Laz nationalism

Laz nationalism is a form of nationalism that asserts the belief that the Laz people are a nation and promotes the Laz identity.[1] The movement asserts that the Laz people are an independent nation, distinct from Turks, and distinct but related to Georgians, another Kartvelian people.[2][3] Many also advocate for the independence of Lazistan (also called Lazeti), and have been tried in court for it.[4]

Background

Laz nationalism, like Kurdish nationalism, also emerged as a reaction to Turkish nationalism and Turkification policies that indirectly banned Laz culture, changed Laz city names, prohibited the Laz language, and resettled the Laz people in places determined by the government.[5] The existence of the Laz as an ethnic group was also denied by Turkish nationalists.[6] In 1993, a book titled "History of the Laz", which claimed that the Laz were a Kartvelian people, boosted nationalist sentiments.[7]

History

Studies on the Laz people, culture, and language started during the reign of Abdul Hamid II. Hopalı Faik Efendi was the first person to publish a book about the Laz in that time, and his book was burned and he was sentenced to prison.[8] In March 1919, Ahmet Tevfik Yücesoy founded the "Laz Tekamül-i Milli Cemiyeti", which was a regionalist organization which aimed to establish cooperation between the Laz.[9][10]

In 1984, the Laz nationalist movement revived with the efforts of Germany-based Laz activists such as Fahri Kahraman and Selma Koçiva, who produced the only Laz-language works of that period with the book Nananena [Motherland] and two magazines (Parpali [Butterfly] (1984), Lazuri Ambarepe [Laz News] (1992) magazines. Some Turkish sources claimed that the Laz are Turks and that the German Federal Intelligence Service tried to brainwash them with the "Caucasian Culture Ring" theory.[11]

Many Laz living in Georgia also hold nationalist sentiments, and call on the Laz in Turkey to resist Turkification.[12]

In 1993, Laz nationalism started to experience its strongest times. In 1992, the book written by Laz activists from Georgia, Muhammed Vanilishi and Ali Tandilava, was translated into Turkish under the name "History of the Laz". In 1994, the Civiyazıları Publishing House was founded by Özcan Sapan, who aimed to do publishing activities on the Laz. In 1992, a Laz rock music group called Zuğaşi Berepe was established. Together with Zuğaşi Berepe, the Laz cultural movement was noticed by the young people. In 1997, Birol Topaloğlu released his music album consisting of Laz songs called Heyamo. He was arrested for separatism for releasing an album.[13]

The Laz Cultural Association was established in 2008 and the Laz Institute was established in 2013. Mehmet Bekaroğlu, the then president of the Laz Institute, stated that the only goal of the institute was to prevent the extinction of the Laz language and Kartvelian studies.[14]

