Lancia traditionally used the design house Pininfarina and had not used Bertone before. Bertone desired to create an opportunity for a relationship with Lancia and knew that Lancia was looking for a replacement for the aging Fulvia for use in rally sports. Bertone decided to design an eye-catching model to show to Lancia. Bertone used the running gear of a Fulvia Coupé which belonged to one of his friends and built a running model around it. When Bertone himself appeared at the Lancia factory gates with the Stratos Zero he passed underneath the barrier, to great applause from the Lancia workers. After that Lancia and Bertone agreed to develop a new rally car based on the ideas of Bertone's designer Marcello Gandini. Gandini had already designed the Lamborghini Miura and was working on the Countach at the time.
Lancia presented the Bertone-designed Lancia Stratos HF prototype at the 1971 Turin Motor Show, a year after the announcement of the Stratos Zero concept car. The prototype Stratos HF (Chassis 1240) was fluorescent red in colour and featured a distinctive crescent-shaped wrap-around windshield providing maximum forward visibility with almost no rear visibility. The prototype had three different engines in its early development life: the Lancia Fulvia engine, the Lancia Beta engine and finally, for the 1971 public launch, the mid-mounted Dino Ferrari V6 producing 190 hp (142 kW) in road trim. The use of this engine had been planned from the beginning of the project, but Enzo Ferrari was reluctant to sign off the use of this engine in a car he saw as a competitor to his own Dino V6. After the production of the Dino had ended, the "Commendatore" (a popular nickname for Enzo Ferrari) agreed to deliver the engines for the Stratos, upon which Lancia suddenly received 500 units.
The final design shares several striking features with Gandini's Lamborghini Miura: the dual clamshell hoods (the front opening forward, over the spare wheel placed identically, and the rear hinging rearward, with stepped black louvres above the engine and integrating a trunk behind it) – as well as the way the door-glass bottom rears curve upward, giving the otherwise frameless doors an upward-swept frame section. In contrast though, the Stratos' body received an unmistakable short and wide wedge shape, so extreme that the nose drops below the top crests of the front wheel wells, and made unique by the semi-elliptical greenhouse's windshield and door glass ensemble, when seen from above.
The Stratos was a successful rally car during the 1970s and early 1980s. It started a new era in rallying as it was the first car designed from scratch for this kind of competition.[7] The three leading men behind the entire rallying project were Lancia team manager Cesare Fiorio, British racer/engineer Mike Parkes and factory rally driver Sandro Munari, with Bertone's Designer Marcello Gandini taking a personal interest in designing and producing the bodywork. A dedicated calculations engineer from Lancia was tasked with performing calculations on many of the chassis, steering, suspension and engine components: Nicola Materazzi.[8]
Lancia undertook extensive testing with the Stratos and raced the car in several racing events where Group 5 prototypes were allowed during the 1972 and 1973 seasons. Production of the 500 cars required for homologation in Group 4 commenced in 1973 and the Stratos was homologated for the 1974 World Rally Championship season.[5] The Ferrari Dino V6 engine was phased out in 1974, but 500 engines - among the last examples built - were delivered to Lancia.[9] Production ended in 1975, when it was thought that only 492 were made (for the 1976 season, the Group 4 production requirement was reduced to 400 in 24 months[10]). The manufacturer of the car was Bertone in Turin, with final assembly by Lancia at the Chivasso plant.[11] Powered by the Dino 2.4 L V6 engine that was also fitted to the rallying versions, but in a lower state of tune, it resulted in a power output of 190 PS; 188 bhp (140 kW) at 7,000 rpm and 226 N⋅m; 166 lbf⋅ft (23 kg⋅m) at 4,000 rpm of torque, giving the road car a 0–100 km/h (62 mph) time of 6.8 seconds, and a top speed of 232 km/h (144 mph).[3] The car was sold as the Lancia Stratos HF Stradale.
