Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Laboratory Syrian hamster

Normal gait of an individual lab-bred hamster. Certain tests may change normal behavior.

Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are one of several rodents used in animal testing. Syrian hamsters are used to model human medical conditions including various cancers, metabolic diseases, non-cancer respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and general health concerns.[1] In 2014, Syrian hamsters accounted for 14.6% of the total animal research participants in the United States covered by the Animal Welfare Act.[2]

Use in research

Since 1972 the use of hamsters in animal testing research has declined.[3] In 2014 in the United States, animal research used about 120,000 hamsters, which was 14.6% of the total research animal use (under the Animal Welfare Act which excludes mice, rats, and fish) for that year in that country.[3][2] According to the Canadian Council for Animal Care, a total of 1,931 hamsters were used for research in 2013 in Canada, making them the sixth-most popular rodent after mice (1,233,196), rats (228,143), guinea pigs (20,687), squirrels (4,446) and voles (2,457).[4]

Human medical research

Cancer research

Humans get lung cancer from tobacco smoking.[5] Syrian hamsters are a model for researching non-small-cell lung carcinoma, which is one of the types of human lung cancer.[5] In research, when hamsters are injected with the carcinogen NNK several times over six months, they will develop that sort of cancer.[6] In both Syrian hamsters and humans, this cancer is associated with mutations to the KRAS gene.[7] For various reasons, collecting data on the way that Syrian hamsters develop this lung cancer provides insight on how humans develop it.[6]

Oral squamous-cell carcinoma is a common cancer in humans and difficult to treat.[8] Scientists studying this disease broadly accept Syrian hamsters as animal models for researching it.[8] In this research, the hamster is given anesthesia, has its mouth opened to expose the inside of its cheeks, and the researcher brushes the carcinogen DMBA on its cheeks.[8] The scientist can take cell samples from the mouth of the hamster to measure the development of the cancer.[8] This process has good reproducibility.[8] The cancer itself develops tumors in a predictable way starting with hyperkeratosis, then hyperplasia, then dysplasia, then carcinoma.[8] In humans with this cancer there is increased ErbB2 production of receptor tyrosine kinase and Syrian hamsters with this cancer also have increased levels of that kinase.[9] As the tumor develops in the hamster, they also have increased gene expression in p53 and c-myc which is similar to human cancer development.[10] Because hamsters develop this cancer so predictably, researchers are comfortable in using hamsters in research on prevention and treatment.[11]

There is scientific and social controversy about the virus SV40 causing cancers in human.[12] Leaving that controversy aside, Syrian hamsters injected with SV40 certainly will develop various cancers in predictable ways depending on how they are exposed to the virus.[13] The hamster has been used as a research model to clarify what SV40 does in humans.[14]

The golden hamster can contract contagious reticulum cell sarcoma[15] which can be transmitted from one golden hamster to another by means of the bite of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.[16]

Metabolic disorders

Syrian hamsters are susceptible to many metabolic disorders which affect humans.[17] Because of this, hamsters are an excellent animal model for studying human metabolic disorder.[17]

Gallstones may be induced in Syrian hamsters by giving the hamster excess dietary cholesterol or sucrose.[18] Hamsters metabolize cholesterol in a way that is similar to humans.[19] Different sorts of fats are more or less likely to produce gallstones in hamsters.[20] The gender differences in gallstone formation in hamsters is significant.[20] Hamsters of different genetic strains have significant differences in susceptibility to forming gallstones.[20]

Diabetes mellitus is studied in various ways using Syrian hamsters. Hamsters which are feed fructose for 7 days get hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia.[21] Such hamsters then have an increase in hepatic lipase and other measurable responses which are useful for understanding diabetes in humans.[21] Streptozotocin or alloxan may be administered to induce chronic diabetes in hamsters.[21]

Atherosclerosis may be studied with Syrian hamsters because both organisms have similar lipid metabolism.[22] Hamsters develop atherosclerosis as a result of dietary manipulation.[22] Hamsters develop atherosclerotic plaques as humans do.[22]

Non-cancer respiratory disease

Smoke inhalation can be studied on Syrian hamsters by putting the hamster in a laboratory smoking machine.[23] Pregnant hamsters have been used to model the effects of smoking on pregnant humans.[24]

The emphysema component of COPD may be induced in hamsters by injecting pancreatic elastase into their tracheas.[25]

Pulmonary fibrosis may be induced in hamsters by injecting bleomycin into their tracheas.[26][27]

Cardiovascular

Cardiomyopathy in hamsters is an inherited condition and there are genetic lines of hamsters which are bred to retain this gene so that they may be used to study the disease.[28]

