La Comédie humaine consists of 91 finished works (stories, novels, or analytical essays) and 46 unfinished works (some of which exist only as titles).[1] It does not include Balzac's five theatrical plays or his collection of humorous tales: "Les Cent Contes drolatiques"[2] (1832–37).
A pioneer of the modern novel, Balzac aims to describe the totality of reality and is interested in realities hitherto ignored in literature, because they were ugly or vulgar. He shows in its various forms the rise of capitalism and the omnipotence of money, leading to the disappearance of nobility and the dissolution of social ties. The title was chosen in reference to Dante's Divine Comedy. But instead of a theological enterprise, the author wanted to be a sociologist and created a non-Manichean universe, where love and friendship hold a great place, and which highlights the complexity of beings and the deep immorality of a social mechanism where the weak are crushed while the crooked banker and the venal politician triumph.
Gifted with a genius for observation, Balzac created human types that are strikingly true. Some of his characters are so vivid that they have become archetypes, such as Rastignac, the ambitious young provincial, Grandet, the miserly domestic tyrant, or Father Goriot, the icon of fatherhood. He gives an important place to financiers and notaries, but also to the character of Vautrin, the outlaw with multiple identities. His work includes a large proportion of courtesans and grisettes, alongside admirable and angelic women. The importance he gives to these women and their psychology earned him an enthusiastic female readership very early on.
In spite of the opposition of the Church, this work quickly became a printing phenomenon and obtained an immense repercussion in France and in Europe, deeply influencing the genre of the novel. Translated into many languages, it is still published today and has often been adapted for film and television.
The title
The title of the series is usually considered an allusion to Dante's Divine Comedy;[3] while Ferdinand Brunetière, the famous French literary critic, suggests that it may stem from poems by Alfred de Musset or Alfred de Vigny.[4] While Balzac sought the comprehensive scope of Dante, his title indicates the worldly, human concerns of a realist novelist. The stories are placed in a variety of settings, with characters reappearing in multiple stories.
Evolution of the work
The Comédie humaine was the result of a slow evolution. The first works of Balzac were written without any global plan (Les Chouans is a historical novel; Physiologie du mariage is an analytical study of marriage), but by 1830 Balzac began to group his first novels (Sarrasine, Gobseck) into a series entitled Scènes de la vie privée ("Scenes from Private Life").
In 1833, with the publication of Eugénie Grandet, Balzac envisioned a second series entitled "Scènes de la vie de province" (Scenes from Provincial Life). Most likely in this same year Balzac came upon the idea of having characters reappear from novel to novel, and the first novel to use this technique was Le Père Goriot (1834–35).
In a letter written to Madame Hanska in 1834, Balzac decided to reorganize his works into three larger groups, allowing him (1) to integrate his "La physiologie du mariage" into the ensemble and (2) to separate his most fantastic or metaphysical stories — like La Peau de chagrin (1831) and Louis Lambert (1832) — into their own "philosophical" section. The three sections were:
"Etudes de Moeurs au XIXe siècle" (Studies of Manners in the 19th Century) – including the various "Scènes de la vie..."
"Etudes philosophiques"
"Etudes analytiques" – including the "Physiologie du mariage"
In this letter, Balzac went on to say that the "Etudes de Moeurs" would study the effects of society and touch on all genders, social classes, ages and professions of people. Meanwhile, the "Etudes philosophiques" would study the causes of these effects. Finally, the third "analytical" section would study the principles behind these phenomena. Balzac also explained that while the characters in the first section would be "individualités typisées" ("individuals made into types"), the characters of the "Etudes philosophiques" would be "types individualisés" (types made into individuals").
By 1836, the "Etudes de Moeurs" was already divided into six parts:
"Scènes de la vie privée"
"Scènes de la vie de province"
"Scènes de la vie parisienne"
"Scènes de la vie politique"
"Scènes de la vie militaire"
"Scènes de la vie de campagne"
In 1839, in a letter to his publisher, Balzac mentioned for the first time the expression Comédie humaine, and this title is in the contract he signed in 1841. The publication of the Comédie humaine in 1842 was preceded by an important preface or "avant-propos" describing his major principles and the work's overall structure (see below). For this edition, novels which had appeared in serial form were stricken of their chapter titles.