The Stratos weighed between 900 and 950 kilograms, depending on configuration. Power output was around 275 hp (205 kW) for the original 12 valve version and 320 hp (239 kW) for the 24 valve version. Beginning with the 1978 season the 24 valve heads were banned from group 4 competition by a change to the FIA rules (which would have required additional production of 24-valve cars for re-homologation).[10][12] Even with this perceived power deficit the Stratos was the car to beat in competition and when it did not suffer an accident or premature transmission failure (of the latter there were many) it had great chances to win.
The car won the 1974, 1975 and 1976championship titles in the hands of Sandro Munari and Björn Waldegård, and might have gone on to win more had not internal politics within the Fiat group placed rallying responsibility on the Fiat 131 Abarths. As well as victories on the 1975, 1976 and 1977Monte Carlo Rally, all courtesy of Munari, the Stratos won the event with the private Chardonnet Team as late as 1979.[7]
Without support from Fiat, and despite new regulations that restricted engine power, the car would remain a serious competitor and proved able to beat works cars in several occasions when entered by an experienced private team with a talented driver. The last victory of the Stratos was in 1981, at the Tour de Corse Automobile, another World Rally Championship event, with a victory by longtime Stratos privateer Bernard Darniche.
When the Fiat group favoured the Fiat 131 for rallying, Lancia also built two Group 5 turbocharged 'silhouette' Stratos for closed-track endurance racing. The powertrain and aerodynamics were engineered by Nicola Materazzi based on experience gained with the earlier generation.[13][14] These cars failed against the Porsche 935s on closed tracks but proved successful in hybrid events. Stratos won a record 5 times the Tour de France Automobile between 1973 and 1980, and also the 1974, 1976 and 1978 Giro d'Italia automobilistico, an Italian counterpart of the Tour de France Automobile. One of the cars was destroyed in Zeltweg, when it caught fire due to overheating problems.[15] The last surviving car would win the Giro d'Italia event again before it was shipped to Japan to compete in the Fuji Speedway based Formula Silhouette series, which was never raced. The car would then be sold and reside in the Matsuda Collection before then being sold to a collector of Stratos', Ernst Hrabalek, who had the largest Lancia Stratos Collection in the world at the time, 11 unique Lancia Stratos cars, including the fluorescent red 1971 factory prototype and the 1977 Safari Rally car.[nb 1][16][17][18] The Stratos also gained limited success in 24 Hours of Le Mans, with a car, driven by Christine Dacremont and Lella Lombardi, finishing 20th overall and 2nd in GTP class in 1976.[19]
Another unique Group 5 car is the Lancia Stratos HF of Austrian Rallycross driver Andy Bentza. The car was first driven by his Memphis teammate Franz Wurz, father of Formula One pilot Alexander Wurz. In 1976 Wurz claimed the first ever European Rallycross title recognised by the FIA with the car, by then still featuring a 2.4 litre engine with first a 12 and later a 24 valve head. For the ERC series of 1977 Wurz was entrusted with an experimental 24 valve engine by Mike Parkes, equipped with a special crankshaft to bring the engine capacity up to just under 3000 cc. For 1978 Bentza took the Stratos over from Wurz, sold his own 2.4 L 12V Stratos to compatriot Reneé Vontsina, and won the GT Division title of the ERC. The one and only 3.0 litre Stratos worldwide was raced by Bentza till the end of 1983. After keeping the car for another 30 years Bentza has sold the Stratos to Alexander Wurz. It was fully restored over a period of almost two years and revealed to the public in May 2016, converted back to its 1976 rallycross specification with Memphis livery.
The Lancia Stratos Zero (or 0) preceded the Lancia Stratos HF prototype by 12 months and was first shown to the public at the Turin Motor Show in 1970. The futuristic bodywork was designed by Marcello Gandini, head designer at Bertone, and featured a 1.6 L Lancia Fulvia V4 engine.[20] The Lancia Stratos HF Zero was exhibited in Bertone's museum for many years. In 2011, it was sold during an auction in Italy for €761,600.[21] It has been displayed in the exhibit "Sculpture in Motion: Masterpieces of Italian Design" at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles. It was at the High Museum of Art in Atlanta at the "Dream Cars" exhibit in 2014, on loan from the XJ Wang Collection of New York City.[22]
The car's body is wedge-shaped and finished in distinctive orange. It is unusually short in length (3.58 m (141 in)) and height (84 cm (33 in)), and it shares little with the production version. The Zero appeared in Michael Jackson's 1988 film Moonwalker.[23]
In 1978, Bertone created and designed a concept car based on the Stratos called the Sibilo. It was conceived as a futuristic two-seater coupè on the chassis of the Lancia Stratos, the wheelbase of which was lengthened from 2160 to 2280mm. The car's glass surfaces seemed almost integrated into the volumes of the body, which looked like a monolithic sculpture of vigorous and smooth shape.