Microcirculation may be studied in hamster cheek pouches.[29] The pouches of hamsters are thin, easy to examine without stopping bloodflow, and highly vascular.[29] When examined, the cheek pouch is pulled through the mouth while being grasped with forceps.[30] At this point the cheek is everted and can be pinned onto a mount for examination.[30]

Reperfusion injury may be studied with everted hamster pouches also.[31] To simulate reperfusion, one method is to tie a cuff around the pouch to restrict blood flow and cause ischemia.[32] Another method could be to compress the veins and arteries with microvascular clips which do not cause trauma.[33] In either case, after about an hour of restricting the blood, the pressure is removed to study how the pouch recovers.[31]

Several inbred strains of hamsters have been developed as animal models for human forms of dilated cardiomyopathy. The gene responsible for hamster cardiomyopathy in a widely studied inbred hamster strain, BIO14.6, has been identified as being delta-sarcoglycan.[34] Pet hamsters are also potentially prone to cardiomyopathy, which is a not infrequent cause of unexpected sudden death in adolescent or young adult hamsters.

Infection research

Syrian hamsters have been infected with a range of disease causing agents to study both the disease and the cause of the disease.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a medical condition in humans caused by any of the Hantavirus species. Syrian hamsters easily contract Hantavirus species, but they do not get the same symptoms as humans, and the same infection that is deadly in humans have effects ranging from nothing to flu to death in Syrian hamsters.[35] Because hamsters become easily infected, they are used to study the pathogenesis of Hantavirus.[36] Andes virus and Maporal viruses infect hamsters and cause pneumonia and edema.[37][38] The Sin Nombre virus and Choclo virus will infect hamsters but not cause any disease.[35][39]

SARS coronavirus causes severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans. Syrian hamsters may be infected with the virus, and like humans will have viral replication and lesions in the respiratory tract which can be examined with histopathological tests.[40] However, hamsters do not develop clinical symptoms of the disease.[41] Hamsters might be used to study the infection process.[42]

Leptospira viruses cause Leptospirosis in humans and similar symptoms in Syrian hamsters.[40][43] Syrian hamsters are used to test drugs to treat the disease.[44]

Bacteria which have been studied by infection Syrian hamsters with them include Leptospira, Clostridium difficile, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Treponema pallidum.[45]

Parasites which have been studied by infecting Syrian hamsters with them include Toxoplasma gondii, Babesia microti, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi, Opisthorchis viverrini, Taenia, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, and Schistosoma.[46]

Syrian hamsters are infected with scrapie so that they get transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. [47]

In March 2020, researchers from the University of Hong Kong have shown that Syrian hamsters could be a model organism for COVID-19 research.[48]

Other medical conditions

Scientists use male hamsters to study the effects of steroids on male behavior.[49] The behavior of castrated hamsters is compared to typical male hamsters.[49] Castrated hamsters are then given steroids and their behavior noted.[49] Some steroid treatments will cause castrated hamsters to do behaviors that typical male hamsters do.[49]

Poor nutrition may cause female infertility in mammals.[50] When hamsters do not have enough of the right food, they have fewer estrous cycles.[51] Studies in hamsters identify the nutritional needs for maintaining fertility.[52]

Syrian hamsters are used to study how NSAIDs can cause reactive gastropathy.[53] One way to study is to inject hamsters with indometacin, which causes an ulcer within 1–5 hours depending on the dose.[54] If repeatedly given doses, hamsters get severe lesions and die within 5 days from peptic ulcers in their pyloric antrum.[54] A model for creating a chronically ill hamster which will not die from the ulcers is to give naproxen by gavage.[55] When the hamster is chronically ill, it can be used to test anti-ulcer drugs.[55]

Syrian hamsters are also widely used in research into alcoholism, by virtue of their large livers, and ability to metabolise high doses.[56]

Research on Syrian hamsters themselves

In captivity, golden hamsters follow well-defined daily routines of running in their hamster wheel, which has made them popular subjects in circadian rhythms research. For example, Martin Ralph, Michael Menaker, and colleagues used this behavior to provide definitive evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain is the source of mammalian circadian rhythms.[57]

Hamsters have a number of fixed action patterns that are readily observed, including scent-marking and body grooming, which is of interest in the study of animal behavior.