Balzac's intended collection was never finished. In 1845, Balzac wrote a complete catalogue of the ensemble which includes works he started or envisioned but never finished. In some cases, Balzac moved a work around between different sections as his overall plan developed; the catalogue given below represents that last version of that process.
Balzac's works were slow to be translated into English because they were perceived as unsuitable for Victorian readers. John Wilson Croker attacked it in the April 1836 issue of the Quarterly Review, excoriating Balzac for immorality, saying "a baser, meaner, filthier scoundrel never polluted society …" The consensus of the day was that only Eugénie Grandet, Le Curé de Tours, Le Médecin de campagne and a few of the early short stories were suitable for females.[5] Individual works appeared, but not until the 1890s did "complete" versions appear, from Ellen Marriage in London (1895–8, forty volumes edited by George Saintsbury, five omitted as too shocking) and from G. B. Ives and others in Philadelphia (1895–1900).[6]
The "Avant-propos"
In 1842, Balzac wrote a preface (an "Avant-propos") to the whole ensemble in which he explained his method and the collection's structure.
Motivated by the work of biologists Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Georges Cuvier and most importantly Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Balzac explains that he seeks to understand "social species" in the way a biologist would analyse "zoological species", and to accomplish this he intends to describe the interrelations of men, women and things. The importance of the woman is underlined by Balzac's contention that, while a biologist may gloss over the differences between a male and female lion, "in Society the woman is not simply the female of the man".[7]
He then describes his writer's role as a "secretary" who is transcribing society's "history"; moreover, he posits that he is interested in something that no previous historian has attempted: a history of "moeurs" (customs, manners and morals). He also notes his desire to go behind the surface of events, to show the reasons and causes for social phenomena. Balzac then professes his belief in two profound truths — religion and monarchy — and his concern for understanding the individual in the context of his family.
In the last half of his preface, Balzac explains the Comédie humaine's different parts (which he compares to "frames" and "galeries"), and which are more or less the final form of the collection (see below).
Sources of the Comédie humaine
Because of its volume and complexity, the Comédie humaine touches on the major literary genres in fashion in the first half of the 19th century.
Although the bulk of the Comédie humaine takes place during the Restoration and the July Monarchy, there are several novels which take place during the French Revolution and others which take place in the Middle Ages or the Renaissance, including "About Catherine de Medici" and "The Elixir of Long Life".
The popular novel
Balzac's later works are decidedly influenced by the genre of the serialised novel ("roman feuilleton") popular at the time, especially the works of Eugène Sue which concentrate on depicting the secret worlds of crime and vice that hide below the surface of French society, and by the ethos of melodrama typical of these part-works.
Fantasy
Many of Balzac's shorter works have elements taken from the popular "roman noir" or gothic novel, but often the fantastic elements are used for very different purposes in Balzac's work.
His use of the magical ass' skin in La Peau de chagrin for example becomes a metaphor for diminished male potency and a key symbol of Balzac's conception of energy and will in the modern world.
In a similar way, Balzac undermines the character of Melmoth the Wanderer in his "Melmoth Reconciled": Balzac takes a character from a fantastic novel (by Charles Robert Maturin) who has sold his soul for power and long life and has him sell his own power to another man in Paris... this man then sells this gift in turn and very quickly the infernal power is traded from person to person in the Parisian stock exchange until it loses any of its original power.
Swedenborg
Several of Balzac's characters, particularly Louis Lambert, traverse mystical crises and/or develop syncretic spiritual philosophies about human energy and action that are largely modelled on the life and work of Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772). As depicted in his works, Balzac's spiritual philosophy suggests that individuals have a limited quantity of spiritual energy and that this energy is dissipated through creative or intellectual work or through physical activity (including sex), and this is made emblematic in his philosophical tale La Peau de chagrin, in which a magical wild ass's skin confers on its owner unlimited powers, but shrinks each time it is used in science.
Themes of the Comédie humaine
The following are some of the major themes that recur throughout the various volumes of the Comédie humaine:
France after the Revolution
Balzac frequently bemoans the loss of a pre-Revolutionary society of honor which has now become — especially after the fall of Charles X of France and the arrival of the July Monarchy — a society dominated by money.
