The area that became Janesville was the site of a Ho-Chunk village named Įnį poroporo (Round Rock) up to the time of Euro-American settlement.[6] In the 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chien, the United States recognized the portion of the present city that lies west of the Rock River as Ho-Chunk territory, while the area east of the river was recognized as Potawatomi land. Following the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and the Black Hawk War of 1832, both nations were forced to surrender this land to the United States.[7][8]
American settlers John Inman, George Follmer, Joshua Holmes, and William Holmes Jr. built a crude log cabin in the region in 1835.[9] Later that year, one key settler, Henry F. Janes,[1] a native of Virginia who was a self-proclaimed woodsman and early city planner, arrived in what is now Rock County. Janes initially wanted to name the budding village "Blackhawk," after the famous Sauk leader, Chief Black Hawk, but was turned down by Post Office officials. After some discussion, it was settled that the town would be named after Janes himself and thus, in 1835, Janesville was founded.[10]
Despite being named after a Virginian, Janesville was founded by old stock Yankee immigrants, descended from the EnglishPuritans who settled New England in the 1600s. The completion of the Erie Canal caused a surge in New Englander immigration to what was then the Northwest Territory. Some of them were from upstate New York, and had parents who had moved to that region from New England shortly after the Revolutionary War. New Englanders, and New England transplants from upstate New York, were the vast majority of Janesville's inhabitants during the first several decades of its history.[11][12][13][14] Land surveys encouraged pioneers to settle in the area among the abundance of fertile farmland and woodlands. Many of these early settlers established farms and began cultivating wheat and other grains.
Some of the key settlers hailed from the burned-over district of western New York State, (an area notable for being a part of the Christian revival movement known as the Second Great Awakening). Some of those in that revival movement were also active in the abolitionist and women's rights movements.[10] One of the settlers in Janesville was William Tallman, who hailed from Rome, New York. Tallman came to the area in 1850 and bought up large tracts of land in hopes of inspiring his fellow New Yorkers to settle in the fertile Rock County. He established himself as one of the most influential and affluent members of the budding Janesville populace. He was passionate about the call for abolition and became a supporter of the Republican Party. One of the crowning moments in Tallman's life was when he convinced the up-and-coming Illinois Republican, Abraham Lincoln, to speak in Janesville in 1859. The Tallman house is now a historical landmark, and best known as "The place where Abraham Lincoln slept."
As the population grew in the Janesville area, several new industries began cropping up along the Rock River, including flour and lumber mills. The first dam was built in 1844.[10]
Janesville was very active during the Civil War. Local farms sold grains to the Union army, and Rock County was one of the counties in Wisconsin with the highest number of men enlisted.[10]Thomas H. Ruger, of Janesville, served in the war, along with his brothers, Edward, William, and Henry, and he rose to the rank of brigadier general. Ruger later served as military governor of Georgia, and commandant of West Point. He is memorialized at Fort Ruger in Diamond Head, Hawaii.[15]
After the Civil War, Janesville's agriculture continued to surge and a greater demand for new farming technology led to the development of several foundries and farm machine manufacturers in the area, including the Janesville Machine Company, and the Rock River Iron Works. With the boom in the farm service sector and establishment of a rail system, Janesville soon began to ship goods to and from prominent eastern cities, including New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. After decades of rigorous grain farming, the soil quality around Janesville began to degrade. Farmers responded to this by planting tobacco, which became one of the most profitable and prolific crops grown in Wisconsin during the late 19th century.[10]
Another development during the mid-19th century was the establishment of a women's rights movement in Janesville. The movement was founded in the 1850s and continued after the Civil War. One of the key focuses of the group during the 1870s was the Temperance movement.
