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Law enforcement in Germany

Sleeve and cap ensigns of the 16 state police forces and the former Bundesgrenzschutz (Federal Border Guard)

Law enforcement in Germany is constitutionally vested solely with the states, which is one of the main features of the German political system.

Policing has always been a responsibility of the German states even after 1871 when the country was unified. The 1919 constitution of the Weimar Republic did provide for the possibility of creating a national police force, should the necessity arise, but it was only in the Nazi era that Gestapo (Secret State Police) were unified under central control and a national police force created (the Reich Security Main OfficeReichssicherheitshauptamt, or RSHA). The police became a tool of the centralized state and the Nazi party. Following the defeat of 1945, Germany was divided; in 1949 the three western zones were turned into the new West Germany, while the Soviet zone became East Germany. Each country pursued a different path concerning law enforcement.

In light of the gross misuse of power by the centralized Nazi state, the new West German constitution provided a strict separation of powers, placing law enforcement firmly in the hands of the states. The only policing agencies allowed at the federal level were the paramilitary Federal Border Guard (German: Bundesgrenzschutz), also responsible for coast guard services, and the Federal Criminal Police, both under the supervision of the Federal Ministry of the Interior. East Germany created a centralized police force under the Ministry of the Interior, the paramilitary Volkspolizei (literally "People's Police"). It also established a border police force (German: Grenztruppen der DDR), initially an independent force, later integrated into the army and then reorganized as an independent military organization. Because Germany's borders became largely open in 2005, due to the development of the European Union and spread of the Schengen Agreement to all neighbouring countries, the Bundesgrenzschutz was renamed to Federal Police (German: Bundespolizei). The duties of the Federal Police still are limited to the security of railway lines, main railway stations, airports, sea ports, and several other special duties.

Federal agencies

Federal Criminal Police Office

Badge of the Bundeskriminalamt (BKA; Federal Criminal Police Office)

Another central police agency, the Federal Criminal Police Office (German: Bundeskriminalamt / BKA), with approximately 7,100 agents, operates nationwide from headquarters in Wiesbaden.[1] The BKA is a clearinghouse for criminal intelligence records.

It provides assistance to the State Criminal Police Offices (German: Landeskriminalamt / LKA) in forensic matters, research, and criminal investigations. It is also the national point of contact for the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). The BKA conducts its own criminal investigations or enters existing cases only when requested by state authorities, or in cases involving two or more states.[2] The BKA has been involved in investigations against various terrorist groups since the 1960s.

Customs officer in Zoll-uniform

Federal Customs Service

The Federal Customs Service (German: Bundeszollverwaltung) is the executive and fiscal administrative agency of the Federal Ministry of Finance. It was founded in 1949 in West Germany. The purpose of the Customs Service is to administer federal taxes, execute demands for payment on behalf of the federal government and federal statutory corporations, monitor the cross border movements of goods with regard to compliance with bans and restrictions, and prevent illicit work. Uniformed federal agents are used for the execution of the financial legislation. Subordinated to the federal customs service, the Customs Investigation Bureau in Cologne (German: Zollkriminalamt / ZKA) coordinates customs investigations nationwide in particular monitoring foreign trade, uncovering violations of EU market regulations, illegal technology exports, subsidy fraud in the agricultural sector, drug trafficking and money laundering. In response to the increasing violence against law enforcement officers, the customs SWAT team, the Central Customs Support Group (German: Zentrale Unterstützungsgruppe Zoll / ZUZ) was implemented in 1997 as the customs tactical unit for dangerous missions.

Federal Intelligence Service

The Federal Intelligence Service (German: Bundesnachrichtendienst / BND) was based in Munich. Since February 2019, the Service is based in Berlin. The BND is restricted to the investigation of threats originating outside of Germany. It depends heavily on wiretapping and other surveillance techniques applied to international communications. Such activities are authorized only to counter the danger of an armed threat to the country, but intelligence authorities have pressed for the added power to monitor suspected international traffickers of weapons and drugs.

Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution

The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (German: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz / BfV) is primarily the domestic intelligence service of Germany, concerned with espionage, treason, and sedition. It has no powers of arrest and cannot use force, but it carries out surveillance and supplies the BKA and other police agencies with information e.g. on terrorist groups. Its main office is in Wiesbaden. Similar and independent offices exist in each state. Although they cooperate closely with the federal office, they operate under the control of state authorities.

Badge of the federal police

Federal Police

View of a road terminating in a red and white horizontal barrier, with trees on either side. Four people, two in uniform, are standing on the near side of the barrier. On the far side is another uniformed man standing in a grassy field. In the far background is a high metal fence and a tall watchtower with an octagonal cabin at its top.
West German border personnel, civilians and an East German border guard on opposite sides of the border line at Herrnburg near Lübeck

Established in 1951, the Bundespolizei (BPOL) is the uniformed federal police force. It is subordinated to the Federal Ministry of the Interior (Bundesministerium des Innern (BMI)).[3] The Bundespolizei was previously known as the Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS) ("Federal Border Guard") and had a more restricted role until July 1, 2005 when the law renaming the BGS as the BPOL was enacted.

All personnel on duty carry sidearms. Some units have light aircraft and helicopters to facilitate rapid access to remote border areas and for patrol and rescue missions. A coast guard force forms a part of the BPOL. It is equipped with 14 large patrol craft and several helicopters.