Money and power
"At the origin of every fortune lies a crime" : this precept from the "Red Inn" recurs constantly in the Comédie humaine, both as a biographical truth (Taillefer's murderous fortune, Goriot's deals with the Revolutionary army), and as a sign of French collective guilt at the horrors of the Revolution (and most notably by the death of Louis XVI of France).
The other source of power is rank. People of good blood aspire to a title, while people with titles aspire to the peerage. The opening section of The Secrets of the Princess Cadignan provides an explanation of why the title of prince is not prevalent nor coveted in France (compared to contemporary Germany or Russia).
Social success
Two young men dominate the Comédie humaine: Lucien de Rubempré and Eugène de Rastignac. Both are talented but poor youths from the provinces, both attempt to achieve greatness in society through the intercession of women and both come into contact with Vautrin, but only Rastignac succeeds while Lucien de Rubempré ends his life by his own hand in a jail in Paris. The difference in outcome is partly explained by Balzac's views on heredity: Rastignac comes from a noble family, while only Rubempré's mother comes from a noble family (he had to obtain royal permission to use his mother's family name instead of his father's name Chardon). This deficit is compounded by the fact that his mother had not only married a commoner far beneath her in rank, but she had also performed menial labour to support herself when her husband died.
Another contrast is between Emile Blondet and Raoul Nathan. Both are multi-talented men-of-letters. Blondet is the natural son of the prefect of Alençon and is described as witty but lazy, incurably hesitant, non-partisan, a political atheist, a player of the game of political opinions (along with Rastignac), having the most judicious mind of the day. He marries Madame de Montcornet and eventually becomes a prefect. Nathan is described as half-Jewish and possessing a second-rate mind. Nathan succumbs to the flattery of unscrupulous financiers and does not see that they are prepared to bankrupt him to achieve their purposes. Blondet sees what is happening but does not enlighten Nathan. The downfall drives Nathan to attempt suicide by the method of "any poor work-girl". He then sells out to the government of the day (on Blondet's advice) to secure an income, and returns to living with the actress/courtesan Florine. In the end he accepts the cross of the Legion of Honour (which he formerly satirised) and becomes a defender of the doctrine of heredity.
Paternity
The Comédie humaine frequently portrays the complex emotional, social and financial relationships between fathers and their children, and between father-figures and their mentors, and these relationships are metaphorically linked as well with issues of nationhood (the king as father, regicide), nobility (bloodlines, family names), history (parental secrets), wealth (the origin of parental fortunes, dowries) and artistic creation (the writer or artist as father of the work of art). Father Goriot is perhaps the most famous — and most tragic — of these father figures, but in Le Père Goriot, Eugène de Rastignac also encounters two other paternal figures, Vautrin and Taillefer, whose aspirations and methods define different paternal paths. Other significant fathers in the series include Eugénie Grandet's abusive and money-hoarding father and César Birotteau, the doomed capitalist.
Maternity
At one end of the scale we have 100% maternal involvement – as depicted by the upbringing of the sisters de Granville (A Daughter of Eve) later Mesdames Felix de Vandenesse and du Tillet.
At the other end of the scale we have 0% maternal involvement – as depicted by the upbringing of Ursule Mirouët by four men: her half-uncle-in-law (an atheist and republican), the local priest (saintly), the district judge (learned) and a retired soldier (worldly).
We are left in no doubt that it is the second option that produces what Balzac considers to be the ideal woman. Ursula is pious and prone to collapsing in tears at the slightest emotion.
Women, society and sex
The representation of women in the Comédie humaine is extremely varied — spanning material from both the romantic and pulp traditions — and includes idealized women (like Pauline in La Peau de chagrin or Eugénie Grandet), the tragic prostitute Esther Gobsek (Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes), the worldly daughters of Goriot and other women in society who can help their lovers advance, the masculine and domineering Cousine Bette, and the alluring and impossible love object (Foedora in La Peau de chagrin or the heroine of La fille aux yeux d'or). The latter category also includes several lesbian or bisexual characters.