Today

Today, many Laz nationalists believe that the Laz cultural and political movement is being ignored and that the Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey has more attention.[15] However, like the Laz movement has similar demands as the Kurdish movement, which include reinstating native city names, and official recognition as a minority people and language.[16][17] Turkish author Hale Yılmaz stated that the Laz nationalist movement has the potential to turn into an open conflict with the Turkish state in the future as many Laz do not want to live subordinately to Turks.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "'Lazca eğitim istiyorum'". Milliyet (in Turkish). 17 June 2002. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  2. ^ "Laz kimliği üzerine". Archived from the original on 21 February 2017.
  3. ^ Zeki Sarıgil (March 2012). "Ethnic Groups at 'Critical Junctures': The Laz vs. Kurds" (PDF). yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Uncire, Laz edebiyatını okuyucu ile buluşturacak".
  5. ^ "İskan Kanunu". Resmi Gazete. 21 June 1934. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  6. ^ "Laz Language in 100th year of the Republic". bianet.org. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  7. ^ Zeki Sarıgil (March 2012). "Ethnic Groups at 'Critical Junctures': The Laz vs. Kurds" (PDF). yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  8. ^ Nikolay Marr, Lazistan'a Yolculuk (Çeviri: Yulva Muhurcişi), İstanbul, 2016, s. 102, ISBN 9786055753634.
  9. ^ Aksamaz, Ali İhsan (2000). Dil Tarih Kültür Gelenekleriyle Lazlar. İstanbul: Sorun Yayınları. p. 157.
  10. ^ Aydın (2014). "Kürtlerin "Ana Dilinde Eğitim" Talebi ve Öğretmen Örgütlerinin Bu Talebe Yönelik Tutumları-1" (PDF). Eleştirel Pedagoji. No. 36. p. 100. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  11. ^ Yalçın, Emruhan (2008). Atatürk Türkiye'sinde Ekümenik Ortodoks Patrikhanesi ve Bizans projesi. Siyasal Yayınevi. p. 149. ISBN 978-9944-931-43-4. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  12. ^ Pelkmans, Mathijs. Defending the border: identity, religion, and modernity in the Republic of Georgia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2006, pg. 80
  13. ^ İsmail Güney Yılmaz (7 January 2015). "90'lar: Laz Kültür ve Kimlik Hareketinin Doğuşu". bianet.org. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  14. ^ "'Lazcılık değil Lazcacılık'". sabah.com.tr. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  15. ^ "Abstract of Papers Delivered at the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Association Research Triangle, North Carolina, 1993". Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 18 (1): 27–130. 1994. ISSN 0275-6048. JSTOR 43385354. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  16. ^ Zeki Sarıgil (March 2012). "Ethnic Groups at 'Critical Junctures': The Laz vs. Kurds" (PDF). yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  17. ^ Vercihan Ziflioğlu (17 April 2014). "Üniversitede Lazca talebi". aljazeera.com.tr. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  18. ^ Transcultural Localisms: Responding to Ethnicity in a Globalized World. Winter. 2006. p. 267. ISBN 978-3-8253-5226-4. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.

Read other articles:

Villarsel-sur-Marly comuna de Suiza Escudo Villarsel-sur-MarlyLocalización de Villarsel-sur-Marly en SuizaPaís  Suiza• Cantón  Cantón de Friburgo• Distrito SarineUbicación 46°46′00″N 7°10′00″E / 46.766666666667, 7.1666666666667• Altitud 736 mSuperficie 1,43 km²Población[1]​ 86 hab. (2015)• Densidad 60 hab./km²Lengua FrancésCódigo postal 1723[editar datos en Wikidata] Villarsel-s...

 

Gerty CoriGerty Cori in 1947LahirGerty Theresa Radnitz(1896-08-15)15 Agustus 1896Prague, Austro-Hungarian EmpireMeninggal26 Oktober 1957(1957-10-26) (umur 61)Sebab meninggalMyelosclerosisTempat tinggalAmericanNama lainGerty Theresa CoriAlmamaterGerman Charles-Ferdinand University in PraguePekerjaanBiochemistDikenal atasExtensive research on carbohydrate metabolism; described the Cori cycle; identified Glucose 1-phosphateSuami/istriCarl Ferdinand Cori ​ ​(m.&...

 

Lok Sabha constituency in Himachal Pradesh KangraLok Sabha constituencyKangra Lok Sabha constituency within Himachal PradeshConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionNorth IndiaStateHimachal PradeshAssembly constituencies17: Churah, Chamba, Dalhousie, Bhattiyat, Nurpur, Indora, Fatehpur, Jawali, Jawalamukhi, Jaisinghpur, Sullah, Nagrota, Kangra, Shahpur, Dharamshala, Palampur and BaijnathEstablished1952ReservationNoneMember of Parliament17th Lok SabhaIncumbent Kishan Kapoor PartyBharatiya Janata ...

Katedral TrinitasСобор Святой Живоначальной Троицы лейб-гвардии Измайловского полкаLokasiSankt-PeterburgNegaraRusiaDenominasiOrtodoks RusiaSitus webwww.izm.orthodoxy.ruSejarahTanggal konsekrasi1835ArsitekturArsitekVasily StasovDibangun1828–1835SpesifikasiKapasitas3.000 jemaat[1]3,500 meter persegi (37,67 sq ft) (area)[1]Panjang75 meter (246 ft)Lebar75 meter (246 ft)Tinggi80 meter (260 ft) (to...

