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Jim Chamberlin
Jim Chamberlin
	Chamberlin in the Gemini Project Manager's Office, Houston, 1962
Born	May 23, 1915; Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
Died	March 8, 1981 (aged 65); Webster, Texas, U.S.
Alma mater	University of Toronto, Imperial College London
Known for	Avro Arrow, Project Gemini
Spouse	Ella Chamberlin
Awards	ESAM ; NASA Exceptional Service Medal ; NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal
	Scientific career
Fields	Aerospace engineering
Institutions	Avro Canada; NASA; McDonnell Douglas;

James Arthur Chamberlin (May 23, 1915 – March 8, 1981) was a Canadian engineer who contributed to the design of the Canadian Avro Arrow, NASA's Gemini spacecraft and the Apollo program. In addition to his pioneering air and space efforts, he is often cited as an example of Canadian brain drain to the U.S. In the early 1960s, he was one of the key people that proposed and moved that Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR) was the best option for landing a crew on the Moon, the method eventually used on Apollo lunar landing missions. He left NASA in 1970 and worked for McDonnell Douglas, in their Houston offices, until his death in 1981.

Early life

Chamberlin was born in Kamloops, British Columbia on May 23, 1915, the son of Walter A. Chamberlin and Theresa Goldie. His father was an English-born architect, who was killed at the Battle of Vimy Ridge while serving with the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery. His mother, a sister of William Goldie, moved to Toronto following her husband's death and was later remarried.^[1] Chamberlin subsequently attended high school at the University of Toronto Schools. Having maintained a keen interest in aircraft from a young age, he built original design model airplanes in his adolescent years, at one point winning a model aircraft contest organized by The Mail and Empire.^[2] Chamberlin later took mechanical engineering degrees at the University of Toronto (1936) and Imperial College London (1939).^[3]

Career

Chamberlin began his engineering career with the British aircraft company (and later ejection seat manufacturers) Martin-Baker before returning to Canada.^[4] He worked on the production of the British Avro Anson at Federal Aircraft Ltd. in Montreal (1940–1941), and later, on training and anti-submarine aircraft as chief engineer at Clarke Ruse Aircraft in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia (1941–1942). His longest tenure began as a research engineer (1942–1945) at Noorduyn Aircraft in Montreal, working on the Norseman and serving in this position until the end of the Second World War.^[3]

Avro Canada

In February 1946, Chamberlin joined Avro Aircraft Ltd. in Toronto, the Canadian subsidiary of the British Avro, itself part of the Hawker Siddeley Group, where he was chief aerodynamicist on the C102 Jetliner and CF-100 Canuck jet interceptor. Later, as chief of technical design for the CF-105 Avro Arrow jet interceptor, he generated many of the ideas that would make the design famous.^[5] According to Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame, it was under Chamberlin's leadership that the Arrow's technical design team conducted engineering research and applied development techniques that were "a generation or more ahead of those used by other aircraft companies" at the time.^[2]

NASA

Following the Canadian government's cancellation of the Avro Arrow project in 1959, Chamberlin led a team of 25 engineers from Avro who joined NASA's Space Task Group. This group eventually grew to 32 former Avro engineers, collectively known as the "Avro Group", who joined NASA and become emblematic of what many Canadians viewed as a brain drain to the United States.^[4]

As head of engineering for Project Mercury, chief designer and NASA's first Project Manager for the Gemini spacecraft built by McDonnell Aircraft, and then troubleshooter on Apollo, Chamberlin played an instrumental role in creating and implementing the first three generations of American crewed spacecraft.^[5]

While designing the Gemini spacecraft in 1961, Chamberlin proposed that Gemini be paired with a "bug" that would land a single astronaut on the Moon. Chamberlin had been impressed with NASA engineer John Houbolt's advocacy of Lunar orbit rendezvous as the method to go to the Moon. Although Chamberlin's idea of flying Gemini to the Moon was rejected, it helped lead NASA to its decision in 1962 to use Lunar Orbit Rendezvous in the Apollo program, which involved using the Lunar Module (LM) to descend to the lunar surface.^[6]

Chamberlin was described by space historian David Baker as "probably one of the most brilliant men ever to work for NASA."^[7] Chamberlin left NASA in 1970 to join McDonnell Douglas Astronautics, where he prepared an ultimately unsuccessful space shuttle bid before becoming technical director for the company's facility at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, a position he held until his death on March 8, 1981. He and his wife had a son and a daughter.^[3]

Honors

NASA awarded Chamberlin its Exceptional Scientific Achievement, Exceptional Service and Exceptional Engineering Achievement medals. Chamberlin was a Professional Engineer of the Province of Ontario, a member of the Institute of Aeronautical Scientists and an Associate Fellow of the Canadian Aeronautical Institute.^[3] The minor planet 14148 Jimchamberlin, discovered at Kitt Peak National Observatory in 1998, is named in his honor.^[8] In 2001, he was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.^[9] In 2019, Canada Post issued stamps commemorating Canadian contributions to the Apollo 11 mission which included Chamberlin's likeness.^[10]

In the 1997 CBC miniseries The Arrow, Chamberlin is played by actor Aidan Devine.

References

^ Schmidt-Adeney, Irene (August 7, 2019). "Ayr family member plays one small step in the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969" (PDF). The Ayr News.
^ ^a ^b "James Arthur Chamberlin - Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame". October 28, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gainor, Chris. "James A. Chamberlin". NASA History: November 26, 2001. Washington: NASA. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
^ ^a ^b McArthur, Scott. "James Arthur Chamberlin, 1915–1981." Archived January 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Arrow Digital Archives: Arrow Recovery Canada. Retrieved: January 4, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Gainor 2001, pp. 19-33.
^ Hansen, James R. "Enchanted Rendezvous: John Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept." NASA-TM-111236: Monographs in Aerospace History Series #4, NASA, December 1995. Retrieved: August 13, 2011.
^ Baker 1982, p. 182.
^ "IAU Minor Planet Center". minorplanetcenter.net. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
^ "James Arthur Chamberlin." Archived August 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved: January 4, 2013.
^ Mortillaro, Nicole (July 12, 2019). "Sudbury was a stand-in for the moon and other little-known (Canadian) things about the Apollo program". CBC News.

Bibliography

Baker, David. The History of Manned Space Flight. New York: Crown Publishers, 1985, First edition 1982. ISBN 978-0-51754-377-1.
Gainor, Chris. Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books, 2001, ISBN 1-896522-83-1.
Hacker, Barton; James Grimwood. On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1977. ISBN 978-0-16067-157-9.
Harvey, Brian. Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects. New York: Springer, 2007. ISBN 978-0-387-46343-8.
"Lunar orbit rendezvous: news conference on Apollo plans at NASA headquarters on July 11, 1962." NASA, 1962.
Murray, Charles; Catherine Bly Cox. Apollo: The Race to the Moon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. ISBN 978-0-671-70625-8.
Nelson, Craig. Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon. New York: Viking, 2009. ISBN 978-0-670-02103-1.
Stewart, Greig. Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow. Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 1991. ISBN 978-0-07551-119-9.
Whitcomb, Randall. Cold War Tech War. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books, 2008. ISBN 978-1-894959-77-3.
Wilford. John. We Reach the Moon: The New York Times Story of Man's Greatest Adventure. New York: Bantam Paperbacks, 1973, First edition 1969. ISBN 978-0-44826-152-2.
Woods, W. David. How Apollo Flew to the Moon. New York: Springer, 2008. ISBN 978-0-387-71675-6.