In the late 1880s, German immigrants began to arrive in Janesville in large numbers (making up less than 5% of the town before this time). They were the largest non-English-speaking group to settle there. Unlike in some other areas, in Janesville, they experienced virtually no hostility or xenophobia. Janesville's founding English-Puritan-descended Yankee population welcomed them with open arms, with many writing back to relatives in Germany enthusiastically. This led to chain migration which increased the German population of the town.[16] Only one German-language newspaper was founded in the town; it was known as The Janesville Journal, and began in 1889, printing for only a few years.[17]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Milwaukee Road and Chicago and North Western railroads had freight and passenger rail connections to the city. Passenger rail service continued until 1971.[18]
One of the key developments in Janesville's history was the establishment of a General Motors plant in 1919. The plant was initially established to produce Samson tractors, a company acquired by GM co-founder William C. Durant. Durant was encouraged by Joseph Craig, the president of Janesville Machine, to build a plant to produce the Samson tractors in Janesville, to which Durant agreed. In the years following World War I, the demand for tractors plummeted and the plant shifted its focus to the production of automobiles.[10]
One of the most prominent turns of the century figures in Janesville was George Parker, who developed new pen technologies and styles and eventually established the Parker Pen Company. His developments included the "lucky curve" ink feed system and the "trench pen"—a pen commissioned by the U.S. Army for use in World War I. Parker designed and established a headquarters and factory in downtown Janesville. The Parker Pen Company was handed down to George's son, Ken, who developed the revolutionary "Parker 51" in the 1940s. A Parker pen was used by Dwight D. Eisenhower to sign Germany's Armistice agreement to end World War II in Europe, and subsequently General Douglas MacArthur used his 20-year-old Parker Duofold in the signing of Japan's surrender at the end of the War in the Pacific. The Parker Pen Company was one of the top employers in the area for over 70 years. The company was eventually sold off in a leveraged buyout in the 1980s.[10]
Another important figure in Janesville's history was John Nolen, who was hired by the city in 1919. Nolen was a city planner who saw the Rock River as a focal point for community and park development. His park planning established Janesville as the "City of Parks."[10]
Janesville was the site of the first Wisconsin State Fair in 1851, attended by approximately 10,000 people.[19]
A tree that once stood in downtown Courthouse Park was the site of a lynch mob that, on their second attempt, having been rebuffed by an opposing crowd the day before, hanged a convicted murderer in 1859.[20] Janesville had a "Peace Park" with a playground and a peace pole, which when constructed was the tallest in the world and is now the second tallest.[21]
Janesville developed its first flag in 2015 in a design contest held in Janesville's schools. The flag represents the community's past, present, and future, with 1853 representing the year Janesville was incorporated, four stars symbolizing the city's four original wards, a green background standing for the community's agricultural industry, and black representing both the rich soil for which Janesville is known, and the smoke that billowed from smokestacks as the community developed a manufacturing economy. The tree in the center is the city's logo, representing Janesville's slogan, "Wisconsin’s Park Place."[22]
Geography
Rock River in downtown Janesville
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 34.76 square miles (90.03 km2), of which 34.16 square miles (88.47 km2) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.55 km2) is water.[23] The city is divided by the Rock River. Elevation is 837 ft, or 255 m.
Climate
Like the rest of Wisconsin, the climate is humid continental, but its location is in the transition from warm to warm summers in the eastern and northern part of the state. Nowadays the city is the first choice, i.e. Dfa for Köppen classification where the hot season may not be so comfortable at times, although surges in the outskirts without UHI are in the Dfb zone. The city is at 5a / 5b in the USDAPlant Hardiness Zone.[24]
Climate data for Janesville, Wisconsin, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present
According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $55,914, and the median income for a family was $70,805. Male full-time workers had a median income of $50,034 versus $41,998 for female workers. The per capita income for the city was $30,041. About 8.1% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over.[29] Of the population age 25 and over, 93.1% were high school graduates or higher and 25.2% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[30]
Of the 25,828 households, 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, with 10.6% individuals aged 65 years or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.1 years.
Religion
Nativity of Mary ParishSt. Paul's Lutheran Church
There are four Roman Catholic parishes in Janesville, all part of the Diocese of Madison. The oldest is St. Patrick's, established in a log chapel in 1844 when there were only six Catholic families in Janesville. A priest arrived in March 1845 and celebrated Mass. St. Patrick's present church was built of cream-colored brick in 1863 and is located at 315 Cherry Street. Located on a hill near the center of town, the architecturally prominent Nativity of Mary church (St. Mary's) was organized in 1876 by German immigrants who wanted a parish of their own. The present red brick structure was completed in 1902. The remaining two Janesville parishes are St. John Vianney, located on East Racine Street, and St. William on the near west side.
The city is also home to other Christian churches including Lutheran, Methodist, Episcopalian, Baptist, and others. The First Baptist Church of Janesville was organized October 13, 1844, and founded by the Rev. Jeremiah Murphy. The Seventh Day Baptist General Conference has its offices in Janesville; the denomination's nearest church is in nearby Milton. All Saints Anglican Catholic Church[32] a part of the continuing Anglican movement, is located in a historic church near downtown that was built by German Lutherans in the 1880s.
There are four cemeteries in Janesville: Oakhill, a municipal cemetery, Mount Olivet, a Roman Catholic cemetery, Dillenbeck Cemetery,[33] and Milton Lawns, a non-demominational private cemetery.
The Gideon Bible organization was founded at the Janesville YMCA in 1899 by Janesville resident John H. Nicholson and a Beloit man after they had shared a Boscobel hotel room.[34]
Businesses headquartered in Janesville include Impact Confections, a candy maker; Blain's Farm & Fleet, a four-state retail chain; Woodman's Markets, a regional supermarket chain that built its first store in Janesville; Swing'n'Slide, a maker of wood-and-plastic playground equipment; Hufcor (formerly Hough Shade Company), a manufacturer of room dividers that markets internationally; and Gray's Brewing, maker of boutique beers and soft drinks.
From 1919 until 2008, Janesville was the site of the Janesville Assembly Plant. Founded in 1919, when General Motors bought the Janesville Machine Company and merged it with the Samson Tractor Company, the Janesville plant was the oldest General Motors plant in North America prior to its closing. It assembled light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles,[36] which declined in popularity as gasoline prices increased.[37] The plant closed in December, 2008.[38][39] Production of General Motors sport-utility vehicles ended on December 23 and the remaining medium-duty Isuzu assembly line ended operations on April 23, 2009.[40]
The Parker Pen Company was founded in Janesville. At one time its factory was the largest writing instrument plant in the world. The company later purchased ManpowerGroup, but eventually sold the pen business to Gillette, which closed the factory in 2000.[41]Northwestern Mutual was founded in Janesville in 1857 but moved to Milwaukee two years later.