Scientific studies of animal welfare concerning captive golden hamsters have shown they prefer to use running wheels of large diameters (35 cm diameter was preferred over 23 cm,[58] and 23  cm over 17.5  cm,[59]), and that they prefer bedding material which allows them to build nests, if nesting material is not already available.[60] They prefer lived-in bedding (up to two weeks old – longer durations were not tested) over new bedding, suggesting they may prefer bedding changes at two-week intervals rather than weekly or daily.[61] They also prefer opaque tubes closed at one end, 7.6 cm in diameter, to use as shelter in which to nest and sleep.[62]

Notes

  1. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, pp. 875–898.
  2. ^ a b Speaking of Research (2015), US Statistics, Speaking of Research, retrieved 18 April 2016
  3. ^ a b Smith 2012, p. 750.
  4. ^ CCAC – CCAC Animal Data Report 2013
  5. ^ a b Valentine 2012, p. 877 cites
  6. ^ a b Valentine et al. 2012, p. 877.
  7. ^ Valentine 2012, p. 877 cites
    • Oreffo, VI; Lin, HW; Gumerlock, PH; Kraegel, SA; Witschi, H (1992). "Mutational analysis of a dominant oncogene (c-Ki-ras-2) and a tumor suppressor gene (p53) in hamster lung tumorigenesis". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 6 (3): 199–202. doi:10.1002/mc.2940060305. PMID 1445620. S2CID 46715712.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Valentine 2012, pp. 877–878 cites
    • Vairaktaris, E; Spyridonidou, S; Papakosta, V; Vylliotis, A; Lazaris, A; Perrea, D; Yapijakis, C; Patsouris, E (April 2008). "The hamster model of sequential oral oncogenesis". Oral Oncology. 44 (4): 315–24. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.08.015. PMID 18061531.
  9. ^ Valentine 2012, pp. 877–878 cites
  10. ^ Valentine 2012, pp. 877–878 cites
    • Papakosta, V; Vairaktaris, E; Vylliotis, A; Derka, S; Nkenke, E; Vassiliou, S; Lazaris, A; Mourouzis, C; Rallis, G; Spyridonidou, S; Anagnostopoulou, S; Perrea, D; Donta, I; Yapijakis, C; Patsouris, E (n.d.). "The co-expression of c-myc and p53 increases and reaches a plateau early in oral oncogenesis". Anticancer Research. 26 (4B): 2957–62. PMID 16886620.
  11. ^ Valentine 2012, p. 877-878 cites
  12. ^ Valentine 2012, pp. 877–878 cites
  13. ^ Valentine 2012, p. 878 cites
  14. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 878.
  15. ^ Copper, H. L.; MacKay, C. M.; Banfield, W. G. (1 October 1964). "Chromosome Studies of a Contagious Reticulum Cell Sarcoma of the Syrian Hamster". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 33: 691–706. doi:10.1093/jnci/33.4.691. PMID 14220251.
  16. ^ Banfield, William G.; Woke, P. A.; MacKay, C. M.; Cooper, H. L. (28 May 1965). "Mosquito Transmission of a Reticulum Cell Sarcoma of Hamsters". Science. 148 (3674): 1239–1240. Bibcode:1965Sci...148.1239B. doi:10.1126/science.148.3674.1239. PMID 14280009. S2CID 12611674.
  17. ^ a b Valentine et al. 2012, p. 879 cites
    • Ginsberg, HN (July 1996). "Diabetic dyslipidemia: basic mechanisms underlying the common hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels". Diabetes. 45 (Suppl 3): S27–30. doi:10.2337/diab.45.3.s27. PMID 8674885. S2CID 41069166.
    • Gotto AM, Jr (14 December 1992). "Hypertriglyceridemia: risks and perspectives". The American Journal of Cardiology. 70 (19): 19H–25H. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)91086-j. PMID 1466313.
    • Laakso, Markku (2009). "Lipids and Lipoproteins as Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus". Annals of Medicine. 28 (4): 341–345. doi:10.3109/07853899608999091. ISSN 0785-3890. PMID 8862689.
    • Lamarche, B; Lewis, GF (June 1998). "Atherosclerosis prevention for the next decade: risk assessment beyond low density lipoprotein cholesterol". The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 14 (6): 841–51. PMID 9676170.
  18. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 880 cites Trautwein, EA; Siddiqui, A; Hayes, KC (September 1999). "Characterization of the bile acid profile in developing male and female hamsters in response to dietary cholesterol challenge". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 124 (1): 93–103. doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00095-1. PMID 10605070.
    • Cohen, BI; Matoba, N; Mosbach, EH; McSherry, CK (February 1989). "Dietary induction of cholesterol gallstones in hamsters from three different sources". Lipids. 24 (2): 151–6. doi:10.1007/bf02535254. PMID 2755304. S2CID 4001895.
  19. ^ Khallou, J; Riottot, M; Parquet, M; Verneau, C; Lutton, C (November 1991). "Biodynamics of cholesterol and bile acids in the lithiasic hamster". The British Journal of Nutrition. 66 (3): 479–92. doi:10.1079/bjn19910049. PMID 1772872.