In addition to controlling Germany's border, the BPOL serves as a federal reserve force to deal with major disturbances and other emergencies beyond the scope of Land police. The BPOL guards airports , and several highly trained detachments are available for special crisis situations requiring demolition equipment, helicopters, or combat vehicles. After shortcomings in police procedures and training were revealed by the terrorist attack on Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics, a task force known as Border Guard Group 9 (GSG-9) was formed to deal with terrorist incidents, especially hostage situations. The GSG-9 won world attention when it rescued 86 passengers on a Lufthansa airliner hijacked to Mogadishu, Somalia, in 1977.

A military rank structure similar to that of the Bundeswehr was replaced in the mid-1970s by civil service-type personnel grades. The service uniform was green but has been changed to blue.

The West German Railway Police (Bahnpolizei), formerly an independent force, and the East German Transportpolizei were restructured under the BGS to form the Bundespolizei in 1990.

Military police

Military police in Germany

The Feldjäger are responsible for carrying out military law in Germany. It was formed in October 1955. They have no power over civilians.

State agencies

State Criminal Investigation Office

Doorplate of the Landeskriminalamt of the state of Lower Saxony

The State Criminal Police Office (German: Landeskriminalamt / LKA), is an independent law enforcement agency in most German states, that is directly subordinated to the respective state ministry of the interior. The LKA supervises police operations aimed at preventing and investigating criminal offences and coordinates investigations of serious crime, involving more than one regional headquarter. They can take over investigative responsibility in cases of serious crime, e.g. drug trafficking, organized crime, environmental and white-collar crime or extremist and terrorist offences. Each Landeskriminalamt is also a modern central office for information, analyzing police intelligence from home and abroad and transmitting it to police stations. It collates data on criminal offences and offenders in crime statistics that are used as a basis for new strategies, policy decisions and legislative initiatives. It also analyzes certain offense areas, evaluates the police measures executed in each case, forecasts expected tendencies and describes events in annual reports.

State Offices for the Protection of the Constitution

The State Office for the Protection of the Constitution (German: Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz / lfV) in every single state, is the domestic intelligence service, concerned with espionage, treason, and sedition. Due to the negative experiences of abusing power in Nazi-Germany, the domestic intelligence duties are not centralized and therefore maintained by the states. As the BfV, the LfV have no powers of arrest and cannot use force, but it carries out surveillance and supplies police agencies with information on extremist parties, international crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, and other illegal activities.

State Police Forces

Patrol cars used by the Northrhine-Westphalian Police
A senior police officer of the Hamburg Police

The German states are responsible for managing the bulk of Germany's police forces.[4] Each state has its own police force known as the State Police (German: Landespolizei). Each state promulgates a law which lays down the organisation and duties of its police (Landespolizeigesetz or Sicherheits- und Ordnungsgesetz).

Although the state police forces are regulated by sixteen different legislatures and are, in fact, different police forces, there has been an increasing tendency toward standardization of police activities nationwide. Concerns about terrorism and the growth of organized crime have strengthened the movement to centralize police procedures and operations. The idea of creating one single police code for the whole of Germany (allgemeines Polizeigesetz) came up in the 1960s but never passed.

These forces are organized by cities, towns, or rural communities, but all are integral components of the police forces of the state in which they are located. The respective state minister of interior supervises police operations in his or her jurisdiction. Although the internal organizations differ somewhat, all state police are divided into the Protective Police (German: Schutzpolizei / SchuPo), a uniformed service carrying out routine law and order duties, and Criminal Police Office (German: Kriminalpolizei / almost always abbreviated with KriPo), who carry out criminal investigations. The separate Administrative Police formerly had duties that included the registration of residents and the issuance of passports, identity cards, and various permits. These functions have been transferred to civil state government departments (Einwohnermeldeamt—Resident registration office) in all states.

The uniforms and vehicle colour schemes of the state police forces are different, but somewhat similar all over Germany, the state police forces are structured differently in each state as well. For example, in some states the Kripo can be part of the ordinary police force, in some states it is organized separately.

The idea of using the same colour for police uniforms and vehicles throughout the European Union has been realized in all German state police forces and the federal police. All vehicle liveries and uniforms changed from white/green to silver/blue until 2018. The basic silver colour for vehicles in the most states, is actually increasing the resale value and thus lowers leasing costs. The uniforms already have been changed by all state police forces and the federal police from the green/beige version introduced in 1979 to blue ones. Hamburg was the first state to make the transition, Bavaria the last state, finishing the replacement of the green/beige uniforms in 2018.

Auxiliary State Police Forces

Some German states maintain auxiliary police forces under different denominations, depending on the state's legislation. In most auxiliary forces, the officers are armed with pepper spray, in some forces with the regular equipment of professional police officers. Some states maintain a "Voluntary Police Service" (German: Freiwilliger Polizeidienst) like Baden-Württemberg and Hesse, some a "Security Watch" (German: Sicherheitswacht), like Bavaria and Saxony, and only Brandenburg offers a "Security Partner" (German: Sicherheitspartner) program.

Their main duty is crime prevention by:

  • conducting walking patrols to deter street crime
  • patrolling near schools and kindergartens
  • maintaining contact with potential victims of crime and juvenile delinquents.