The Janesville Mall redeveloped in the late 1990s, and in 1998 Pine Tree Plaza opened. In November 2006, a Walmart Supercenter and a Sam's Club opened after a period of controversy.
The site of the former Janesville Oasis, known for Bessie, a large fiberglass cow at its entrance, began redevelopment in 2007; the anchor tenant is a Super Menards. Bessie the cow was spared by popular demand.[42][43]
Largest employers
As of 2015, the largest employers in the city were:[44]
The 1857 Lincoln-Tallman House, which models the Italian Villa-style architecture, is one of 34 sites on the Register.[45]Abraham Lincoln slept there for two nights.[46] The Columbus Circle neighborhood became Janesville's tenth historic district in 2005.
The library began in 1865 as a privately supported reading room for the Young Men's Library Association. It became a public library in 1884, and was housed in rented quarters. In 1903, a new building was constructed with $30,000 from Andrew Carnegie and other donors, and $3,000 from the city. In 1968, a new library was built. In 1996, the library was renovated and renamed Hedberg Public Library.[52] The library is part of the Arrowhead Library System.
Janesville is known as "Wisconsin's Park Place". Its 2,590-acre (10.5 km2) park system includes 64 improved parks, as well as boat launches, golf courses, and nature trails.[53] This is one of the highest acreages per capita in Wisconsin.[54]
Janesville has a public, internationally themed botanical garden, Rotary Gardens, that was created from an abandoned sand pit.[55]
Other major parks include Riverside Park, a recreational park along the Rock River including a golf course and a segment of the Ice Age Trail; Rockport Park, largely undeveloped, including the municipal swimming pool and Peace Park; Monterey Park, including the Big Rock, an early natural landmark signaling a good ford of the Rock River (and the namesake of the county, but not the river), as well as a sports stadium used by the school system; Lustig Park, used for a disc golf course; and Palmer Park, which includes a 9-hole golf course and CAMDEN Playground (an accessible play area, considered the largest accessible/integrated playground in the world and the most accessible/integrated playground). Most of the hiking and biking trails in the city are connected to the Ice Age Trail, which will eventually connect to the west with the Sugar River State Trail, north to Milton and Fort Atkinson and east to the Kettle Moraine State Forest.[56]
Janesville also has a nearly 500-acre greenbelt system to provide areas for surface water runoff and habitat for a diversity of plants and animals.
Janesville has had a city manager-council form of government since 1923.[57] The city council consists of seven members, elected at large for two-year terms. The current city council is comprised by: Paul Benson (president), David Marshick (vp), Paul Williams, Aaron Burdick, Michael Jackson, Richard Neeno and Heather Miller.
The School District of Janesville[58] has twelve elementary schools, three middle schools, two high schools, and five charter schools. In addition, there are seven parochial elementary and middle schools and one parochial high school.
Janesville has two television stations licensed to the city: Ion Television-affiliated WIFS (channel 57), which has its offices and transmitter in Madison and serves all of south-central Wisconsin, and W65EE (channel 65), a low-power translator station of the Trinity Broadcasting Network. Janesville is part of the Madison television market.
Janesville is home to three radio stations: news/talk WCLO (1230 AM), country WJVL (99.9 FM) and mainstream rock WWHG (105.9 FM), the latter of which is licensed to nearby Evansville and has studios in Janesville. All stations are owned by Big Radio. In addition, variety WADR-LP (103.5 FM), a low-powered station, also broadcasts to the city. Other radio stations serving the Janesville area include WFAW (940 AM), WBEL (1380 AM), WGEZ (1490 AM), WBKY (95.9 FM), WSLD (104.5 FM) and WSJY (107.3 FM).
^Jipson, Norton William (1923). "Winnebago Villages and Chieftains of the Lower Rock River Region". The Wisconsin Archaeologist. 2 (3): 128.
^Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (1998). Wisconsin's past and present: a historical atlas. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 9–15. ISBN0-299-15940-X.
^Hall, John W (2009). Uncommon defense Indian allies in the Black Hawk War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 206–236. ISBN978-0-674-05395-3.
^History of Rock County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company Chicago)
^The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620-1865 by Lois Kimball Mathews page 244
^New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 77
^"When is Daddy Coming Home?": An American Family During World War II By Richard Carlton Haney page 8
^Faust-Foust Family in Germany & America Howard M. Faust (1984)
^City on the Rock River: chapters of Janesville's history Carol Lohry Cartwright, Scott C. Shaffer, Randal Waller, Janesville Historic Commission Janesville Historic Commission, 1998, pp. 48-49
^The History of Wisconsin: Urbanization and industrialization, 1873-1893 [by] Robert C. Nesbit William Fletcher Thompson State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1985
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