  20. ^ a b c Valentine et al. 2012, p. 880.
  21. ^ a b c Valentine et al. 2012, p. 881.
  22. ^ a b c Valentine et al. 2012, p. 882.
  23. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 883.
  24. ^ Magers, T; Talbot, P; DiCarlantonio, G; Knoll, M; Demers, D; Tsai, I; Hoodbhoy, T (n.d.). "Cigarette smoke inhalation affects the reproductive system of female hamsters". Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 9 (6): 513–25. doi:10.1016/0890-6238(95)02002-0. PMID 8597648.
  25. ^ Valentine 2012, p. 883 cites
    • Borzone, G; Liberona, L; Olmos, P; Sáez, C; Meneses, M; Reyes, T; Moreno, R; Lisboa, C (September 2007). "Rat and hamster species differences in susceptibility to elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema relate to differences in elastase inhibitory capacity". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 293 (3): R1342–9. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00343.2007. hdl:10533/178410. PMID 17634200. S2CID 30414027.
    • Hayes, JA; Christensen, TG; Snider, GL (October 1977). "The hamster as a model of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in man". Laboratory Animal Science. 27 (5 Pt 2): 762–70. PMID 592728.
    • Snider, GL; Sherter, CB (October 1977). "A one-year study of the evolution of elastase-induced emphysema in hamsters". Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology. 43 (4): 721–9. doi:10.1152/jappl.1977.43.4.721. PMID 908690.
  26. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 884.
  27. ^ Lazo, JS; Hoyt, DG; Sebti, SM; Pitt, BR (1990). "Bleomycin: a pharmacologic tool in the study of the pathogenesis of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 47 (3): 347–58. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90061-6. PMID 1705351.
  28. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 885.
  29. ^ a b Valentine 2012, p. 885 cites
    • Davis, MJ; Gore, RW (January 1985). "A new preparation for microcirculatory studies of the hamster cheek pouch". The American Journal of Physiology. 248 (1 Pt 2): H143–6. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H143. PMID 3881981.
    • Kerger, H; Torres Filho, IP; Rivas, M; Winslow, RM; Intaglietta, M (February 1995). "Systemic and subcutaneous microvascular oxygen tension in conscious Syrian golden hamsters". The American Journal of Physiology. 268 (2 Pt 2): H802–10. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.2.H802. PMID 7864208.
    • Klitzman, B; Popel, AS; Duling, BR (January 1983). "Oxygen transport in resting and contracting hamster cremaster muscles: experimental and theoretical microvascular studies". Microvascular Research. 25 (1): 108–31. doi:10.1016/0026-2862(83)90047-x. PMID 6835096.
    • Svensjö, E (December 1990). "The hamster cheek pouch as a model in microcirculation research". The European Respiratory Journal. Supplement. 12: 595s–600s, discussion 600s–601s. PMID 2076153.
  30. ^ a b Davis, MJ; Gore, RW (January 1985). "A new preparation for microcirculatory studies of the hamster cheek pouch". The American Journal of Physiology. 248 (1 Pt 2): H143–6. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H143. PMID 3881981.
  31. ^ a b Valentine et al. 2012, pp. 886–7.
  32. ^ Persson, NH; Erlansson, M; Svensjö, E; Takolander, R; Bergqvist, D (1985). "The hamster cheek pouch – an experimental model to study postischemic macromolecular permeability". International Journal of Microcirculation, Clinical and Experimental. 4 (3): 257–63. PMID 2415477.
  33. ^ Bertuglia, S; Marchiafava, PL; Colantuoni, A (June 1996). "Melatonin prevents ischemia reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation". Cardiovascular Research. 31 (6): 947–52. doi:10.1016/0008-6363(96)00030-2. PMID 8759251.
  34. ^ Nigro, V.; Okazaki, Y; Belsito, A; Piluso, G; Matsuda, Y; Politano, L; Nigro, G; Ventura, C; et al. (1997). "Identification of the Syrian hamster cardiomyopathy gene". Human Molecular Genetics. 6 (4): 601–607. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.4.601. PMID 9097966.
  35. ^ a b Valentine et al. 2012, p. 887.
  36. ^ Hooper, JW; Larsen, T; Custer, DM; Schmaljohn, CS (10 October 2001). "A lethal disease model for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". Virology. 289 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1133. PMID 11601912.
  37. ^ McElroy, AK; Smith, JM; Hooper, JW; Schmaljohn, CS (15 August 2004). "Andes virus M genome segment is not sufficient to confer the virulence associated with Andes virus in Syrian hamsters". Virology. 326 (1): 130–9. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.05.018. PMID 15262501.