Balzac's final plan (1845) of the Comédie Humaine is as follows (projected works are not included; dates are those of initial publication, whether or not the work was initially conceived as part of the Comédie Humaine):
Studies of manners (Études de moeurs)
Scenes from private life (Scènes de la vie privée)
Physiology of Marriage (Physiologie du Mariage, 1829)
Little Miseries of Conjugal Life (Petites misères de la vie conjugale, 1846)
Pathology of Social Life (Pathologie de la vie sociale, 1839), a collection of nonfiction essays
Treatise on Elegant Living (Traité de la vie élégante, 1830)
Theory of Walking Habits (Théorie de la démarche, 1833)
Treatise on Contemporary Stimulants (Traité des excitants modernes, 1839)
Posthumous "definitive" structural revision by Rabou
In French, the series is more often published according to the plan of the posthumous "Definitive Edition" that was prepared by Charles Rabou, Balzac's chosen literary executor who he even entrusted to complete some of his unfinished works in the series:
Studies of manners (Études de moeurs)
Scenes from private life (Scènes de la vie privée)
Physiology of Marriage (Physiologie du Mariage, 1829)
Little Miseries of Conjugal Life (Petites misères de la vie conjugale, 1846)
Pathology of Social Life (Pathologie de la vie sociale, 1839), a collection of nonfiction essays
Treatise on Elegant Living (Traité de la vie élégante, 1830)
Theory of Walking Habits (Théorie de la démarche, 1833)
Treatise on Contemporary Stimulants (Traité des excitants modernes, 1839)
Rabou's "definitive" revisions and additions were generally panned by literary critics, and that has left Balzac's final ordering more common in English translation than Rabou's.
Eugène de Rastignac – student, dandy, financier, politician (appears in 28 works)
Lucien Chardon de Rubempré (the use of "de Rubempré" is contested) – journalist, parvenu
Jacques Collin a.k.a. Abbé Carlos Herrera a.k.a. Vautrin a.k.a. Trompe-la-Mort – a criminal run away from forced labour
Camusot – examining magistrate (The Collection of Antiquities, A Commission in Lunacy, Scenes from a Courtesan's Life; his father also appears in A Distinguished Provincial at Paris)
Blondet, Emile – journalist, man of letters, prefect (The Collection of Antiquities, A Distinguished Provincial at Paris, Scenes from a Courtesan's Life). Compare and contrast with Raoul Nathan.
Raoul Nathan – in 19 works, writer, politician
Daniel d'Arthez
Delphine de Nucingen née Goriot
Roger de Granville
Louis Lambert
la duchesse de Langeais
la comtesse de Mortsauf
Jean-Jacques Bixiou – in 19 works, artist
Joseph Bridau – in 13 works, painter
Marquis de Ronquerolles – in 20 works
la comtesse Hugret de Sérisy – in 20 works
Félix-Amédée de Vandenesse
Horace Bianchon – in 24 works, doctor
des Lupeaulx – public servant
Salon leaders: the Duchesse de Maufrigneuse, the Marquise d'Espard
Dandies: Maxime de Trailles, Henri de Marsay
Courtesans: La Torpille (Esther van Gobseck), Madame du Val-Noble
Financiers: Ferdinand du Tillet, Frédérick de Nucingen, Keller brothers
^Robb, Graham: Balzac: A Life, pg. 330, 1996, W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.
^Brunetière, Ferdinand, Sanderson, Robert Louis: Honoré de Balzac, pg. 77, J. B. Lippincott & Co., London, 1906.
^Tilby, Michael (2000). "Honoré de Balzac: 1799–1850: French Novelist". In Classe, Olive (ed.). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English. Vol. 1 (A–L). Chicago, Illinois: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 98–104, 100. ISBN1884964362.