Stola S81
In 2000, Marcello Gandini created a modern interpretation of his Lancia Stratos, commissioned by the Stola of Turin. A concept car that is a two-seater coupe built with Ciba LY 5185, a new material considered more useful than traditional clay.[24]
At the 2005 Geneva Auto Show, a British design firm known as Fenomenon, who had rights to the name,[25] exhibited a retromodern concept version of the Stratos, designed by Chris Hrabalek[26] and following its exhibition at the Frankfurt show, developed by Prodrive. The concept was based around a mid-mounted 419 hp (312 kW) V8 engine.[27]
Following the stalled Fenomenon project, one interested backer funded a one-off model. Commissioned by Michael Stoschek (a keen rally driver and chairman of Brose Group) and his son, Maximilian, the New Stratos was announced in 2010 based on the overall design and concept of the original Stratos and was designed and developed by Pininfarina.[30]
The car made use of a Ferrari 430 Scuderia as a donor car, using the chassis (shortened by 200 mm (7.9 in) resulting in a wheelbase of 2,400 mm (94.49 in)) and much of the mechanical elements including the 4.3 L V8 engine (4,308 cm3), tuned to generate 540 hp (403 kW) at 8,200 rpm[31] and torque of 519 N⋅m (383 lb⋅ft) at 3,750 rpm.
The New Stratos weighs 1,247 kg (2,749 lb) and is claimed to accelerate to 100 km/h in 3.3 seconds and on to a top speed close to 320 km/h (200 mph).[32] While shorter than its donor car, the New Stratos is a little larger than the original Stratos, with a length of 4,181 mm (164.6 in), 1,971 mm (77.6 in) wide and 1,240 mm (48.8 in) tall. There were reports that given sufficient interest a small production run of up to 25 cars could be possible.[33] Ferrari did not consent to this plan, and forbade its suppliers to support the project.[34] However, on 10 February 2018, Italian coachbuilding firm Manifattura Automobili Torino of Paolo Garella[35] announced that it would be commencing with the production of the originally planned 25 cars.[36]
In popular culture
The Autobot Wheeljack from the Transformers franchise transforms into an Alitalia-sponsored Stratos in the Generation 1 toy line and its cartoon adaptation, albeit with the Alitalia markings on the toy intentionally misspelled as "Alitalla" (presumably to avoid trademark infringement). Earlier samples of the character's toy from Takara's Diaclone toy line (where most of Transformers' character designs came from) were sold with a Marlboro-inspired livery.[37]
Notes
^Many sources in the 2000s claimed the car belonged to the son of Ernst, Christian Hrabalek, when in fact it was 'loaned' to him.
References
^"Designer". ajovalo.net. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
^Derrick, Martin; Clay, Simon (2013). Million Dollar Classics: The World's Most Expensive Cars. Chartwell Books. ISBN978-0-7858-3051-1.
^End credits. Moonwalker. Warner Brothers. 2005. The Producers gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of Carrozzeria Bertone S.P.A. of Torino, Italy for the use of the beautiful STRATOS 0 used in this film.
Adhesive made of natural or synthetic raw materials for bonding wood and wood-based materials Wood glue is an adhesive used to tightly bond pieces of wood together. Many substances have been used as glues. Traditionally animal proteins like casein from milk or collagen from animal hides and bones were boiled down to make early glues. They worked by solidifying as they dried. Later, glues were made from plant starches like flour or potato starch. When combined with water and heated, the starch...