Bavaria has instituted a system of citizen patrols (Sicherheitswacht) in which unarmed teams of two volunteers patrol assigned areas to improve subjective security. These teams carry a radio to call for help if necessary and a pepper spray for protection. A white armband with black letters identifying them as a "Security Watch" patrol.

Citizens in Baden-Württemberg can participate in the volunteer police programme, where roughly 1,200 citizens voluntarily assist their local police in 20 towns. These volunteers are specially trained, wear regular uniforms and are sworn and armed with normal police gear.

Citizens in Hesse and Saxony can also participate in a Volunteer Police program, where some citizens voluntarily assist their local police. The volunteers are trained for 50 hours in Hesse and 60 hours in Saxony, receive uniforms, pepper spray and a mobile phone in Hesse and a radio in Saxony.

In Brandenburg there were established about 200 security partners along the Polish border as well as around Greater Berlin. The legal basis is a decree of the State Minister of the Interior of 11 October 1995.

People can also join on a full-time basis the Wachpolizei, which has less authority (and less pay) than regular police officers to perform basic police tasks, like the guarding of premisses like an embassy, to release regular officers for patrol work.

Local agencies

Municipal order enforcement agencies

Patrol car of the Ordnungsamt of the city of Fulda

In Germany municipal code enforcement is organized very heterogeneously, depending on state, county and municipal regulations. Currently, many cities in Germany maintain local order enforcement agencies, with limited police-type duties. Those bylaw enforcement officers in general are city employees. Contingent on the respective unit, the officers wear - usually police like - uniforms or wear plain clothes with an armband or a labeled jacket, they could be armed or unarmed. The order enforcement officers are the municipal administration's "eyes and ears on the street". Mostly they are charged with monitoring municipal by-laws and laws that fall under the responsibility of municipalities, which include monitoring the conduct of shop owners, sanitation inspections, veterinary inspections and minor infractions and misdemeanors such as illegal parking, littering, state and local dog regulations etc. They usually only hand out warnings and fines and can only perform a citizen's arrest as any other citizen can. If they see any major crimes they are required to call the state police for a criminal investigation, while they can intervene in ongoing crimes themselves.

Even the denominations are manifold, depending on local regulations as well, most of the time the denominations are:

  • Municipal Code Enforcement Service (Gemeindevollzugsdienst / GVD)
  • Community Enforcement Service (Kommunaler Ordnungsdienst / KOD)
  • Order Enforcement Office (Ordnungsamt / OA), most common denomination
  • Municipal Enforcement Service (Städtischer Ordnungsdienst)
  • Municipal Guard / Municipal Watch (Stadtwacht)

Municipal police forces

In Baden-Württemberg municipal police officers do have the same rights, powers and obligations like the counterparts of the state police. The tasks of a municipal police force depend on the size of the municipality's territory and the number of inhabitants in which it is operating. The "police authority" (German: Polizeibehörde) of a town or city can transfer more tasks and responsibilities to its police force, only if approved by the regional government of the state (German: Regierungspräsidium).

Car of the Stadtpolizei in Frankfurt

In the state of Hesse, city police forces provide the local order enforcement. The officers wear police uniforms and are armed. Similar to the municipal order enforcement units, there are different denominations:

  • City Police (Stadtpolizei)
  • Community Police (Kommunalpolizei)

Training

Police training is primarily the responsibility of the individual states, although the federal government provides assistance and coordination. The high level of police professionalism is attributed in large degree to the length and thoroughness of training. The situation is different in the five new states of eastern Germany. Long accustomed to a society made compliant by eliminating opposing opinions, police forces of the eastern states have to adapt to the growing numbers of opposing right-wing groups and factions.

Most police recruits spend about two and a half years in the regular police academy training (Mittlerer Polizeivollzugsdienst). The auxiliary police forces, with fewer powers and often not equipped with a duty-weapon, are trained in just 12 weeks. In case of higher education (Abitur[clarification needed]), recruits can also start off at a higher rank, comparable to Lieutenant (Rank: Polizei-/Kriminalkommissar), which they have to attend police college for and acquire a bachelor's degree.

After about six years of duty as a patrol officer, an individual with an outstanding record who does well on a highly competitive examination and started off in the regular police academy (mittlerer Polizeivollzugsdienst) can go on to two or three years at a higher police school or a college of public administration to qualify for a bachelor's degree (Aufstieg in den gehobenen Polizeivollzugsdienst). The very few candidates who qualify for the highest ranks of the police study for one year at the Federal Police Leadership Academy in Münster-Hiltrup.

Off duty carry

Depending on the certain state police regulation, German police officers may be authorized to carry their department-issued firearms while off duty. Some states allow their officers to apply for the approval to purchase a private firearm, that can be carried off-duty.[5] Further restrictions that forbid off-duty carry exist (i.e. when drinking alcohol, at public events). In their private properties, the officers are required to have a safe to store their gun while not carrying it.[6]

Women in the Police

The state police forces have had female members since the implementation of the several police forces after World War II. Initially, female officers were assigned to cases involving juveniles and women, working in plainclothes without weapons. Since the mid-1970s, female police officers have performed general police patrol duties and their proportion of total police officers is steadily rising. However, their representation in leadership positions is still relatively low.