 

American family drama television series (2018–2023) A Million Little ThingsGenre Family drama Serial drama Created byDJ NashStarring David Giuntoli Romany Malco Allison Miller Christina Moses Grace Park James Roday Rodriguez Stéphanie Szostak Tristan Byon Lizzy Greene Chance Hurstfield Floriana Lima ComposerGabriel MannCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons5No. of episodes87ProductionExecutive producers DJ Nash Aaron Kaplan Dana Honor James Griffiths Marshall ...

 

Serres Entidad subnacional Panorámica de Serres desde la acrópolis SerresLocalización de Serres en Grecia Coordenadas 41°05′00″N 23°33′00″E / 41.083333333333, 23.55Entidad Ciudad • País Grecia GreciaSuperficie   • Total 253 km²Altitud   • Media 50 m s. n. m.Población (2011)   • Total 61,025 hab. • Densidad 128 hab/km²Huso horario UTC+02:00 y UTC+03:00Código postal 621 xxPrefijo telefónico 23210...

اتفاقية حقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقةمعلومات عامةالنوع معاهدة — الوثائق الدولية لحقوق الإنسان[1] — core international human rights instrument (en) [1] — معاهدة متعددة الأطراف جزء من دستور البرازيل — القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان[2] الإيداع أمين عام الأمم المتحدة موقع الويب un.org…[3] ت�...

 

2005 novel by Joe R. Lansdale Sunset and Sawdust AuthorJoe R. LansdaleCover artistPeter Mendelsund & Carol Devine CarsonCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreCrime/Mystery/Suspense/ThrillerPublisherVintage Crime/Black LizardPublication date4 January 2005Media typePrint (Trade paperback)Pages336ISBN9780375719226 Sunset and Sawdust is a crime filled whodunit type novel by Joe R Lansdale published in 2005 by Vintage Crime/black Lizard. Plot Sunset Jones is a beautiful red-headed ...

 

Belgian television presenter, reporter, and esports player SjokzSjokz at the 2015 League of Legends World ChampionshipBornEefje Depoortere (1987-06-16) 16 June 1987 (age 36)Bruges, BelgiumAlma materGhent UniversityOccupationTelevision presenterEmployer(s)Riot Games Electronic Sports LeagueTelevisionLeague of Legends European ChampionshipHeight1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Eefje Depoortere (Dutch pronunciation: ['eːfˌjɵ dɛˈpoːrtɵrɵ]; born 16 June 1987), known prof...

French mathematician Joseph OesterléBorn1954 (age 68–69)Alsace, FranceAlma materParis-Sud 11 University[1]Known forabc conjectureScientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsPierre and Marie Curie UniversityDoctoral studentsLoïc Merel Joseph Oesterlé (born 1954) is a French mathematician who, along with David Masser, formulated the abc conjecture which has been called the most important unsolved problem in diophantine analysis.[2][3] He is a me...

 

Hospital in County Wexford, IrelandSt. Senan's HospitalHealth Service ExecutiveSt. Senan's HospitalShown in IrelandGeographyLocationEnniscorthy, County Wexford, IrelandCoordinates52°29′19″N 6°33′51″W / 52.48857°N 6.56410°W / 52.48857; -6.56410OrganisationCare systemHSETypeSpecialistServicesSpecialityPsychiatric hospitalHistoryOpened1868Closed2015 St. Senan's Hospital (Irish: Ospidéal Naomh Senan) was a psychiatric hospital in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, I...

 

Signal KnobA view of Signal Knob, from Strasburg, VirginiaHighest pointElevation2,106 ft (642 m)Coordinates38°57′40″N 78°19′52″W / 38.96100°N 78.331°W / 38.96100; -78.331GeographyLocationShenandoah / Warren counties, Virginia, U.S.Parent rangeRidge and Valley AppalachiansTopo mapUSGS Strasburg QuadClimbingEasiest routeHike Signal Knob is the northern peak of Massanutten Mountain in the Ridge and Valley Appalachians with an elevation of 2,106 ...