^Margaret Lesser: Marriage, Ellen (1865–1946). In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, May 2010). Subscription required. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
Compagnie des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire Création 1894 Disparition 1946 (Nationalisation) Siège social Lambres France Activité Houille modifier - modifier le code - voir Wikidata La Compagnie des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire est une compagnie minière qui a exploité la houille dans les concessions de Fléchinelle et d'Auchy-au-Bois dans le bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, à l'extrême ouest. Elle prend la suite de la Compagnie des mines de Lières, qui a elle-même réuni les conce…
2012 film by David Chase Not Fade AwayTheatrical release posterDirected byDavid ChaseWritten byDavid ChaseProduced byMark JohnsonDavid ChaseStarring James Gandolfini John Magaro Jack Huston Bella Heathcote CinematographyEigil BryldEdited bySidney WolinskyProductioncompaniesParamount Vantage Indian Paintbrush The Weinstein Company Gran Via Productions Chase FilmsDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease dates October 6, 2012 (2012-10-06) (New York Film Festival) December 21,…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (سبتمبر 2018) كيفين داوسون معلومات شخصية الميلاد 18 يونيو 1981 (العمر 42 سنة)نورثالرتون [لغات أخرى] الطول 6 قدم 0 بوصة (1.83 م) مركز اللعب مدافع الجنسية المملكة…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Jaringan Sekolah Islam Terpadu – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Artikel ini mungkin mengandung riset asli. Anda dapat membantu memperbaikinya dengan memastikan pernyataan yang dibuat dan …
Sun Lu Tang memperagakan Xingyi Xingyiquan (Hanzi: 形意拳; Pinyin: xíngyìquán) adalah ilmu bela diri Tiongkok yang menggabungkan filosofi Wu Xing (lima elemen) ke dalam jurus-jurusnya.[1] Xingyi adalah ilmu bela diri tertua di antara tiga ilmu bela diri neijia (lainnya adalah Baguazhang dan Taijiquan).[1][2] Pada zaman dahulu Xingyiquan juga disebut Xin Yi Liu He Quan (terjemahan lepas: Jurus (pukulan) Enam Keharmonian Hati dan Pikiran).[2] Mempunyai…
New Haven redirects here. For other uses, see New Haven (disambiguation). City in Connecticut, United StatesNew HavenCityFrom top, left to right: Downtown, East Rock Park, New Haven Green, Upper State Street Historic District, Five Mile Point Lighthouse, Harkness Tower, and Connecticut Hall at Yale University FlagSealWordmarkNickname: The Elm City New Haven County and Connecticut South Central Connecticut Planning Region and ConnecticutShow New HavenShow ConnecticutShow the United…
CirtaDetail Kemenangan Neptunus dan Amfitrit (sekitar 315-325 Masehi), sebuah mozaik Romawi dari Cirta. Sekarang di LouvreLokasi di AljazairLokasiAljazairWilayahProvinsi KonstantinusKoordinat36°22′03″N 6°36′43″E / 36.3675°N 6.611944°E / 36.3675; 6.611944 Artikel ini bukan mengenai Sirte. Cirta (dari Berber: KRTN atau Kirthan,[1] bahasa Fenisia: Tzirta) adalah ibu kota Kerajaan Berber Numidia di utara Afrika (sekarang Aljazair). Kota pelabuhan berpe…
Академія медичних наук СРСР Основні дані Засновано 1944 Країна СРСРТип академія наук і організаціяМатеринськаорганізація Академія наук СРСР Акаде́мія меди́чних нау́к СРСР — вища наукова медична установа в СРСР. Створена в 1944 році. ЇЇ приємниками є Російська Ака…
Motor vehicle Mercedes-Benz SLK-ClassMercedes-Benz SLC-ClassOverviewManufacturerDaimler-Benz (1996–1998)DaimlerChrysler (1998–2007)Daimler AG (2007–2020)Production1996–2020Body and chassisClassSports car (S) Compact grand tourerBody style2-door roadsterLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive The Mercedes-Benz SLK-Class is a compact executive roadster, produced by Mercedes-Benz. It was released in 1996 and was built at the Mercedes plant in Bremen, Germany, until the end of production i…
Location of Mississippi County in Missouri This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi County, Missouri. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi County, Missouri, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.[1] There are 12 properties and distri…