  38. ^ Milazzo, ML; Eyzaguirre, EJ; Molina, CP; Fulhorst, CF (15 November 2002). "Maporal viral infection in the Syrian golden hamster: a model of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 186 (10): 1390–5. doi:10.1086/344735. PMID 12404153.
  39. ^ Eyzaguirre, EJ; Milazzo, ML; Koster, FT; Fulhorst, CF (April 2008). "Choclo virus infection in the Syrian golden hamster". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 78 (4): 669–74. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.669. PMC 2689364. PMID 18385367.
  40. ^ a b Valentine et al. 2012, p. 888.
  41. ^ Roberts, A; Vogel, L; Guarner, J; Hayes, N; Murphy, B; Zaki, S; Subbarao, K (January 2005). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of golden Syrian hamsters". Journal of Virology. 79 (1): 503–11. doi:10.1128/jvi.79.1.503-511.2005. PMC 538722. PMID 15596843.
  42. ^ Schaecher, SR; Stabenow, J; Oberle, C; Schriewer, J; Buller, RM; Sagartz, JE; Pekosz, A (25 October 2008). "An immunosuppressed Syrian golden hamster model for SARS-CoV infection". Virology. 380 (2): 312–21. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.026. PMC 3722600. PMID 18760437.
  43. ^ Silva, Éverton F.; Santos, Cleiton S.; Athanazio, Daniel A.; Seyffert, Núbia; Seixas, Fabiana K.; Cerqueira, Gustavo M.; Fagundes, Michel Q.; Brod, Claudiomar S.; Reis, Mitermayer G.; Dellagostin, Odir A.; Ko, Albert I. (2008). "Characterization of virulence of Leptospira isolates in a hamster model". Vaccine. 26 (31): 3892–3896. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.085. ISSN 0264-410X. PMC 2519131. PMID 18547690.
  44. ^ Moon, JE; Rivard, RG; Griffith, ME; Ressner, RA; McCall, S; Reitstetter, RE; Hospenthal, DR; Murray, CK (January 2007). "Effect of timing and duration of azithromycin therapy of leptospirosis in a hamster model". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 59 (1): 148–51. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl453. PMID 17110394.
  45. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, pp. 888–890.
  46. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, pp. 891–894.
  47. ^ Prusiner, SB; Cochran, SP; Groth, DF; Downey, DE; Bowman, KA; Martinez, HM (April 1982). "Measurement of the scrapie agent using an incubation time interval assay". Annals of Neurology. 11 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1002/ana.410110406. PMID 6808890. S2CID 28998012.
  48. ^ Chan JF, Zhang AJ, Yuan S, et al. (March 2020). "Simulation of the clinical and pathological manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in golden Syrian hamster model: implications for disease pathogenesis and transmissibility". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 71 (9): 2428–2446. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa325. ISSN 1058-4838. PMC 7184405. PMID 32215622.
  49. ^ a b c d Valentine et al. 2012, p. 895.
  50. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 896 cites
  51. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 896 cites
  52. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 896.
  53. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, pp. 897–898.
  54. ^ a b Valentine et al. 2012, p. 897 cites
  55. ^ a b Valentine 2012, p. 897 cites
  56. ^ Alcohol: an ancient medicine New York Times Nathalie Angier 11 September 2007
  57. ^ Ralph, M.R., et al., Transplanted Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Determines Circadian Period. Science, 1990. 247(4945): pp. 975–978.
  58. ^ Reebs, S. G.; St-Onge, P (2005). "Running wheel choice by Syrian hamsters". Laboratory Animals. 39 (4): 442–451. doi:10.1258/002367705774286493. PMID 16197712. S2CID 21311908.
  59. ^ Mrosovsky, N.; Salmon, P.A.; Vrang, N. (1998). "Revolutionary science: an improved running wheel for hamsters". Chronobiology International. 15 (2): 147–158. doi:10.3109/07420529808998679. PMID 9562919.
  60. ^ Lanteigne, M.; Reebs, SG (2006). "Preference for bedding material in Syrian hamsters". Laboratory Animals. 40 (4): 410–418. doi:10.1258/002367706778476424. PMID 17018212. S2CID 15374287.
  61. ^ Veillette, M.; Reebs, S.G. (2010). "Preference of Syrian hamsters to nest in old versus new bedding". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 125 (3–4): 189–194. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.04.001.
  62. ^ Veillette, M.; Reebs, S.G. (2011). "Shelter choice by Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in the laboratory". Animal Welfare. 20 (4): 603–611. doi:10.1017/S0962728600003249. S2CID 80236560.