دينار تنظيم الدولة الإسلاميةمعلومات عامةالبلد تنظيم الدولة الإسلاميةتاريخ الإصدار 2016 (منذ 7 سنوات)المصرف المركزي تنظيم الدولة الإسلاميةسعر الصرف 192,5 دولار أمريكيتعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات دينار الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام هي عملة معدنية أقرها تنظيم الد...

 

This article is part of a series on thePolitics of Switzerland Constitution Human rights Federal Council Members (by seniority) Alain Berset (President) Guy Parmelin Ignazio Cassis Viola Amherd (Vice President) Karin Keller-Sutter Albert Rösti Élisabeth Baume-Schneider Federal Chancellor Walter Thurnherr Federal administration Federal Assembly Council of States (members) National Council (members) Political parties Elections Voting Elections 1848 1851 1854 1857 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1875...

 

American politician Robert Haskell65th Governor of MaineIn officeJanuary 2, 1959 – January 7, 1959Preceded byEdmund MuskieSucceeded byClinton ClausonMember of the Maine House of RepresentativesIn office1945Member of the Maine SenateIn office1947 Personal detailsBornRobert Nance[citation needed] Haskell(1903-08-24)August 24, 1903Bangor, MaineDiedDecember 3, 1987(1987-12-03) (aged 84)Bangor, MaineNationalityAmericanPolitical partyRepublicanProfessionBusinessman, Univ...

Ernst Jentsch, 1908 Ernst Anton Jentsch (1867 – 1919) è stato uno psichiatra tedesco. Ha scritto opere sulla psicologia e sulla patologia ed è meglio conosciuto per il suo trattato On the Psychology of the Uncanny (Circa la psicologia di ciò che è sconosciuto) del 1906.[1] Comunque, egli ha scritto anche testi sullo stato d'animo e sulla psicologia della musica. Egli è ricordato soprattutto per l'influenza esercitata sullo psicoanalista Sigmund Freud, il quale menziona l'opera ...

 

阿布·易卜拉欣·哈希米·库雷希أبو إبراهيم الهاشمي القرشي‎哈希米2004年关押在伊拉克美军基地时的面部照片第2任伊斯兰国哈里發任期2019年10月31日—2022年2月3日前任阿布·贝克尔·巴格达迪继任阿布·哈桑·哈希米·库拉希 个人资料出生阿米尔·穆罕默德·赛义德·阿布达-拉赫曼-马瓦拉أمير محمد عبد الرحمن المولى الصلبي‎1976年10月1日(一说10月5�...

 

This article is about Aventura song. For Willie Colón song, see El Malo. For Jesse & Joy song, see Un Besito Más. 2010 single by Aventura , Remix featuring Sensato.El MaloSingle by Aventura Remix featuring Sensato.from the album The Last ReleasedMarch 11, 2010 (2010-03-11)Recorded2009GenreBachataLength3:58LabelPremium Latin MusicSongwriter(s)Anthony Romeo SantosProducer(s)Lenny SantosAnthony SantosHenry Santos JeterMax SantosAventura singles chronology Dile al Amor (2...

Liga Futsal Profesional IndonesiaMusim2019Tanggal8 Desember 2018 – 31 Maret 2019JuaraVamos FC MataramDegradasi Bara FC Kalimantan Timur Bifor FC Papua FC Pegasus Sambas Futsal Kota Metro FC Kejuaraan Klub AFCVamos FC MataramKejuaraan Klub AFFBlack Steel FC ManokwariJumlah pertandingan116Jumlah gol806 (6,95 per pertandingan)Pencetak golterbanyakAndri Kustiawan (Bintang Timur)(18 gol)[1]← 2018 2020 → Liga Futsal Profesional Indonesia 2019 adalah musim kedua belas kompetisi fu...

 

شمال سيناء Sinaí del Norte Gobernación BanderaEscudo Ubicación de la Gobernación de Sinaí del Norte en Egipto.Coordenadas 30°30′N 33°36′E / 30.5, 33.6Capital El ArishEntidad Gobernación • País EgiptoSuperficie   • Total 27574 km²Altitud   • Media 269 m s. n. m.Población (28 de marzo de 2017)   • Total 339 752 hab. • Densidad 16,34 hab./km²Huso horario UTC+02:00 Sitio web oficial [edi...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!