Larry Fitzgerald Datos personalesNombre completo Larry Darnell Fitzgerald, JrNacimiento Mineápolis, Minesota, Estados Unidos31 de agosto de 1983 (40 años)Nacionalidad(es) EstadounidenseAltura 1,91 m (6′ 3″)Peso 99 kg (218 lb)Carrera deportivaDeporte Fútbol americanoEquipo universitario PittsburghClub profesionalDraft de la NFL 1.ª ronda (puesto 3), 2004 por Arizona CardinalsClub Arizona CardinalsLiga NFLPosición Wide receiverDorsal(es) 11Trayectoria Arizona Cardinals…
مديرية العبر - مديرية - تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن[1] الإقليم الفدرالي إقليم حضرموت المحافظة محافظة حضرموت خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 16°05′00″N 47°30′00″E / 16.08333°N 47.5°E / 16.08333; 47.5 المساحة 7460.90 كم² الارتفاع 812 متر السكان الكثافة السكانية 0.448 نسمة/كم2 التع…
Algerian judoka (born 1974)Salima SouakriSecretary of State for Youth and SportsIncumbentAssumed office 29 June 2020PresidentAbdelmadjid TebbounePrime MinisterAymen BenabderrahmaneNadir Larbaoui Personal detailsBorn (1974-12-06) December 6, 1974 (age 49) Salima Souakri (born 6 December 1974) is an Algerian judoka who competed at four Olympic Games.[1] She finished in joint fifth place in the extra-lightweight (48 kg) division at the 1996 Summer Olympics, having lost the bro…
Typical countercurrent-flow spray tower. A spray tower (or spray column or spray chamber) is a gas-liquid contactor used to achieve mass and heat transfer between a continuous gas phase (that can contain dispersed solid particles) and a dispersed liquid phase. It consists of an empty cylindrical vessel made of steel or plastic, and nozzles that spray liquid into the vessel. The inlet gas stream usually enters at the bottom of the tower and moves upward, while the liquid is sprayed downward from …
1966 film GiftA poster bearing the film's alternative U.S. title, VenomDirected byKnud Leif ThomsenWritten byKnud Leif ThomsenProduced byBo ChristensenKnud Leif ThomsenStarringSøren StrømbergCinematographyArne AbrahamsenClaus LoofEdited byBirger LindDistributed byASA FilmRelease date 24 March 1966 (1966-03-24) Running time96 minutesCountryDenmarkLanguageDanish Gift (Danish: poison) is a 1966 Danish drama film directed by Knud Leif Thomsen and starring Søren Strømberg. In the U…
Church in Hawaii, United States Church in Hawaiʻi, United StatesKawaiahaʻo ChurchKawaiahaʻo Church is known as the Westminster Abbey of Hawaiʻi: site of royal weddings, inaugurations, installations, christenings, funerals and tombs.Location957 Punchbowl StreetHonolulu, Oʻahu, HawaiʻiCountryUnited StatesDenominationUnited Church of ChristWebsitewww.kawaiahao.orgHistoryStatusChurchArchitectureFunctional statusActiveStyleNeoclassicalMediterranean RevivalYears built1836–1842AdministrationDiv…
Subterranean river in London, England This article is about a river underneath London. For other uses, see River Fleet (disambiguation). Fleet Ditch redirects here. For the waterway in Maidenhead, Berkshire, see Maidenhead Waterways.51°30′39″N 0°6′16″W / 51.51083°N 0.10444°W / 51.51083; -0.10444 Entrance to the Fleet River as it emerges into the Thames, by Samuel Scott, c. 1750 The southern reaches of the Fleet, flowing beneath Holborn Bridge and Fleet Bridge,…
Batalyon Artileri Medan 13/NanggalaLambang Yon Armed 13/76/NanggalaDibentuk7 Juli 1962NegaraIndonesiaCabangArmedTipe unitSatuan Bantuan TempurPeranPasukan ArtilleriBagian dariResimen Armed 1/Stira YudhaMarkasKabupaten Sukabumi, Jawa BaratJulukanYonarmed 13/76/NanggalaMotoGundala Dharma ChaktiBaretCoklatMaskotSenjata NanggalaUlang tahun7 JuliAlutsistaMeriam M-48 76mm Batalyon Artileri Medan 13/Nanggala atau Yon Armed 13/76/Tarik/Kostrad merupakan satuan Batalyon Artileri yang berada di bawah Resi…
New Zealand plastic surgeon (1882–1960) Sir Harold GilliesOBE FRCSGillies caricatured in Punch's Personalities by George Belcher, 1929BornHarold Delf Gillies(1882-06-17)17 June 1882Dunedin, New ZealandDied10 September 1960(1960-09-10) (aged 78)Marylebone, London, EnglandAlma materGonville and Caius College, CambridgeOccupation(s)Otolaryngologist and pioneer plastic surgeonYears activec. 1910–1960Known forPlastic surgery, sex reassignment surgerySpouse Kathleen M…