Alert Police

The Alert Police (German: Bereitschaftspolizei / BePo), literally "Readiness or Standby Police" is available in each state for riot control, although their primary function is training police recruits. In this tasks it is comparable with Anti-Riot Police Forces in other countries. Beside this, the Federal Police maintains a Bereitschaftspolizei as well, to assist the state police forces if necessary. While the states are free to choose the equipment and to organize their police forces autonomously, the state and federal alert police units receive standardized weapons, vehicles, anti-riot gears and communications equipment from the federal government by law. An office in the Federal Ministry of Interior monitors and coordinates the deployment of the BePo units, which can be called upon to assist the police of other states in case of riots or other civil unrest.

The Alert Police is assigned to barracks where they are organized along military lines into squads, platoons, and 120- to 150-member training or standby companies. In most states, the BePo contingents consists of one 600- to 800-member battalion, but in six of the larger states they are organized into regiments.

Duties vary according to local requirements. In Hamburg, for example, the BePo patrol the subway system, assist in police raids in the red-light district, and are present at large demonstrations and soccer matches. Their units are equipped with their own transport, tents, and rations, enabling them to be shifted quickly to other Länder without having to rely on outside support. The Readiness Police have water cannons and armoured vehicles but are armed with lighter weapons than those of the federal police.

All state alert police forces and the federal alert police force maintain specialized units as well, the so-called Arrest Units (German: Beweissicherungs- und Festnahmeeinheiten, lit. "Units for arrests and securing evidence", abbreviated BFE). The BFE units were established in 1987 after two police officers were killed during demonstrations against the expansion of Frankfurt Airport.

As a reaction to several terrorist attacks in Europe since 2015, an additional unit, the BFE+, was implemented in summer 2015. The BFE+ should provide specialized operators for long lasting (search) operations for example after a terrorist attack.

Career brackets

In general, the German law enforcement authorities of today have personnel of three available career brackets, the lowest being the "Mittlerer Dienst" ("middle service"), followed by the so-called "gehobener Dienst" ("elevated service") and the "Höherer Dienst" ("higher service"). Only the Federal Customs Administration (Bundeszollverwaltung) and the Departments of Justice and Corrections of the states (Justizvollzugsdienst — Justice Enforcement Service) still have personnel of the very lowest career bracket "Einfacher Dienst" ("simple service"). To understand this structure it may be helpful to compare it with military rank structures because decades ago it was really similar.

Development of career

Today nine of sixteen State Police Forces recruit only for the career bracket of the "gehobener Dienst".

Entry into "Mittlerer Dienst" requires successful completion of 10 years of schooling, or a successful training in any other job and some years of working in this job. Period of training is 2 years at the police academy starting with the rank of Polizeimeister-Anwärter. The highest possible rank in this bracket is that of Polizeihauptmeister mit Zulage. In the mid to late seventies the "mittlerer Dienst" was disestablished for the detective branch Kriminalpolizei, but in some states of the former GDR, they still exist. Rank designation, in this case, f.e. Kriminalhauptmeister.

Entry into the "gehobener Dienst" requires a high-school diploma and period of training is 3 years at a college of administration and justice. The highest possible rank in this career is that of Erster Polizei-/Kriminal-hauptkommissar.

The third career bracket is the so-called "höherer Dienst". A direct entry into this career bracket is possible and requires a law degree of a university, but the majority of these officers had started their career in "mittlerer" or "gehobener Dienst". The period of training is 2 years at the Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei or German Police University. That is the only official centralised educational institution of the German police. Starting at the rank of "Polizeirat" or "Kriminalrat" (literally "police counsellor" or "detective counsellor") up to "Polizeipräsident" ("police president"), which is (in most German states) equivalent to the rank of Chief of Police in the USA.

Judiciary

The German legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of statutes, as compared to the common law systems. The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court, being located in the city of Karlsruhe) is the German supreme court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review.[7][8] Germany's supreme court system, called Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes ("Supreme Federal Courts of Justice"), is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice ("Bundesgerichtshof" in Karlsruhe) and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court ("Bundesarbeitsgericht" in Erfurt), the Federal Social Court ("Bundessozialgericht" in Kassel), the Federal Fiscal Court ("Bundesfinanzhof" in Munich) and the Federal Administrative Court ("Bundesverwaltungsgericht" in Leipzig). The Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (International Penal Law Code) regulates the consequences of crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes, and gives German courts universal jurisdiction under specific circumstances.[9]

Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch (literally Penal Law Book) and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (literally Civil Law Book) respectively. The German penal system is aimed towards rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the general public.[10] Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges (Schöffen or assessors) sit side by side with professional judges.[11][12]

Equipment

Vehicles

A patrolcar of the Schleswig-Holstein Police, bearing neon reflective surfaces
A Police motorcycle used by the North Rhine-Westphalia Police
Federal Police patrol car in Kiel
Sonderwagen 5 of the Saxony State Police
Mercedes Benz police van in Berlin, nicknamed "Wanne" ("Bathtub") in outdated green livery

German police typically use cars from German manufacturers. Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, Audi, Opel and BMW are commonly used as patrol cars (Streifenwagen). States used to prefer vehicles built in or close to the respective state. However, with most states now leasing instead of buying their vehicles and in light of European Union rules on contract bidding, states have less latitude in choosing which manufacturer will provide their patrol cars than they did.

