Irish Republic (1798)

This article is about the historical Irish Republic of 1798. For the current state, see Republic of Ireland. For other uses, see Ireland (disambiguation).

Irish Republic
1798
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Union
1794 map of Ireland
Status	Sister republic of the French Republic
Common languages	Irish, English
Government	Presidential federal republic
President
• 1798	John Moore
Historical era	French Revolutionary Wars
• Arrival of French forces	22 August 1798
• Appointment of John Moore as president	31 August 1798
• Storming of Killala	23 September 1798
Currency	Irish pound
Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Ireland Kingdom of Ireland
Today part of	Ireland

The Irish Republic of 1798, more commonly known as the Republic of Connacht, was a short-lived state proclaimed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars. A sister republic of the French Republic, it theoretically covered the whole island of Ireland, but its functional control was limited to only very small parts of the Province of Connacht. Opposing British forces were deployed across most of the country including the main towns such as Dublin, Belfast and Cork.

Proclamation

At the time of the Rebellion of 1798 a force of 1,000 French soldiers under General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert landed at Killala in County Mayo. General Humbert proclaimed the Irish Republic in his declaration to the people upon landing in Ireland on 22 August 1798:

LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, UNION, After several unsuccessful attempts, behold at last Frenchmen arrived amongst you... Union, Liberty, the Irish Republic! Such is our shout. Let us march. Our hearts are devoted to you; our glory is in your happiness.

After the nascent Republic's victory at the Battle of Castlebar which took place on 27 August 1798, General Humbert, on 31 August 1798, issued the following decree, which inter alia appointed John Moore as the President of the Government of the Province of Connacht:^[1]

Army Of Ireland

Liberty, Equality

Head quarters at Castlebar, 14th Fructidor, sixth Year of the French Republic, One and Indivisible.

General Humbert, Commander in Chief of the Army of Ireland, desirous of organising with the least possible delay, an administrative power for the Province of Connaught, decrees as follows:

1. The Government of the Province of Connaught shall reside at Castlebar till further orders.
2. The Government shall be composed of twelve members, who shall be named by the General-in-chief of the French Army.
3. Citizen JOHN MOORE is named President of the Government of the Province of Connaught, he is specially entrusted with the nomination and reunion of the members of the Government.
4. The Government shall occupy itself immediately in organising the Military power of the Province of Connaught, and with providing subsistence for the French and Irish Armies.
5. There shall be organised eight regiments of infantry, each of twelve hundred men, and four regiments of cavalry, each of six hundred men.
6. The Government shall declare rebels and traitors to the country all those who having received clothing and arms, shall not join the army within four and twenty hours.
7. Every individual from sixteen years of age to forty, inclusive, is REQUIRED in the name of the Irish Republic, to betake himself instantly to the French Camp, to march in a mass against the common enemy, the government of Ireland - the English; whose destruction alone can establish the independence and happiness of ANCIENT HIBERNIA.
   — General Humbert, Commanding-in-Chief

The rebel republic was a client state of the French Republic and was very short lived. Nevertheless, among the things which President Moore did have time to do was to issue "paper money to a considerable extent...[i]n the name of the French Government".^[2] Despite their general anti-clericalism and hostility to the Bourbon monarchy, the French Directory suggested to the United Irishmen in 1798 restoring the Jacobite Pretender, Henry Benedict Stuart, as Henry IX, King of the Irish.^[3][4] This was on account of General Humbert landing a force in County Mayo for the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and realising the local population were devoutly Catholic (a significant number of Irish priests supported the Rising and had met with Humbert, although Humbert's Army had been veterans of the anti-clerical campaign in Italy).^[4] The French Directory hoped this option would allow the creation of a stable French client state in Ireland. However, Wolfe Tone, the Protestant republican leader, scoffed at the suggestion and it was quashed, with an Irish Republic proclaimed.^[4]

Defeat

Memorial of a rebel pikeman, erected in Ballinamuck in 1928

On 8 September 1798, just weeks after its proclamation, the republic collapsed after the Battle of Ballinamuck. Moore was captured by a detachment of government troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Crawford in Castlebar, dying in custody the following year. Humbert and his men were transported by canal to Dublin and exchanged for British prisoners of war. Government forces subsequently slowly spread out into the republic, engaging in numerous skirmishes with rebel holdouts. These sweeps reached their climax in 23 September when Killala was captured by government forces. During these sweeps, suspected rebels were frequently summarily executed while many houses thought to be housing rebels were burnt. Numerous rebels took to the countryside and continued guerrilla operations, which took government forces some months to suppress.^[5]

References

1. A collection of state papers relative to the war against France now carrying on by Great Britain and the several other European Powers, vol. VII, London: J Debrett, 1799, p. 361, retrieved 28 December 2018
2. "Ross, Charles (Ed), Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwalis, John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859". 1859. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
3. Pittock 2006, p. 210.
4. Aston 2002, p. 222.
5. Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 2007. ISBN 9780299218249.

Bibliography

• Aston, Nigel (2002). Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1830. Cambridge university Press. ISBN 9780521465922.
• Pittock, Murray G. H. (2006). Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521030274.