Judicial restraint

Judicial restraint is a judicial interpretation that recommends favoring the status quo in judicial activities and is the opposite of judicial activism. Aspects of judicial restraint include the principle of stare decisis (that new decisions should be consistent with previous decisions); a conservative approach to standing and a reluctance to grant certiorari;[1] and a tendency to deliver narrowly tailored verdicts, avoiding "unnecessary resolution of broad questions."[1]

Judicial restraint may lead a court to avoid hearing a case in the first place. The court may justify its decision by questioning whether the plaintiff has standing; or by refusing to grant certiorari; or by determining that the central issue of the case is a political question better decided by the executive or legislative branches of government; or by determining that the court has no jurisdiction in the matter.

Judicial restraint may lead a court to decide in favor of the status quo. In a case of judicial review, this may mean refusing to overturn an existing law unless the law is flagrantly unconstitutional (though what counts as "flagrantly unconstitutional" is itself a matter of some debate).[2] On an appeal, restraint may mean refusing to overturn the lower court's ruling. In general, restraint may mean respecting the principle of stare decisis — that new decisions should show "respect [...] for its own previous decisions."[1]: 287 

Judicial restraint may lead a court to rule narrowly, avoiding "unnecessary resolution of broad questions" (also known as judicial minimalism).[1] Restrained rulings are small and case-specific, rather than broad and sweeping. Restrained rulings also hesitate to justify themselves in terms of previously unidentified rights or principles.

Examples

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. wrote:

A constitutional case involving stare decisis was South Carolina v. Gathers. In Gathers the Court was urged to reconsider Booth v. Maryland.... [In an example of judicial restraint,] Justice White, who had dissented in the Booth case, declined to overrule it. He joined Justice Brennan's opinion for the Court in Gathers. The four dissenters in Gathers [displaying the opposite of judicial restraint] explicitly called for overruling Booth. Justice Scalia ... argued that a Justice must be free to vote to overrule decisions that he or she feels are not supported by the Constitution itself, as opposed to prior precedents.[3]

Roe v. Wade (1973) is frequently cited as an example of judicial activism, but subsequent cases, such as Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016), have demonstrated judicial restraint by ruling in harmony with the precedent set by Roe or by delivering narrow rulings on specific questions that do not explicitly seek to overturn Roe in its entirety.

Vacco v. Quill is an example of judicial restraint,[4] in part for upholding a New York state law criminalizing physician-assisted suicide if the patient is terminally ill, and in part for refusing to set any new precedent such as a constitutionally protected right to die if terminally ill.

Former Associate Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., considered to be one of the first major advocates of the philosophy of judicial restraint, described its importance in many of his books.[5] One writer described Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, a Democrat appointed by Franklin Roosevelt, as the "model of judicial restraint".[6]

William Rehnquist (Chief Justice 1986–2005) has been acknowledged as an advocate of judicial restraint,[7] despite his Court's having overturned some precedents from the more liberal Warren Court.[8] (In 1989, Lewis F. Powell Jr. analyzed decisions overruled by two previous Courts; Powell found that the "activist" Warren Court had explicitly overruled prior decisions 63 times in 16 years, whereas the Burger Court had overruled 61 decisions in 17 years — a "fairly constant" rate.)[1]: 285 

Ashwander rules

The United States Supreme Court employs a principle known as the Ashwander rules, established in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority (297 U.S. 288, 346-347 (1936)). These rules state that if a controversy can be resolved on grounds other than those requiring constitutional adjudication, the Court should avoid addressing the constitutional question. Articulated by Justice Louis D. Brandeis, these principles guide the Court in steering clear of constitutional rulings whenever possible.