In the Saarland which is historically closely tied to neighboring France, vehicles from French companies as well as European Fords are used as police cars. The Bavarian State Police uses mainly BMW and Audi vehicles, as both companies are based in Bavaria (BMW in Munich and Audi in Ingolstadt). In the eastern states of Germany, mostly Volkswagens are in use (Volkswagen is based in Wolfsburg, close to the eastern states). The Hessian police prefer Opel cars (the Opel brand formerly belonged to General Motors, currently it is owned by PSA, which is a part of Stellantis) is based in Rüsselsheim near Frankfurt am Main in Hesse). Baden-Württemberg mostly uses Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen cars for their police force.

Before the police reform in the mid-1970s, Germany had many city police forces and each had its own police car livery. Dark blue, dark green and white were popular colours. However, the dark colours were perceived as a disadvantage as many accidents occurred at night during high-speed chases. Therefore, the conference of interior ministers decided on standardising police car liveries so that the cars appeared non-threatening and could be easily visible at night. Bright green and white became the colours associated with police vehicles in Germany beginning in the 1970s. More recently, police forces changed to silver cars and vans instead of white ones as they were easier to sell than the white ones when their police service was over. In an effort to harmonize the coloring of police in Europe, Germany has adopted a blue-silver livery[13] with the addition of neon reflective surfaces to increase visibility.

Today, German police forces generally lease patrol cars from a manufacturer, usually for a period of three years. The leasing company marks the patrol cars using plastic foils with reflecting strips as borders instead of painting them. The foils are removed when the cars are sold to the public as standard silver used cars when the lease runs out.

Unlike in other countries like the United States, police cars in Germany rarely come with any special equipment (apart from the obvious, like flashing lights or sirens) not available to other users of the same model, as the cars on sale in European markets are generally considered to be fit for police duty without any further alteration.

Type of vehicles

These vehicles are used by law enforcement agencies in Germany:

Uniforms

Hamburg uniform type
Saxony uniform type
Hesse uniform type

History

From 1945 onwards, due to the multilayer organisation in municipal and rural state law enforcement agencies, Nazi Police forces wore completely different colored uniforms. In the mid-seventies the aftermath of Munich massacre a reorganisation of the state police forces took place. This opportunity was taken to implement a standard police uniform for all West German states and West Berlin. All state police forces implemented the same green and beige uniform, most parts designed by Heinz Oestergaard. The standard uniform consisted of a tunic, parka, pullover without shroud, coat, visor cap and necktie in moss-green, trouser, pullover and cardigan in brown-beige, shirt (long and short sleeve) in bamboo-yellow. Shoes, boots, holsters, leather jackets and other leather gear were black. Leather gloves were olive-drab. There were some exceptions. Visor caps with a white top were worn by the traffic police and by the Schutzpolizei during traffic regulation duties.

The old beige uniform worn in Bavaria until 2018

The state river or water police forces (German: Wasserschutzpolizei) wore uniforms of a completely different design. The basic uniform was navy-blue, the shirt was white and the visor cap had a white top. The BGS wore an all forest green uniform with a bamboo-yellow shirt. After German Reunification the Volkspolizei was broken up into Landespolizei and switched to the standard uniform. During the period of transition, they still wore their old uniforms but with Western-style sleeve and cap ensigns.

Transition to blue uniforms of state and federal police units

Like most European countries have blue police uniforms, all German State Police Forces (German: Landespolizei) and the Federal Police (German: Bundespolizei) have shifted to blue uniforms to conform with the common blue image of most police forces in Europe. In line with the uniforms, police vehicles and various items of equipment also changed the color to blue. Although there are 16 states, currently only six types of state police uniforms are in use, because many states co-operate in the design and sourcing of the police uniforms.

State level
State Police Force Police uniform type Launched in Conversion finished in Conversion to blue patrol cars
Baden-Württemberg State Police Baden-Württemberg 2010 2011 2008
Bavarian State Police Bavaria: a modification of the Austrian federal police uniform 2016 2018 2016
Berlin State Police Brandenburg 2010 2013 2010
Brandenburg State Police Brandenburg 2008 2010 2005
Bremen State Police Hamburg 2006 2010 2006
Hamburg State Police Hamburg 2005 2005 2002
Hesse State Police Hesse 2008 2008 2005
Lower Saxony State Police Hamburg 2006 2008 2004
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Police Hamburg 2009 2011 2009
North Rhine-Westphalia State Police North Rhine-Westphalia 2007 2012 2007
Rhineland-Palatinate State Police Hesse 2008 2012 2006
Saarland State Police Hesse 2015 2016 2015
Saxony State Police Brandenburg 2009 2012 2008
Saxony-Anhalt State Police mixed uniform type of Brandenburg and Hesse uniform types 2009 2012 2006
Schleswig-Holstein State Police Hamburg 2006 2008 2005
Thuringia State Police (until 2020) Hesse (until 2020) 2009 2011 2006
Thüringen State Police (since 2020) Hamburg (since 2020) 2020 ongoing 2006
Federal level
Federal Police Force Police uniform type Launched in Conversion finished in Conversion to blue patrol cars
Federal Parliament Police Federal Police 2018 2018 -
Federal Police Federal Police 2005 2012 2005

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.