المدرسة الحبيبية الصغرىمعلومات عامةجزء من مدينة تونس العتيقةمدارس مدينة تونس البداية 1927 البلد تونس تقع في التقسيم الإداري تونس العاصمة الصفة التُّراثيَّة جزء من مواقع التراث العالمي تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات المدرسة الحبيبية الصغرى هي مدرسة من مدارس مدينة تو
Monumento equestre a Enrico dell'AcquaAutoriEnrico Saroldi (bronzo) e Amedeo Fontana (granito) Data1929 Materialebronzo e granito Dimensioni930×1430×1470 cm UbicazionePiazza Volontari della Libertà, Busto Arsizio Coordinate45°36′56.23″N 8°51′51.06″E / 45.615619°N 8.864182°E45.615619; 8.864182Coordinate: 45°36′56.23″N 8°51′51.06″E / 45.615619°N 8.864182°E45.615619; 8.864182 Il monumento a Enrico dell'Acqua è un monumento eque...
Kejuaraan Eropa U-21 UEFA 2000Majstrovstvá Európy vo futbale hráčov do 21 rokov 2000Informasi turnamenTuan rumah SlowakiaJadwalpenyelenggaraan27 Mei – 4 JuniJumlahtim peserta8 (final)47 (kualifikasi)Tempatpenyelenggaraan4 (di 3 kota)Hasil turnamenJuara Italia (gelar ke-4)Tempat kedua CekoTempat ketiga SpanyolTempat keempat SlowakiaStatistik turnamenJumlahpertandingan14Jumlah gol40 (2,86 per pertandingan)Jumlahpenonton74.930 (5.352 per pertandingan...
Situación legal de las uniones entre personas del mismo sexo en América del Norte Matrimonio Otro tipo de unión Reconocimiento de matrimonio entre personas del mismo celebrados en otros territorios Fallo vinculante que deroga la prohibición del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo pendiente de entrar en vigor verdiscusióneditar El matrimonio entre personas del mismo...
List of events during the war in Donbas in 2015 Timeline of the war in Donbas201420152016201720182019202020212022 This is a timeline of the war in Donbas for the year 2015. January–March 2 January: Ukrainian analyst Dmitry Tymchuk reported single tank incursions around Trokhizbenka, a tactic the rebels used previously against Donetsk airport and dubbed roaming tank. According to him, single pro-Russian tanks supported by scouts and mortar fire to suppress antitank weapons shoot three or fou...
2009 South Korean action TV Series Cain and AbelPromotional posterGenreMelodrama ActionWritten byPark Kye-okDirected byKim Hyung-shikStarringSo Ji-sub Shin Hyun-joon Han Ji-min Chae Jung-anMusic byChoi Seung-kwonCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes20ProductionProduction locationsCheongju, North Chungcheong Province[1] ChinaRunning time70 minsProduction companiesPlan B PicturesDIMA EntertainmentOriginal releaseNetworkSBS TVRelease18 February (2009-02-...
Duong Van Minh Presiden Republik VietnamMasa jabatan1. 2 November 1963 - 30 Januari 1964 2. 8 Februari-16 Maret 1964 3. 8 September 1964 - 26 Oktober 1964 – 4. 28-30 April 1975Pendahulu1. Ngo Dinh Diem (1955-1963) 2. Nguyen van Thieu (1964) 3. Komite Pimpinan Sementara (1964) 4. Tran Van Huong (1974)Pengganti1. Nguyen Khanh (1964) 2. Nguyen Khanh (1964) 3. Phan Khac Suu (1964-1965) 4. tidak ada Informasi pribadiLahir16 Februari 1916Provinsi My ThoMeninggal5 Agustus 2001(2001-08-05...
American boxer Jamel HerringBornJamel William Herring (1985-10-30) October 30, 1985 (age 38)Rockville Centre, New York, U.S.Other namesSemper FiStatisticsWeight(s) Super-featherweight Lightweight Height5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Reach70 in (178 cm)StanceSouthpaw Boxing record[1]Total fights28Wins24Wins by KO12Losses4 Medal record Men's amateur boxing US National Championships 2012 Fort Carson Light welterweight Jamel William Herring (born October 30, 1985) i...
