioneering Women of Bluegrass: The Definitive Edition". Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
^ "Highway Blues by Chubby Wise: Track Info". AllMusic. Retrieved June 27, 2023.

References

Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas, 1926, accessed via the Broer Map Library: shows the route between Washington, D.C., and New Mexico, except in western Tennessee
Virginia Hart, The Story of American Roads, 1950, p. 240: lists the cities on the route