  1. ^ "BKA - Fakten und Zahlen".
  2. ^ "BKA - Aufgabenbereiche des BKA".
  3. ^ OSCE Entry on BPOL http://polis.osce.org/countries/details.php?item_id=17#Country_Profile_Section_211 Archived 2009-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ OSCE entry http://polis.osce.org/countries/details.php?item_id=17#Country_Profile_Section_212 Archived 2009-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "Waffengesetz (WaffG) § 55 Ausnahmen für oberste Bundes- und Landesbehörden, Bundeswehr, Polizei und Zollverwaltung, erheblich gefährdete Hoheitsträger sowie Bedienstete anderer Staaten" [Weapons Act §55 Exceptions for higher federal and state authorities, military, police and customs, extensive dangered public authorities as well as servants other countries]. of October 11, 2002 (in German). Bundestag (Federal parliament) with approval by Bundesrat (State representatives).
  6. ^ Personal Knowledge
  7. ^ "Germany". U.S. Department of State. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  8. ^ "Federal Constitutional Court". Bundesverfassungsgericht. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  9. ^ "Völkerstrafgesetz Teil 1 Allgemeine Regelungen" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  10. ^ "§ 2 Strafvollzugsgesetz" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  11. ^ Jehle, Jörg-Martin; German Federal Ministry of Justice (2009). Criminal Justice in Germany. Forum-Verlag. p. 23. ISBN 978-3-936999-51-8.
  12. ^ Casper, Gerhard; Zeisel, Hans [in German] (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts". Journal of Legal Studies. 1 (1): 141. doi:10.1086/467481. JSTOR 724014. S2CID 144941508.
  13. ^ "NRW-Polizei komplett in blauer Uniform / Minister Jäger: Wechsel schneller als geplant | Land.NRW". www.land.nrw. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
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Burmish language of Western Yunnan, China PelaBolaPronunciationIPA: [pə˧˩la˥]Native toChinaEthnicity1,000 (2001)[1]Native speakers400 (2000)[1]Language familySino-Tibetan Tibeto-BurmanLolo–BurmeseBurmishMaruicPelaLanguage codesISO 639-3bxdGlottologpela1242ELPPelaBola is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Pela or Bola (Chinese: 波拉; autonym: pə³¹la⁵⁵, exonym: po³¹no⁵¹), is a Burmish …

Thabo Sefolosha Informações pessoais Nome completo Thabo Patrick Sefolosha Data de nasc. 2 de maio de 1984 (39 anos) Local de nasc. Vevey, Vaud Suíça Altura 2,01 m Peso 101 kg Informações no clube Clube atual Utah Jazz Número 25 Posição Ala-armador Clubes profissionais Ano Clubes Partidas (pontos) 2001–20022002–20052005–20062006–20092009-201420112014-20172017-presente Tege Riviera Basket Élan Chalon Angelico Biella Chicago Bulls Oklahoma City Thunder →Fenerbahçe Ü…

Греков Митрофан БорисовичГреков Митрофан Борисович При народженні Мартищенко Митрофан ПавловичНародження 3 червня 1882(1882-06-03)хутір Шарпаєвка, колишня Область Війська ДонськогоСмерть 27 листопада 1934(1934-11-27) (52 роки)  СевастопольПоховання Новодівичий цвинтарКраїна  Рос…

Persegal TegalNama lengkapPersatuan Sepakbola Kota TegalJulukanLaskar BAHARIBerdiri1970; 52 tahun lalu (1970)StadionStadion Yos Sudarso Kota Tegal, Jawa Tengah(Kapasitas: 12.000)PemilikPemerintah Kota TegalLigaLiga 3 (Senior) Piala Soeratin (U-18)Kelompok suporter TEGALFANS Poseidon Persegal Suporter Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Persegal Tegal (Persatuan Sepakbola Kota Tegal) adalah sebuah tim sepak bola Indonesia yang bermarkas di Stadion Yos Sudarso, kota Tegal, Jawa Tengah. Persegal saa…

MakedoniaΜακεδονία808 SM–168 SM Surya Vergina Makedonia pada tahun 336 SM (warna jingga)Ibu kotaAigai (Vergina)[1](808–399 SM)Pela[2](399–167 SM)Bahasa yang umum digunakanMakedonia Kuno Yunani AtikaYunani KoineAgama Politeisme YunaniPemerintahanMonarkiRaja (Basileus) • 808 SM–778 SM Karanos• 179 SM–168 SM Perseus LegislatifSinedrionEra SejarahAbad Kuno• Didirikan oleh Karanos 808 SM• Vasal Persia[3] 512/511–493 SM…

Ambrosios Zografos Ambrosios Aristotelis Zografos (bahasa Yunani: Αμβρόσιος Αριστοτέλης Ζωγράφος; kelahiran 1960, Aegina, Attica, Yunani) adalah seorang uskup Patriarkat Ekumenikal Konstantinopel; Metropolitan Korea dan Eksark Jepang[1] (sejak 2008). Ia juga merupakan profesor di Jurusan Kajian Yunani di Universitas Kajian Luar Negeri Hankuk. Referensi ^ Ὁ Σεβ. Μητροπολίτης Κορέας, ὑπέρτιμος καί Ἐξαρχος Ἰαπω…