Ramón Novarro Ramón Novarro (Carl Van Vechten, 1934). Données clés Nom de naissance Juan Ramón Gil Samaniego Naissance 6 février 1899Durango (Mexique) Nationalité Mexicain Américain Décès 30 octobre 1968 (à 69 ans)North Hollywood (Los Angeles, États-Unis) Profession réalisateur, scénariste, producteur de cinéma modifier Ramón Novarro (Juan Ramón Gil Samaniego) est un acteur, réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma mexicain né le 6 février 1899 à Durango (Mexiq…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Frequency counter – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A frequency counter is an electronic instrument, or component of one, that is used for measuring frequency. Frequency counters usua…
This article is about the DZ Bank building in Berlin. For the DZ Bank headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, see Westend Tower. DZ Bank building Berlin -interior The DZ Bank building (formerly DG Bank building) is an office, conference, and residential building located at Pariser Platz 3 in Berlin. It was designed by architect Frank Gehry and engineered by Hans Schober of Schlaich Bergermann & Partner. Construction began in 1998 and was completed in 2000. The building is mixed-use. Facing the Br…
Indian actress Pearl PadamseeDied23 April 2000(aged 68-69)[a]Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOccupationsActortheatre director-producer Pearl Padamsee (1931 – 23 April 2000) was an Indian theatre personality as a stage actress, director and producer of English language theatre in Mumbai active in 1950s–1990s. She acted in a few Hindi and English language films, including Khatta Meetha, Junoon, Baaton Baaton Mein, Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love, and Such a Long Journey.[3] She ran after-…
Type of electromagnetic radiation This article is about the radiation. For the generic oscillation, see Radio frequency. For the electronics, see Radio frequency engineering. For the British broadcasting station, see Radio Wave 96.5. For other uses, see Radio Waves. Animation of a half-wave dipole antenna radiating radio waves, showing the electric field lines. The antenna in the center is two vertical metal rods connected to a radio transmitter (not shown). The transmitter applies an alternatin…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. SMA Negeri 1 Cisarua BogorInformasiDidirikan04 April 2006JenisNegeriAkreditasiAKepala SekolahDrs. Arif Setiawan, M.MJumlah kelas27Jurusan atau peminatanMIPA dan IPSRentang kelasX, XI, XIIKurikulumKurikulum 2013AlamatLokasiJL. Adhijaksa RT.002 R…
Gerai lapor masuk Thai Airways International di Bandara Suvarnabhumi, Bangkok Lapor masuk bandara adalah proses di mana maskapai penerbangan menyetujui penumpang pesawat untuk naik pesawat terbang. Maskapai biasanya menggunakan gerai layanan yang ditemukan di bandara untuk proses ini, dan lapor masuk biasanya ditangani oleh maskapai itu sendiri atau agen penanganan yang bekerja atas nama maskapai. Penumpang biasanya menyerahkan barang bawaan apa pun yang tidak mereka inginkan atau tidak boleh di…
Armenia Ten artykuł jest częścią serii:Ustrój i politykaArmenii Ustrój polityczny Ustrój polityczny Armenii Konstytucja Konstytucja Armenii Władza ustawodawcza Zgromadzenie Narodowe Galust Sahakian Władza wykonawcza Prezydent Armen Sarkisjan Premier Nikol Paszinian Rząd Rząd Karena Karapetiana Władza sądownicza Wymiar sprawiedliwości Sąd Konstytucyjny Sąd Kasacyjny Kontrola państwowa Kontrola państwowa Izba Kontroli Republiki Armenii Finanse Centralny Bank Armenii Samorząd ter…
ВП:ДОБРОВП:ДОБРОВП:РАЗРВП:РАЗР Содержание 1 VRTS 2 Шаблонные разрешения 3 Шаблонные разрешения для юридических лиц 4 Перевод сайтов на открытую лицензию 5 Порядок получения разрешений 6 Другие правила Википедии 7 См. также Для разрешения на файлы предпочтительнее использоват…