Justice Brandeis, concurring in Ashwander v. TVA, summarized several jurisprudential rules for exercising judicial self-restraint and avoiding rulings on the constitutionality of congressional legislation:

The Court developed, for its own governance in the cases confessedly within its jurisdiction, a series of rules under which it has avoided passing upon a large part of all the constitutional questions pressed upon it for decision. They are:

  1. The Court will not pass upon the constitutionality of legislation in a friendly, non-adversary, proceeding, declining because to decide such questions "is legitimate only in the last resort, earnest and vital controversy between individuals. It never was the thought that, by means of a friendly suit, a party beaten in the legislature could transfer to the courts an inquiry as to the constitutionality of the legislative act."[9]
  2. The Court will not "anticipate a question of constitutional law in advance of the necessity of deciding it."[10] "It is not the habit of the Court to decide questions of a constitutional nature unless absolutely necessary to a decision of the case."[11]
  3. The Court will not "formulate a rule of constitutional law broader than is required by the Precise facts to which it is to be applied."[10]
  4. The Court will not pass upon a constitutional question although properly presented by the record, if there is also present some other ground upon which the case may be disposed of. This rule has found most varied application. Thus, if a case can be decided on either of two grounds, one involving a constitutional question, the other a question of statutory construction or general law, the Court will decide only the latter. Appeals from the highest court of a state challenging its decision of a question under the Federal Constitution are frequently dismissed because the judgment can be sustained on an independent state ground.
  5. The Court will not pass upon the validity of a statute upon complaint of one who fails to show that he is injured by its operation. Among the many applications of this rule, none is more striking than the denial of the right to challenge to one who lacks a personal or property right. (While not mentioned in Ashwander, there are exceptions in the case of a First Amendment challenge where the party may raise the effect of a law on other person's First Amendment rights, the so-called "chilling effect" doctrine.)
  6. The Court will not pass upon the constitutionality of a statute at the instance of one who has availed himself of its benefits.
  7. "When the validity of an act of the Congress is drawn in question, and even if a serious doubt of constitutionality is raised, it is a cardinal principle that this Court will first ascertain whether a construction management of the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be avoided."[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Lewis F. Powell Jr. (Spring 1990) [1989-10-17]. "Stare Decisis and Judicial Restraint". Washington and Lee Law Review. 47 (2): 281–290.
  2. ^ Zachary Baron Shemtob (March 27, 2012). "Following Thayer: The Conflicting Models of Judicial Restraint". papers.ssrn.com. SSRN 2029687.
  3. ^ Powell, Lewis F., Jr., "Stare Decisis and Judicial Restraint," Washington and Lee Law Review, vol. 47, no. 2 (Spring 1990), p. 283 (footnotes omitted).
  4. ^ Jeffrey Rosen (June 29, 1997). "Nine Votes for Judicial Restraint". The New York Times.
  5. ^ Brian Z. Tamanaha (April 7, 2007). "Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Legal Theory, and Judicial Restraint (Review)". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  6. ^ Kim Isaac Eisler (1993). A Justice for All. p. 11. ISBN 0-671-76787-9.
  7. ^ Bill Mears (September 4, 2005). "Conservatism, judicial restraint mark Rehnquist legacy". CNN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012.
  8. ^ "Reagan's Mr. Right". Time. June 30, 1986. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008.
  9. ^ Chicago & Grand Trunk Ry. v. Wellman, 143 U.S. 339 (1892)
  10. ^ a b Liverpool, N.Y. & P.S.S. Co. v. Emigration Commissioners, 113 U.S. 33 (1885)
  11. ^ Burton v. United States, 196 U.S. 283 (1905)
  12. ^ Crowell v. Benson, 285 U.S. 22 (1932)

Read other articles:

1st Observation Squadron redirects here. For the 1st Observation Squadron of 1937-1943, see 41st Electronic Combat Squadron. For other uses, see 1st Reconnaissance Squadron (disambiguation). 1st Reconnaissance Squadron Lockheed U-2S 80-1068Northrop Grumman RQ-4B Global Hawk 05-2026Active5 March 1913 – present(110 years, 8 months)Country United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleAerial reconnaissanceSizeSquadronPart ofAir Combat Command Sixteenth Air Force 9th R...