Convenience store chain operated by Amazon.com Amazon GoThe first Amazon Go location, at Day 1 in SeattleTypeSubsidiaryIndustryRetailConvenience storesFoundedDecember 2016 (2016-12)Seattle, Washington, U.S.Number of locations43 (2023[1])Area servedSeattleNew York CityChicagoLos AngelesLondonParentAmazonWebsiteamazon.com/go Amazon Go is a chain of convenience stores in the United States and the United Kingdom, operated by the online retailer Amazon. The stores are cashierle…

「横浜マラソン」とは異なります。 横浜国際女子マラソン 2009年度 - 横浜開港資料館前にて開催地 日本・神奈川県横浜市種類 ロードコース距離 マラソン最高記録 尾崎好美 2:23:56創立 2009年終了 2014年プロジェクト:スポーツテンプレート 横浜国際女子マラソン(よこはまこくさいじょしマラソン、英語名:Yokohama Women's Marathon)[1]は、神奈川県横浜市を会場として2009…

Subfamily of crickets Eneopterinae Eneoptera guyanensis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Orthoptera Suborder: Ensifera Family: Gryllidae Subfamily: EneopterinaeSaussure, 1874 Genera See text Synonyms Eneopteridae, Eneopteriens, Eneopterites Saussure, 1874 Platydactylidae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1873 The Eneopterinae[1] are a subfamily of crickets, in the family Gryllidae, based on the type genus Eneoptera. It is one of …

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Pointe-Noire. Pointe-Noire Place principale avec l'hôtel de ville de Pointe-Noire et la colonne républicaine (ensemble inscrit aux MH). Administration Pays France Région Guadeloupe Département Guadeloupe Arrondissement Basse-Terre Intercommunalité Communauté d'agglomération du Nord Basse-Terre Maire Mandat Camille Elisabeth 2020-2026 Code postal 97116 Code commune 97121 Démographie Gentilé Pointe-Noirien ou Ponti-Néris Populationmunicipale 5 963&#…

ЗанудаL'emmerdeurЖанр КомедіяРежисер Едуар МолінароПродюсер Жорж ДенсіжерсОлександр МнушкінСценарист Франсіс ВеберУ головних ролях Ліно ВентураЖак БрельОператор Рауль КутарКомпозитор Жак БрельФрансуа РауберКінокомпанія Ariane FilmsMondex FilmsOceania ProduzioniRizzoli FilmТривалість 85 хв.Мова …

2018–2021 detention of Canadians in China Two Michaels redirects here. For the men who entered into the first legal same-sex marriage in Canada, see Michael Leshner and Michael Stark. Michael Kovrig (left) and Michael Spavor (right)In December 2018, Canadian nationals Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig were taken into custody in China. It appeared that their detention on December 10 and subsequent indictment under the state secrets law were linked to the arrest of Huawei’s chief financial off…

Эта статья — об автомобилях Mini (1959–2000). О BMW Mini с 2000 см. MINI (BMW). У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Мини. Mini Общие данные Производитель Великобритания:British Motor Corporation (1959—1966)British Motor Holdings (1966—1968)British Leyland, позже переименованная вRover Group (1968—1994) Rover Group в сост…

Bridge in DerbyFriar Gate BridgeLooking north west out of the city centre through the span of the bridgeCoordinates52°55′26″N 1°29′08″W / 52.923989°N 1.485604°W / 52.923989; -1.485604CarriesGNR Derbyshire and Staffordshire ExtensionCrossesFriar GateLocaleDerbyOther name(s)Handyside BridgeOwnerDerby City CouncilHeritage statusGrade II listedHistoryDesignerRichard JohnsonConstructed byAndrew Handyside and CompanyOpened1878Location Friar Gate Bridge, was made by …

The following is a list of fictional characters from Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park, its 1995 sequel The Lost World, and their film adaptations, Jurassic Park (1993) and The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Also included are characters from the sequel films Jurassic Park III, Jurassic World, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, Jurassic World Dominion, and the short film Battle at Big Rock. These films are not adaptations and have no original source novels but contain some characters an…

Medical conditionTerminal complement pathway deficiencycomplement membrane attack complex Terminal complement pathway deficiency is a genetic condition affecting the complement membrane attack complex (MAC). It involves deficiencies of C5, C6, C7, and C8. (While C9 is part of the MAC, and deficiencies have been identified,[1] it is not required for cell lysis.[2]) People with this condition are prone to meningococcal infection.[3] Vaccination may be recommended.[4]…

Elena Dement'eva Elena Dement'eva agli US Open 2010 Nazionalità  Russia Altezza 180 cm Peso 64 kg Tennis Termine carriera 29 ottobre 2010 Carriera Singolare1 Vittorie/sconfitte 576 – 273 (67,84%) Titoli vinti 16 Miglior ranking 3ª (6 aprile 2009) Risultati nei tornei del Grande Slam  Australian Open SF (2009)  Roland Garros F (2004)  Wimbledon SF (2008, 2009)  US Open F (2004) Altri tornei  Tour Finals SF (2000, 2008)  Giochi olimpici (2008), (2000) Doppio1…

Jewish American mathematician (1915–1958) Milton AbramowitzBorn1915BrooklynDied5 July 1958 (aged 42–43)Alma materBrooklyn CollegeNew York University[edit on Wikidata] Milton Abramowitz (19 February 1915 in Brooklyn, New York – 5 July 1958)[1] was a Jewish[2] American mathematician at the National Bureau of Standards who, with Irene Stegun, edited a classic book of mathematical tables called Handbook of Mathematical Functions, widely known as Abramowitz and Stegun. …