References

  • Smith, Gerald D. (2012). "Hamsters – Taxonomy and History". In Suckow, Mark A.; Stevens, Karla A.; Wilson, Ronald P. (eds.). The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 747–753. ISBN 978-0123809209.
  • Valentine, Helen; Daugherity, Erin K.; Singh, Bhupinder; Maurer, Kirk J. (2012). "The Experimental Use of Syrian Hamsters". In Suckow, Mark A.; Stevens, Karla A.; Wilson, Ronald P. (eds.). The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents (1st. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 875–898. ISBN 978-0123809209.
Baca informasi lainnya:

Abrunhosa-a-Velha

Coordenadas: 40° 34' 44 N 7° 38' 34 O  Portugal Abrunhosa-a-Velha    Freguesia   Casa de Repouso de Abrunhosa-a-VelhaCasa de Repouso de Abrunhosa-a-Velha Localização Localização no município de MangualdeLocalização no município de Mangualde Abrunhosa-a-VelhaLocalização de Abrunhosa-a-Velha em Portugal Coordenadas 40° 34' 44 N 7° 38' 34 O Região Centro Sub-região Viseu Dão-Lafões Município Mangualde Código 180601 Ad…

Lactarius resimus

Lactarius resimus Classificação científica Reino: Fungi Divisão: Basidiomycota Classe: Agaricomycetes Ordem: Russulales Família: Russulaceae Género: Lactarius Espécie: L. resimus Nome binomial Lactarius resimus(Fr.) Fr. (1838) Lactarius resimus é um fungo que pertence ao gênero de cogumelos Lactarius na ordem Russulales. É considerado uma iguaria na Rússia e em alguns outros países da Europa Oriental. Lá ele é tido como um dos três mais saborosos cogumelos comestíveis, junto com …

Spanair

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une compagnie aérienne et l’Espagne. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Les entreprises étant sujet à controverse, n’oubliez pas d’indiquer dans l’article les critères qui le rendent admissible. Spanair Codes IATAOACIIndicatif d'appel JK JKK Spanair Repères historiques Date de création 1986 Date de disparition 27 janvier 2012 Généralités Basée à Aéroport international de Barcelone Autres bases A

نيللي وشريهان (مسلسل)

نيللي وشريهان النوع كوميدي، اجتماعي تأليف كريم يوسفمصطفى صقرمحمد عز الدين إخراج أحمد الجندي بطولة دنيا سمير غانمإيمي سمير غانممصطفى خاطرمحمد سلامسلوى خطاببيومي فؤاد البلد  مصر لغة العمل ‍العربية عدد المواسم 1 عدد الحلقات 30 مدة الحلقة 35 دقيقة غناء دنيا سمير غانمإيمي سمي

Androgene

Androgene (von altgriechisch ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός anér, andrós „Mann“; -gen „erzeugend“ von γίγνομαι gígnomai „werden“) sind Sexualhormone, die eine virilisierende (von lateinisch virilis „männlich“) Wirkung besitzen und somit die Ausbildung sekundärer Geschlechtsmerkmale wie Bartwuchs, Muskelentwicklung und tiefer werdende Stimme bei Jugendlichen bedingen. Androgene werden in Hoden und Nebennieren sowie in kleinerer Menge in Eierstöcken produziert. Strukturform…

تشارلز ر. فلويد

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2019) تشارلز ر. فلويد (بالإنجليزية: Charles R. Floyd)‏  معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد سنة 1881  تاريخ الوفاة سنة 1945 (63–64 سنة)  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  مناصب الحياة ا

قوانين بطاقات هوية الناخبين

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2022) جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالتصويت الاقتراعورقة اقتراع اقتراع غيابي اقتراع مؤقت نموذج ورقة اقتراع  [لغات أخرى]‏ المرشحون و‌مقاييس الاقتراع مرشح الكتابة&#…

Total Chaos (novel)

Total Chaos First edition coverAuthorJean-Claude IzzoOriginal titleTotal KhéopsTranslatorHoward CurtisCountryFranceGenreMediterranean noir crime novelPublisherEuropa Editions (English translation)Publication date1995Published in EnglishNovember 15, 2005Pages215 ppISBN1-933372-04-4OCLC86270948Followed byChourmo  Total Chaos is the first novel of French author Jean-Claude Izzo's Marseilles Trilogy. It is considered a modern classic of the Mediterranean noir style.[1] I…

Marc Pugh

Marc Pugh Pugh bermain untuk Bournemouth tahun 2015Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Marc Anthony Pugh[1]Tanggal lahir 2 April 1987 (umur 36)[1]Tempat lahir Bacup, InggrisTinggi 1,80 m (5 ft 11 in)[1]Posisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Queens Park RangersNomor 7Karier junior0000–2004 BurnleyKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2004–2006 Burnley 0 (0)2005 → Kidderminster Harriers (pinjaman) 5 (1)2006 → Kidderminster Harriers (pinjaman…