A Double Eagle Mark II ROV carried aboard the minehunter HMAS Yarra The Double Eagle is a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) built by the Swedish defence company Saab Underwater Systems AB and used for the disposal of naval mines.[1] Design As of 2009, four versions of the ROV have been designed.[1][2] The original version was named the Sea Eagle, and was a militarised variant of the civilian Sea Owl ROV.[1] This unit was 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) long...
Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Março de 2022) Prudentópolis Nome Prudentópolis Futebol Clube Alcunhas Tigrão Mascote Tigre Principal rival Batel Fundação 1 de setembro de 2007 (16 anos) Estádio Newton Agibert Capacidade 5.000 pessoas Localização Pruden...
Potato dish This article is about the food. For other uses, see Mashed potato (disambiguation). See also: Instant mashed potatoes This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Mashed potato – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Mas...
Identifiers for a radio operator or station Amateur radio The International Symbol of Amateur Radio Antenna theory Automatic Link Establishment Automatic Packet Reporting System Call signs Amateur radio operator Contesting Direction finding DX communication DX-pedition Emergency communications Frequency allocations Hamfest High speed multimedia High-speed telegraphy Homebrew Internet Radio Linking Project Maritime mobile Morse code Operating awards Packet radio Portable operation QRP operatio...
Canadian specialty TV channel Television channel BNN BloombergCountryCanadaBroadcast areaNationwideGreenlandHeadquarters299 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to letterboxed to 480i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerBell Media(branding licensed from Bloomberg L.P.)Sister channelsCTV News ChannelCP24CFTECKOCHistoryLaunchedSeptember 1, 1999 (1999-09-01)Former namesReport on Business Television (1999–2007)Bus...
« The Living Daylights » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir The Living Daylights (homonymie). Pour l’article homonyme, voir Tuer n'est pas jouer (film, 1965). Tuer n'est pas jouer Données clés Titre original The Living Daylights Réalisation John Glen Scénario Richard MaibaumMichael G. Wilson Acteurs principaux Timothy DaltonMaryam d'AboJeroen KrabbéJoe Don BakerArt Malik John Rhys-DaviesAndreas Wisniewski Sociétés de production EON ProductionsUnited Artist...
Hyde UnitedTên đầy đủHyde United Football ClubBiệt danhThe Tigers[1]Thành lập1919[2][3]SânEwen FieldsSức chứa4,250 (530 chỗ ngồi)[4]Chủ sở hữuSupporters' Trust (27 tháng 6 năm 2015)Chủ tịch điều hànhSteve Hartley[5]Người quản lýNicky SpoonerGiải đấuNorthern Premier League Premier Division2022–23Northern Premier League Premier Division, 6th of 22Trang webTrang web của câu lạc bộ Màu áo sân nhà ...
Mayor of DenverSeal of the City of DenverIncumbentMike Johnstonsince July 17, 2023StyleThe HonorableResidenceCablelandTerm lengthFour years, renewable twiceWebsitedenvergov.mayor This is a list of mayors of Denver, the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Colorado.[1] Mayors of Denver can now serve three four-year terms.[2] List # Image Mayor Term 1 John C. Moore 1859–1861 2 Charles A. Cook 1861–1863 3 Amos Steck 1863–1864 4 Hiram J. Brendlinger 1864–1865...
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Заречье. ХуторЗаречье 57°46′21″ с. ш. 35°56′03″ в. д.HGЯO Страна Россия Субъект Федерации Тверская область Муниципальный район Максатихинский Сельское поселение Зареченское История и география Часовой пояс UTC+3:00 ...
Historic house in Maine, United States United States historic placeFalmouth HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of MaineShow map of the United StatesLocation349 Gray Rd., North Falmouth, MaineCoordinates43°46′21″N 70°18′4″W / 43.77250°N 70.30111°W / 43.77250; -70.30111Area1 acre (0.40 ha)Built1820 (1820)NRHP reference No.76000091[1]Added to NRHPSeptember 1, 1976 The Falmouth House is a historic former tavern h...