Polynesian ethnic group Indigenous to French Polynesia This article is about indigenous people of Tahiti. For other uses, see Tahitian. Tahitians (Māʼohi)Taʼata Tahiti (Maʼohi)TahitiensTahitian girlsTotal populationc. 185,000(Ethnic Tahitians worldwide)Regions with significant populations French Polynesia   178,133(on Tahiti only, August 2007 census) United States5,062 (2010)[1] New Zealand1,737 (2018)[2]LanguagesTahitian, FrenchReligionPredomina…

South African supermarket chain This article is about the South African retailer. For other uses, see ShopRite (disambiguation). Shoprite Holdings LtdTypePublicTraded asJSE: SHPIndustryRetailFounded1979; 44 years ago (1979)HeadquartersBrackenfell, Western Cape, South AfricaNumber of locations3,326 stores (Distribution of total operations as at 2 July 2023)Key peopleP.C. Engelbrecht (CEO)Wendy Lucas-Bull (Chairperson)RevenueR219.5 billion (FY 2023 financial results) [1&…

Demonstration flight of the SpaceX Dragon 2 Crew Dragon Demo-1Dragon C204 silhouetted against Earth's horizon, during its approach to the ISSNamesCrew Demo-1SpaceX Demo-1Demonstration Mission-1Mission typeISS technology demonstrationOperatorSpaceXCOSPAR ID2019-011A SATCAT no.44063Mission duration6 days, 5 hours, 56 minutesOrbits completed62 Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftCrew Dragon C204Spacecraft typeCrew DragonManufacturerSpaceXLaunch mass12,055 kg (26,577 lb)Dry …

Penampakan bagian dalam stasiun Gare Montparnasse merupakan satu dari enam stasiun kereta api besar di Paris, terletak di area Montparnasse, di wilayah Arondisemen ke-14 dan Arondisemen ke-15 Paris. Stasiun ini digunakan untuk kereta menuju Barat dan Baratdaya Prancis, dan TGV menuju Tours, Bordeaux, Rennes, Nantes. Terdapat juga sebuah stasiun angkutan cepat, dan trotoar berjalan berkecepatan tinggi.[1] Sejarah Interior terminal TGV Stasiun ini aslinya dibuka [ada tahun 1840. Sebuah sta…

New CityCDP(EN) New City, New York New City – VedutaIl tribunale della contea di Rockland LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato New York ConteaRockland TerritorioCoordinate41°08′44.16″N 73°59′42″W / 41.1456°N 73.995°W41.1456; -73.995 (New City)Coordinate: 41°08′44.16″N 73°59′42″W / 41.1456°N 73.995°W41.1456; -73.995 (New City) Altitudine48 m s.l.m. Superficie42,48 km² Abitanti33 559 (2010) Densi…

Argentine footballer Juan Elias Yustrich Personal informationFull name Juan Elías YustrichDate of birth (1909-07-09)July 9, 1909Place of birth Rosario, ArgentinaDate of death October 6, 2002(2002-10-06) (aged 93)Position(s) GoalkeeperYouth career Provincial de RosarioSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1932–1937 Boca Juniors 173 (0)1938–1939 Gimnasia (LP) 48 (0)1940–1941 Lanús 53 (0)International career Argentina 1 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Juan Elías Yustrich …

R2 RNA elementPredicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of R2_retro_elIdentifiersSymbolR2_retro_elRfamRF00524Other dataRNA typeCis-regDomain(s)EukaryotaSOSO:0000233PDB structuresPDBe The R2 RNA element is a non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposable element that inserts at a specific site in the 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of most insect genomes.[1] In order to insert itself into the genome, retrotransposon encoded protein (R2) protein makes a specific nick in …

Private university in Bulacan, Philippines Baliuag UniversityPamantasang BaliwagLatin: Universitas BaligensisFormer namesBaliuag Institute (1925-1947)Baliuag Junior College (1947-1968)Baliuag Colleges (1968-2001)MottoLet's Be The Best We Can Be!Patria. Scientia. Virtus.(Country. Science. Virtue.)TypePrivate non-sectarian research coeducational basic and higher education institutionEstablishedFebruary 2, 1925 (99 years and 35 days)ChairmanAsteya M. SantiagoPresidentPatricia B. LagundaVi…

Republika FinskaSuomen tasavaltaRepubliken Finland Zastava Grb Himna: fi: Maamme - sv: Vårt land(bs: Naša zemlja) - Ålänningens sång (u Ålandu) [1] Položaj Finske na karti Položaj Finske Glavni grad Helsinki60°10′N 24°56′E / 60.167°N 24.933°E / 60.167; 24.933 Najveći grad Helsinki Službeni jezik finski, švedski Državno uređenje Unitarna parlamentarna republika • Predsjednik Alexander Stubb • Premijer Petteri Orpo Zakonodavst…

بريسيلا فاريا دي أوليفيرا معلومات شخصية الميلاد 10 مارس 1982 (العمر 42 سنة)ساو باولو  الطول 1.66 متر  مركز اللعب وسط الجنسية البرازيل  المنتخب الوطني 2 سنوات فريق مشاركات (أهداف) منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم للسيدات 3 (0) المواقع مُعرِّف الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم 27  2 عدد مرات ا…

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