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Jack plane
	A Garrett Wade Paragon #5 jack plane
Other names	Jackplane; #5 plane
Classification	Hand plane
Used with	Scrub plane; Fore plane; Jointer plane; Smoothing plane

A jack plane is a general-purpose woodworking bench plane, used for dressing timber down to size in preparation for truing and/or edge jointing. It is usually the first plane used on rough stock, but for rougher work it can be preceded by the scrub plane.^[1] The versatility of the jack plane has led to it being the most common bench plane in use.^[2]^: 34–35 The name jack plane is sometimes used interchangeably with the longer fore plane.

Description

Jack planes are typically 12–18 inches (300–460 mm) long and 2+1⁄2–3 inches (64–76 mm) wide, with wooden planes sometimes being slightly wider. The blade is 1+2⁄4–2+1⁄4 inches (38–57 mm) wide.^[1] Historically wooden jack planes in the United States have typically been 15–18 inches (380–460 mm) long, (180 to 230 mm) long with irons 1+3⁄4–2+1⁄2 inches (44–64 mm) wide.^[3]

Under the commonly used Stanley Bailey numbering system for metal-bodied planes the 14 inches (360 mm) long #5 plane is a jack.^[4] However, not all early metal plane manufacturers used the same number scheme for their planes. For example Millers Fall and Sargent used different numbers to refer to the same planes.

Name

The name jack plane dates back to at least the 17th century, and was a term used to describe many tools used for rough work. Being a common first name the term jack came to be used as a disdainful name for the common man, as well as common tools and jobs.^[3]^[5]^[2]^: 48 The jack plane has also become associated with the related term "jack of all trades" as they can be adjusted to perform some of the work of both smoothing and jointer planes, especially on smaller pieces of work.^[6]^[2]^{: 34–36, 48}

History

As with other bench planes, until the end of the 19th century the bodies of jack planes were predominantly wooden, typically made out of beech (Fagus sylvatica in Europe, Fagus grandifolia in North America).^[3] Wooden planes were largely superseded by iron-bodied planes and to a lesser extent transitional planes. Although there were earlier all-metal planes, Leonard Bailey patented a number of highly influential all-metal planes and improvements in the late 19th century.^[7] Despite the predominance of the heavier iron-bodied planes, vintage wooden planes remain in common use, while new wooden jack planes are available from a small number of manufacturers.^[8]

Use

The irons (blades) on jack planes are often ground with a slight camber, allowing more material to be removed without marring the work.^[9] For a finer finish, the irons can also be ground like a smoothing plane – with a straight edge and a very slight curve on the corners.^[3]

The cut is generally set deeper than on most other planes as the plane's purpose is to rapidly remove stock rather than to gain a good finish (smoothing planes are used for that).^[2]^: 34 In preparing stock, the jack plane is used after the scrub plane and before the fore plane or jointer plane and the smoothing plane.^[10]

The woodworker will often start planing across or diagonal to the grain ("traversing") to roughly level the workpiece before planing in the direction of the grain.^[11]^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b Salaman, R. A. (1997). Dictionary of Woodworking Tools. Astragal Press. ISBN 1-879335-79-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schwarz, Christopher (2009). Handplane Essentials (1st ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: FW Media. ISBN 978-1-4403-0298-5. OCLC 326678537.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sellens, Alvin (1978). Woodworking Planes: A Descriptive Register of Wooden Planes. Internet Archive. Augusta, Kansas, USA: Sellens. pp. 28–32.
^ "Stanely Bailey Planes Miscellaneous Data". primeshop.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
^ "jack plane, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
^ Tolpin, Jim (2010). The New Traditional Woodworker. Cincinnati, Ohio: Popular Woodworking Books. ISBN 978-1-4403-0428-6.
^ "A Brief History Of The Woodworking Plane". Handplane Central. 15 November 2012. Retrieved Oct 15, 2015.
^ "Another Great Maker of Wooden Handplanes". Popular Woodworking Magazine. 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
^ Hayward, Charles Harold (1958). Charles Hayward's Carpentry Book. London: The English Universities Press Ltd. p. 32. ISBN 9781440304286. OCLC 19496718.
^ "Bench Planes: The System of Three". Popular Woodworking Magazine. 2017-02-09. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
^ Wells, Percy A.; Hooper, John (1922). Modern Cabinet Work: Furniture & Fitments. The Library of Congress. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott Company. p. 60.
^ Schwarz, Christopher (2011). The Anarchist's Tool Chest. Fort Mitchell, Kentucky, USA: Lost Art Press LLC. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-0-578-08413-8. OCLC 875304703.