 

العقل في إجازةمعلومات عامةالصنف الفني غنائيتاريخ الصدور 1947-5-12اللغة الأصلية العربيةالعرض أبيض وأسود البلد  المملكة المصريةالطاقمالمخرج حلمي رفلةالكاتب يوسف جوهرالبطولة محمد فوزيليلى فوزيشاديةبشارة واكيمعلوية جميلالتركيب كمال الشيخصناعة سينمائيةالمنتج محمد فوزيالت

 

Melker op een aanbindkrukje Aanbindkrukje in detail Een melkkruk wordt gebruikt bij het met de hand melken van koeien. Een veel voorkomende vorm is een zitvlak met in het midden één poot dat met een riem om de heupen bevestigd is. Zo kan de melker gemakkelijk van de ene koe naar de andere lopen en meteen gaan zitten om te melken. In Nederland worden koeien sinds de jaren vijftig bijna steeds met de machine gemolken, waarbij geen melkkruk nodig is.

Yacon Classificação científica Domínio: Eukaryota Reino: Plantae Clado: angiospérmicas Clado: eudicotiledóneas Ordem: Asterales Família: Asteraceae Tribo: Heliantheae Género: Smallanthus Espécie: S. sonchifolius Nome binomial Smallanthus sonchifolius(Poeppig & Endlicher) H. Robinson Sinónimos Polymnia sonchifolia (Poeppig and Endlicher) Polymnia edulis (Wedd.) O yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius[1]), também conhecido como batata yacon, ou batata do diabético, é uma planta origi...

 

Оболь Річка Оболь у Шумілінському районі Річка Оболь на мапі басейну Західної Двіни 55°49′57″ пн. ш. 30°00′46″ сх. д. / 55.83250000002777824° пн. ш. 30.01280000002777726° сх. д. / 55.83250000002777824; 30.01280000002777726Витік озеро Єзерищена схід від смт Єзерище [1]...

 

1953 atomic tests in South Australia TotemObelisk at the Totem 1 test siteInformationCountryUnited KingdomTest siteEmu Field, South Australia, AustraliaPeriod15–27 October 1953Number of tests2Test typetowerMax. yield10 kilotonnes of TNT (42 TJ)Test series chronology← Operation HurricaneOperation Mosaic → Operation Totem was a pair of British atmospheric nuclear tests which took place at Emu Field in South Australia in October 1953. They followed the Operation...

العلاقات البنينية الطاجيكستانية بنين طاجيكستان   بنين   طاجيكستان تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البنينية الطاجيكستانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بنين وطاجيكستان.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه...

 

English pop band Frazier ChorusBackground informationOriginBrighton, EnglandGenresPop, dream popYears active1986–1996Labels4ADVirginPinkertonPast membersTim FreemanKate HolmesChris TaplinMichéle AllardyceWebsitehttp://frazierchorus.co.uk Frazier Chorus were an English pop group from Brighton, England.[1] They were known for their unconventional instrumentation, including synthesizers, trumpets, flutes and clarinets, as well as frontman Tim Freeman's soft, heavily accented ... talk-...

 

الرياضات الاحترافية، على عكس الرياضات التي يمارسها الهواة، هي الرياضات التي يحصل فيها الرياضيون على أموال مقابل أدائهم. بَرزت الرياضة الاحترافية إلى المقدمة بعد مجموعة من التطورات. جلبت وسائل الإعلام والرفاهية عددًا أكبر من الجماهير لها، بحيث أمكن للمنظمات والفرق الريا...

No debe confundirse con Ferrocarril del Istmo de Tehuantepec. El Ferrocarril Interoceánico era una línea de ferrocarril de vía angosta. El proyecto era unir al puerto de Veracruz, en el Golfo de México con Acapulco, en el Pacífico. La parte de Veracruz a la ciudad de México se llevó a cabo y de esta a Balsas, en el estado de Guerrero, pues la Sierra Madre del Sur planteó dificultades técnicas insuperables para llegar al puerto acapulqueño.[1]​ El Interoceánico fue diferente a...

 

Australian political scientist This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: Chandran Kukathas – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this templa...

