Kesavananda Bharati was born to Manchthaya Sreedhara Bhatt and Padmavathi Amma in 1940.[6] He was appointed the head of Sri Edneer Mutt, in Kasaragod district, Kerala, in 1961,[6] and belonged to the Parampara of Thotakacharya, one of the first four disciples of Adi Shankara.[1][7] He was a follower of the Smartha Bhagawatha tradition of Advaitha Pantha.[1] He took Sanyasa at the age of 19 and headed the Edneer Mutt as the Peetadhipathi until his death in 2020.[7] As the head of the Mutt, he was referred by the honorific title, Srimad Jagadguru Sri Sri Sankaracharya Thotakacharya Keshavananda Bharathi Sripadangalavaru.[8]
Kesavananda Bharati was a Carnatic and Hindusthani vocalist, and master of Yakshagana, an Indian art and theater form.[7][1] He was a patron of education, Kannada culture and arts, including Yakshagana, music and dramas. He supported the use of the Kannada language in the border district of Kasaragod. Under his guidance, the mutt had instituted a Kannada-medium school, an English-medium school, junior college, and a SanskritVeda Patashala (English: Vedic School).[7][9][1]
Procession of Swamiji by his disciples in Kumta, 2012
Shri Kesavananda Bharati (far right) with other Shankaracharyas in a regional Shankaracharyas' meet.
Shri Kesavananda Bharati Swamiji with devotees at Maha Kumbha Mela held at Allahabad in February 2013
In 1970, Kesavananda Bharati filed a case challenging the Kerala Government's attempts to acquire the Mutt's property, through the Kerala Land Reforms Act of 1963 as amended in 1969.[15] He argued, along with his lawyer Nani Palkhivala, that this action violated his fundamental rights, particularly his fundamental right to religion (Article 25), freedom of religious denomination (Article 26), and right to property (Article 31).[4][15]
On 23 March 1973, in a 7–6 ruling, the Supreme Court held that Parliament could not alter the "basic structure" of the Constitution of India.[16] This decision formed the basis for the basic structure doctrine that has since guaranteed the fundamental structure of the Indian Constitution.[14][17] Proponents of the doctrine consider the doctrine to be a major "safety valve" that guards against majoritarianism; while opponents consider it an undemocratic means for the judiciary to check the powers of the legislature.[18][3]
In April 2013, The Hindu, on Kesvananda's 40th anniversary, noted that the case saved Indian democracy[19] and thanked Shri Kesavananda Bharati and jurist Nanabhoy Palkhivala for the same.[12][20]
The case was heard by the largest Constitution bench and holds the record for the longest hearing with all 13 judges hearing the case for 68 days.[10][17][4][21]
Opinion
He was the only Shankaracharya to have publicly issued a statement saying that it was a mistake for the government to open the vaults of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. He stated that all the assets found in the temple's vault were indeed the assets of the temple and the responsibility of managing assets should be handed over to the temple's trust.[22]