Sejarah Myanmar

Sejarah Myanmar Prasejarah Myanmar 11.000–200 SM Negara-negara kota orang Pyu 200 SM–1050 M (Kerajaan Sri Ksetra, Kerajaan Tagaung) Kerajaan-kerajaan Mon 825?–1057 Kerajaan-kerajaan Arakan 788?–1406 Kerajaan Pagan 849–1297 Kerajaan Pagan awal 849–1044 Zaman Negara-Negara Berperang Birma Hulu 1297–1555 Kerajaan Myinsaing dan Kerajaan Pinya 1297–1364 Kerajaan Sagaing 1315–64 Kerajaan Awa 1364–1555 Kerajaan Pyay 1482–1542 Kerajaan Hanthawaddy 1287–1539, 1550–52 Negara-nega…

Maya AUV India

Autonomous underwater vehicle from National Institute of Oceanography, India Maya AUVMaya AUV at National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, IndiaManufacturerNational Institute of Oceanography, IndiaCountryIndiaYear of creation2003-2007TypeAutonomous underwater vehiclePurposeChemical Oceanography, Biological Oceanography, Oceanography, and Data collectionWebsitewww.nio.org Maya AUV is an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), developed by the Marine Instrumentation Division at the Nationa…

Georgian Football Federation

Governing body of football in Georgia Georgian Football FederationUEFAFounded1936; 87 years ago (1936)(Soviet Union),1990; 33 years ago (1990)(Georgia)HeadquartersTbilisiFIFA affiliation1992UEFA affiliation1992PresidentLevan KobiashviliWebsitehttp://gff.ge/en/ GFF headquarters in Tbilisi, Georgia. The Georgian Football Federation (abbr. GFF; Georgian: საქართველოს ფეხბურთის ფედერაცია, sakartvelos pek…

Skin condition

Any medical condition that affects the integumentary system Medical conditionSkin conditionOther namesCutaneous condition3D medical illustration showing major layers of skinSpecialtyDermatologyCausesBacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, insects, trauma, cancers, allergies, toxins, vitamin/nutritional deficiencies/excesses, prolonged pressure, impaired blood circulation, ingrown hairs or nails, autoimmune conditions, aging, sun exposure, radiation exposure, exposure to heat/cold, dryness, humidity…

Keuskupan Karlstad

Keuskupan KarlstadKarlstads stiftGereja Swedia Lambang Keuskupan KarlstadLokasiNegaraSwediaDekanat8 kontrakt[1]Koordinat59°22′54″N 13°30′23″E / 59.38167°N 13.50639°E / 59.38167; 13.50639Koordinat: 59°22′54″N 13°30′23″E / 59.38167°N 13.50639°E / 59.38167; 13.50639StatistikParoki50[1]Kongregasi88[1]InformasiDenominasiGereja SwediaPendirian1581[2]KatedralKatedral KarlstadKepemimpinan kiniUsk…

Daftar burung di Jepang

Avifauna Jepang mencakup total 723 spesies, 17 spesies di antaranya adalah endemik, dan 30 spesies didatangkan oleh manusia. Berikut ini adalah daftar burung endemik atau hampir endemik di Jepang. Daftar burung Nama Keluarga Penyebaran Status IUCN[1] Gambar Accentor Jepang Prunellidae Tersebar luas Sanma Jepang (subspesies dari Alauda arvensis) Alaudidae Tersebar luas Berkik Jepang Scolopacidae Sebelah utara Kicuit Jepang Motacillidae Tersebar luas Kowak jepang Ardeidae Sebelah selatan B…

Military Health System

Health care system for the U.S. military Military Health SystemAgency overviewHeadquartersFalls Church, VAEmployees137,000Annual budget$50 billionAgency executiveMs. Seileen Mullen, Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health AffairsWebsitehealth.mil The Military Health System (MHS) is a form of nationalized health care operated within the United States Department of Defense that provides health care to active duty, Reserve component and retired U.S. Military personnel and their dependents.…

2018 Thai League 3

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 2018 Thai League 3 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Football league season2018 Thai League 3Season2018ChampionsFinal stageJL Chiangmai UnitedRegional stageJL Chiangmai&…

Vulgata

Naskah Vulgata dari abad ke-8 (Codex Sangallensis 63) dengan Comma Iohanneum di kaki halaman  Bagian dari seriAlkitab Kanon Alkitabdan kitab-kitabnya Tanak(Taurat · Nevi'im · Ketuvim)Kanon Alkitab Kristen · Alkitab IbraniPerjanjian Lama (PL) · Perjanjian Baru (PB) Deuterokanonika · Antilegomena Bab dan ayat dalam Alkitab Apokrifa:(Yahudi · PL · PB) Perkembangan dan Penulisan Penanggalan Kanon Yahudi Perjanjian Lama Kanon …