 

American local elected official Theresa LePore is a former Supervisor of Elections for Palm Beach County, Florida. She designed the infamous butterfly ballot used in the 2000 presidential election.[1] This would lead the press to nickname her Madame Butterfly. Following the controversial results of the 2000 election, she lost her re-election bid in September 2004 and left office in January 2005. Career LePore grew up in Palm Beach County, attending Cardinal Newman High School in West ...

Sudanese women's group active during the al-Bashir and Sudanese Revolution eras No to oppression of womenمبادرة لا لقهر النساءMubadarat La Liqahr al-Nisa'Founded2009[1]FocusWomen's rightsArea served SudanMethodMonitoring, advocacy, legal aid[1]Key peopleIhsan Fagiri[2] The No to Oppression against Women Initiative[3] (Arabic: مبادرة لا لقهر النساء Mubadarat La Liqahr al-Nisa' ), also known as the No to Women's Oppression Init...

 

I

Ten artykuł dotyczy litery alfabetu łacińskiego. Zobacz też: I jako skrót lub oznaczenie. I i I (minuskuła: i) – dziewiąta litera alfabetu łacińskiego, dwunasta litera alfabetu polskiego. Oznacza zwykle w danym języku samogłoskę przednią wysoką, np. [i] lub [ɪ]. Litera I Wymowa litery IProblem z odtwarzaniem tego pliku? Zobacz strony pomocy. Inne reprezentacje litery I Sygnalizacja Język migowy AlfabetBraille’a flagaMiędzynarodowegoKodu Sygnałowego Alfabetsemaf...

 

Peta La Puebla de Los Infantes (1999) La Puebla de los Infantes merupakan sebuah kota yang terletak di wilayah Provinsi Sevilla, Andalusia, Spanyol Lihat juga Daftar munisipalitas di Seville Daftar munisipalitas di Spanyol lbsKota di Provinsi Sevilla Aguadulce Alanís Albaida del Aljarafe Alcalá de Guadaíra Alcalá del Río Alcolea del Río Algámitas Almadén de la Plata Almensilla Arahal Aznalcázar Aznalcóllar Badolatosa Benacazón Bollullos de la Mitación Bormujos Brenes Burguillos Ca...

Портал:Политика Украина Статья из серии Политическая системаУкраины Государственный строй Конституция Президент Владимир Зеленский Кабинет министров Премьер-министр Денис Шмыгаль Верховная рада Председатель Верховной рады Руслан Стефанчук Народные депутаты Судебн...

 

Bhojpuri general entertainment channel Television channel CountryIndiaNetworkZee Entertainment EnterprisesHeadquartersNew Delhi, Delhi, IndiaProgrammingLanguage(s)BhojpuriPicture format576i(SDTV)OwnershipOwnerZee Entertainment Enterprises(merger with Culver Max Entertainment pending)Sister channelsZee BiskopeBig MagicHistoryLaunched14 January 2013; 10 years ago (2013-01-14) as Big Magic Bihar Jharkhand 15 August 2014; 9 years ago (2014-08-15) as Big Magic G...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Émilie DesjeuxÉmilie DesjeuxLahir(1861-10-09)9 Oktober 1861Meninggal23 April 1957KebangsaanPrancisPendidikanWilliam BouguereauTony Robert-FleuryPierre Victor Louis VignalDikenal atasPelukisPenghargaanOfficier d'académie[1] Émilie Desjeux (...

Ethiopian politicianThis is an Ethiopian name. The last name is a patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Redwan.This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Redwan Hussein – news...

 

Italian TV channel Television channel IRISCountryItalyBroadcast areaItalyProgrammingLanguage(s)ItalianEnglishPicture format1080i HDTVOwnershipOwnerMediaset Italia(MFE - MediaForEurope)Sister channelsRete 4Canale 5Italia 12027 TwentysevenLa5Cine 34FocusTop CrimeBoingBoing PlusCartoonitoItalia 2TGcom24Mediaset ExtraHistoryLaunchedNovember 30, 2007 (SDTV) December 21, 2022 (HDTV)Closed(SDTV) Closed on December 21, 2022LinksWebsiteIrisAvailabilityTerrestrialDigital terrestrial televisionChannel 2...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!