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John P. Harrington
John P. Harrington
	Harrington in 1924
Born	April 29, 1884; Waltham, Massachusetts
Died	October 21, 1961 (aged 77); San Diego, California
Education	Stanford University, UC Berkeley, University of Leipzig, University of Berlin,
Occupation(s)	Linguist, Field ethnologist
Spouse	Carobeth Laird

John Peabody Harrington (April 29, 1884 – October 21, 1961) was an American linguist and ethnologist and a specialist in the indigenous peoples of California. Harrington is noted for the massive volume of his documentary output, most of which remains unpublished: the shelf space in the National Anthropological Archives dedicated to his work spans nearly 700 feet.^[1]

Early life and education

Born in Waltham, Massachusetts, Harrington moved to California as a child. From 1902 to 1905, Harrington studied anthropology and classical languages at Stanford University. Harrington completed his Stanford undergraduate degree with courses at a summer school at the University of California at Berkeley where he met Alfred Kroeber. He began but did not complete graduate studies in Germany at the University of Leipzig, where he studied under Franz Nikolaus Finck. Like Harrington, Finck was a fieldworker who studied a broad range of languages in situ (especially dialects of Irish and Caucasian languages).,^[2] and Walsh argues that Finck may have been a formative influence on Harrington, who expressed his admiration for Finck in an obituary in the American Anthropologist.^[3] Harrington became intensely interested in Native American languages and ethnography.

Linguistic legacy

Rather than completing his doctorate at the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin, Harrington became a high-school language teacher. For three years, he devoted his spare time to an intense examination of the few surviving Chumash people. His exhaustive work came to the attention of the Smithsonian Museum's Bureau of American Ethnology. Harrington became a permanent field ethnologist for the bureau in 1915. He was to hold this position for 40 years, collecting and compiling several massive caches of raw data on native peoples, including the Chumash, Mutsun, Rumsen, Chochenyo, Kiowa, Chimariko, Yokuts, Gabrielino, Salinan, Yuma, and Mojave, among many others. Harrington also extended his work into traditional culture, particularly mythology and geography. His field collections include information on placenames and thousands of photographs. The massive collections were disorganized in the extreme, and contained not only linguistic manuscripts and recordings, but also objects and realia of every stripe; a later cataloger described how opening each box of his legacy was "an adventure in itself."^[4] He published very little of his work; many of his notes appear to have been deliberately hidden from his colleagues. After his death, Smithsonian curators discovered over six tons of boxes stored in warehouses, garages and even chicken coops throughout the West.^[5]

Harrington is virtually the only recorder of some languages, such as Obispeño (Northern) Chumash, Kitanemuk, and Serrano. He gathered more than 1 million pages of phonetic notations on languages spoken by tribes from Alaska to South America. When the technology became available, he supplemented his written record with audio recordings - many recently digitized^[6] - first using wax cylinders, then aluminum discs.[1] He is credited with gathering some of the first recordings of native languages, rituals, and songs, and perfecting the phonetics of several different languages.^[7] Harrington's attention to detail, both linguistic and cultural, is well-illustrated in "Tobacco among the Karuk Indians of California," one of his relatively few formally published works.^[8]

Rumsen Cultural Bearer Isabel Meadows works with J.P. Harrington

In 1933, at age 87, Isabel Meadows was invited to Washington D.C., to assist Harrington with his research on the Rumsen life, language, and culture in the Carmel Valley, California and Big Sur regions. Isabel was last known speaker of their language.^[9] They worked together until the end of her life, on May 20, 1939, at age 94, in Washington D.C.^[10]

A more complete listing of the languages he documented includes:^[11]

Personal life

Harrington was married to Carobeth Laird (née Tucker) from 1916 to 1923, a relationship that Laird later chronicled in her 1975 memoir Encounter with an Angry God. They had one daughter, Awona Harrington.^[12]

References

^ Glenn, James R. (1991). "The Sound Recordings of John P. Harrington: A Report on Their Disposition and State of Preservation". Anthropological Linguistics. 33 (4): 357–366. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30028216.
^ Walsh, Jane MacLaren (1976). John Peabody Harrington: The Man and His California Indian Fieldnotes. Ballena Press. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
^ Harrington, John P.; Paine, C. S.; Webster, Hutton (October–December 1910). "Anthropologic Miscellanea". American Anthropologist. New Series. 12 (4). Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association: 724–734. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
^ Callaghan, C. A (1991). "Encounter with John P. Harrington". Anthropological Linguistics. 33 (4): 350–356.
^ Lisa M. Krieger, "Long gone Native languages emerge from the grave", The Mercury News, 23 December 2007.
^ "Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution". collections.si.edu. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
^ Krieger, Lisa M. (2007-12-23). "Long gone Native languages emerge from the grave: Millions of cryptic notes from linguist John Peabody Harrington". Mercury News. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
^ Harrington, John P. 1932. "Tobacco among the Karuk Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 94. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
^ Meighan, Clement W. (1952). "Excavation of Isabella Meadows Cave, Monterey County California" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ "Isabel Meadows, Valley Pioneer, Dies in East". Carmel Pine Cone. Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. 1939-05-26. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
^ Victor Golla (2 August 2011). California Indian Languages. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
^ Laird, Carobeth. 1975. Encounter with an Angry God: Recollections of my Life with John Peabody Harrington. Malki Museum Press, Banning, CA.