Pete Hoekstra

American politician & diplomat (born 1953) This article is about the American politician and diplomat. For the Dutch footballer, see Peter Hoekstra (footballer). Pete HoekstraUnited States Ambassador to the NetherlandsIn officeJanuary 10, 2018 – January 17, 2021PresidentDonald TrumpPreceded byShawn Crowley (Acting)Succeeded byMarja Verloop, (as Chargé d’Affaires)Ranking Member of the House Intelligence CommitteeIn officeJanuary 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011Preceded byJan…

A Christmas Duel

2008 single by The Hives and Cyndi LauperA Christmas DuelSingle by The Hives and Cyndi LauperReleased19 November 2008Recorded2008GenrePop rockLength4:48Songwriter(s)Randy FitzsimmonsThe Hives singles chronology Won't Be Long (2008) A Christmas Duel (2008) Go Right Ahead (2012) Cyndi Lauper singles chronology Into the Nightlife(2008) A Christmas Duel(2008) Just Your Fool(2010) Music videoA Christmas Duel on YouTube A Christmas Duel is a Christmas duet recorded by the Swedish rock band the…

Mount Jinfo

Mountain in China Mount Jinfo金佛山A Glimpse at South Side of Mount JinfoHighest pointElevation2,238 m (7,343 ft)Prominence2,238 m (7,343 ft)Highest point Feng Chui LingCoordinates29°04′N 107°18′E / 29.067°N 107.300°E / 29.067; 107.300GeographyMount JinfoChongqing, China Parent rangeDalou Mountains Jinfo Shan (Golden Buddha Mountain, Jinfoshan, Chin Shan, Jinfushan, Chin fu shan, chin fo shan, Chinese: 金佛山), the highest peak of Da…

伊朗君主列表

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2007年9月26日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：伊朗君主列表 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 历史系列条目 伊朗历史 神话时期 俾什达迪王朝 凯扬王朝 远古时期 伊朗史前…

Taylors Bay Formation

Taylors Bay FormationStratigraphic range: Neoproterozoic Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had. TypeFormationUnit ofMarystown GroupLithologyPrimaryVolcanicsLocationRegion NewfoundlandCountry CanadaOccurrence of the Taylors Bay Formation in southeastern Newfoundland[1] The Taylors Bay Formation is a formation cropping out in Newfoundland. References ^ Newfoundland & Labrador Geoscience Atlas. This article about a specific stratigraphic formation in Canada is a stub. You can help Wiki…

Anderson Lucoqui

Angolan footballer Anderson Lucoqui Lucoqui with Fortuna Düsseldorf in 2016Personal informationFull name Anderson-Lenda LucoquiDate of birth (1997-07-06) 6 July 1997 (age 26)Place of birth Zweibrücken, GermanyHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Hertha BSCNumber 21Youth career0000–2004 SSV Lützenkirchen2004–2011 Bayer Leverkusen2011–2014 1. FC Köln2014–2016 Fortuna DüsseldorfSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2016–2018 Fort…

Kamran Elahian

Iranian-American entrepreneur Kamran Elahianکامران الهیانBorn1954 (age 68–69)Tehran, IranNationalityIranian AmericanOccupationEntrepreneurSpouseZohre ElahianWebsitewww.kamranelahian.com Kamran Elahian (Persian: کامران الهیان) is an Iranian-American entrepreneur who is the chairman and founder of Global Innovation Catalyst and advises various governments on the needed transition from fossil-based economies to sustainable innovation economies. In the past, as a g…

Li Ling

For other people named Li Ling, see Li Ling (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Li Ling – news · newspapers · books · scholar · …

All the Way to the Ocean

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. All the Way to the OceanSutradaraDoug RowellProduserJoel HarperDoug RowellGeoff GougionJoshua NewmanDitulis olehJoel HarperPete MichelsDoug RowellPemeranAmy SmartXavier RuddKatie LeighBrenda CanelaNaratorMarcia CrossPenata musikBen HarperBurning Sp…

Тетраподоморфы

Тетраподоморфы Eusthenopteron foordiЧетвероногие в широком смысле. Сверху: зелёная литория, акантостега; Снизу: обыкновенная сипуха, обыкновенная лисица Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:Втори…

Kapal selam kelas Amur

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2016. Tentang kelas Nama:Amur classPembangun:Rubin Design Bureau, Admiralty Shipyard, Saint Petersburg.Didahului oleh:Lada submarineSubkelas:Amur-950, Amur-1650Biaya:$450,000,000Rencana:~11Selesai:0 Ciri-ciri umum Jenis Kapal SelamBerat benaman Amur 950 : 1.…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya