Ingrian War

Ingrian War
Part of the Time of Troubles
Depiction of the Battle of Novgorod
Date 1610–1617 Location Russia Result Swedish victory (See § Results) Territorial changes Sweden gains the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria — including the fortress of Nöteborg, (now Shlisselburg, Russia). Sweden returns Novgorod and Gdov to Russia Russia renounces all claims to Estonia and Livonia
Belligerents
Tsardom of Russia	Swedish Empire
Commanders and leaders
Unknown	Gustavus Adolphus Jakob De la Gardie Evert Horn †

The Ingrian War (Swedish: Ingermanländska kriget) was a conflict fought between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia which lasted between 1610 and 1617. It can be seen as part of Russia's Time of Troubles,^[1] and is mainly remembered for the attempt to put a Swedish duke on the Russian throne. It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain (including Ingria) in the Treaty of Stolbovo, which laid an important foundation to Sweden's Age of Greatness.^[2]

Prelude

During Russia's Time of Troubles, Vasily IV of Russia was besieged in Moscow by the supporters of the False Dmitry II. Driven to despair by the Polish intervention, he entered into an alliance with Charles IX of Sweden, who was also waging war against Poland. According to the Vyborg Treatise of 1609, the tsar promised to cede Korela Fortress to Sweden in recompense for military support against False Dmitry II and the Poles.^[3][4] Russia also renounced all territorial claims on the coast of the Baltic Sea coast.^[4] The Swedish commander Jacob De la Gardie joined his forces with the Russian commander Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and marched from Novgorod towards Moscow in order to relieve the tsar.^[5] In May, the De la Gardie campaign began, where the Swedish corps fought as part of the army of Skopin-Shuisky, who managed to clear a significant part of Russia from the interventionists.^[5]

Sweden's involvement in Russian affairs gave King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland a pretext to declare war on Russia. After the sudden death of Skopin-Shuisky, De la Gardie's troops were united with Shuisky's army, and the Poles defeated the combined Russo-Swedish force at the Battle of Klushino on 4 July [O.S. 24 June] 1610.^[6] The Swedish mercenaries taking part in the De la Gardie Campaign surrendered and De la Gardie concluded an agreement with Polish hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.^[7] The battle had serious consequences for Russia, as the tsar was deposed by the Seven Boyars and the Poles occupied the Moscow Kremlin, after which the Russian state began to fall into its constituent parts.^[7] De la Gardie then sought to take control of the Russian north-west in order to prevent the Poles from extending their power and therefore threaten Sweden with an offensive on its Baltic territories.^[7]

War

In July 1611, a Swedish expeditionary corps under Jacob De la Gardie captured Novgorod. The Novgorodians asked the Swedish king to install one of his sons (Carl Filip or Gustavus Adolphus) as their monarch.

In the meantime, Gustavus Adolphus succeeded to the Swedish throne. The young king decided to press his brother's claim to the Russian throne even after the Poles had been expelled from Moscow by a patriotic uprising in 1612 and Mikhail Romanov had been elected the new tsar.^[3] He was the first tsar of the House of Romanov.

While the Swedish statesmen envisaged the creation of a Trans-Baltic dominion extending northwards to Archangelsk and eastwards to Vologda, De la Gardie and other Swedish soldiers, still holding Novgorod and Ingria, saw the war as a reaction for their forces not receiving payment for their succour during the De la Gardie Campaign.

In 1613, the Swedish troops advanced towards Tikhvin and laid siege to the city but were repelled. The Russian counteroffensive failed to regain Novgorod, however. The Russian tsar refused to commit his troops to battle, and the war lumbered on until 1614 when the Swedes captured Gdov.

The following year, they laid siege to Pskov but Russian Generals Morozov and Buturlin held their own until 27 February 1617,^[8] when the Treaty of Stolbovo stripped Russia of its access to the Baltic Sea and awarded to Sweden the province of Ingria with the townships of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye, and Nöteborg. Novgorod and Gdov were to be restored to Russia.

As a result of the war, Russia was denied access to the Baltic Sea for about a century, despite its persistent efforts to reverse the situation.^[3] That led to the increased importance of Arkhangelsk for its trading connections with Western Europe.

Results

Main article: Treaty of Stolbovo

Treaty of Stolbovo at the 2013 exhibition "Romanovs. The beginning of the dynasty"

In 1617, a peace treaty was concluded between Russia and Sweden, following which the Swedes acquired significant territories in Ingermanland and finally cut off the Russians from the Baltic Sea, but returned Novgorod and Gdov to them. Historians disagree about the outcome of this war. Despite the loss of the Baltic coast, Russia was least concerned about it during this time period.^[9] Various sources assess the war as a victory for the Swedes.^{[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]} Russian historian German Zamyatin claim Russian diplomatic victory,^[20] Other sources also express a similar point of view.^[21][22] Gennady Kovalenko considers the agreement a mutually beneficial compromise.^[23] The Russian tsar and the Swedish king were equally pleased with the peace treaty, parades were held in Moscow as part of the conclusion of the treaty.^[24] according to other historians the Swedes won militarily.^[25][26]

See also

• Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)

References

Citations

1. The Cambridge History of Russia. Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B.; Suny, Ronald Grigor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780521812276. OCLC 77011698.^{[page needed]}
2. Nina Ringbom. "Ingermanländska kriget". historiesajten.se. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
3. Željko., Fajfrić (2008). Ruski carevi (1. izd ed.). Sremska Mitrovica: Tabernakl. ISBN 9788685269172. OCLC 620935678.
4. Löfstrand 2005, pp. 28–30.
5. Löfstrand 2005, p. 30.
6. Löfstrand 2005, pp. 30–31.
7. Löfstrand 2005, p. 31.
8. Velikai︠a︡ russkai︠a︡ smuta : prichiny vozniknovenii︠a︡ i vykhod iz gosudarstvennogo krizisa v XVI–XVII vv. Strizhova, I. M., Стрижова, И. М. Moskva: Dar. 2007. ISBN 9785485001230. OCLC 230750976.
9. Rabinovich 2008, p. 35.
10. Harrison, Dick (2019-07-29). "Så segrade Sverige i det "ingermanländska kriget"". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). ISSN 1101-2412. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
11. Roberts 1968, p. 134.
12. https://www.slav.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.350980.1507531663!/menu/standard/file/Freden_i_Stolbova.pdf
13. Isacson, Claes-Goran (2010-03-02). "Gustav II Adolf segrade med ny taktik". popularhistoria.se (in Swedish). Populär Historia. Retrieved 2024-12-15. Kriget mot Ryssland, det så kallade ingermanländska kriget, avslutades med freden i Stolbova 1617. Det var en oerhörd framgång för Gustav II Adolf och Sverige vars ansträngda ekonomi förstärktes av ett stort krigsskadestånd.
14. Wolke 2003, p. 47.
15. Sundberg 2010, p. 328.
16. Sundberg 1998, p. 127.
17. Isacson 2006, p. 392.
18. "Ingria and the Ingrian Finns". nordics.info. 2020-04-28. Retrieved 2024-12-15. A later invasion by Sweden in the early seventeenth century (during Russia's "time of troubles", when leadership was unclear) was more successful, and Ingria fell to Sweden in 1617 under the Treaty of Stolbovo.
19. Nordin 2020.
20. Zamyatin 2016, p. 27.
21. Шведская интервенция в Российское государство
22. Kurbatov 2014, p. 188.
23. Kovalenko 2017, p. 172.
24. Selin 2019, p. 109.
25. Granqvist & Talvitie 2021, p. 296.
26. Scott 2015, p. 324.

Sources

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Русско-шведские войны" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
• Löfstrand, Elisabeth (2005). Accounts of an occupied city: catalogue of the Novgorod Occupation Archives 1611-1617. Series 1. Stockholm: Riksarkivet. ISBN 91-88366-67-7.

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613) and Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)

• Göransson, Göte (1994) Gustav II Adolf och hans folk. Höganäs: Bra böcker ISBN 91-7119-128-3
• Essen, Michael Fredholm von (2024). Sweden's War in Muscovy, 1609-1617: The Relief of Moscow and Conquest of Novgorod. Helion & Company. ISBN 9781804510087.
• Kovalenko, Gennady (2017). Столбовский мир: Поражение или успех Российской дипломатии [Treaty of Stolbovo: Defeat or Success of Russian Diplomacy] (in Russian).
• Selin, Adrian (2019). Столбовский мир 1617 года [Treaty of Stolbovo 1617] (in Russian). Saint-Petersburg: Блиц. ISBN 978-5-86789-483-2.
• Zamyatin, German (2016). Условия заключения Столбовского договора между Россией и Швецией [Conditions for the conclusion of the Treaty of Stolbovo between Russia and Sweden] (in Russian). Novgorod.
• Rabinovich, Yakov (2008). Столбовский мир: Победа или Поражение [Treaty of Stolbovo: victory or defeat] (in Russian).
• Roberts, Michael (1968). Sweden as a Great Power, 1611-1697. St. Martin's Press.
• Granqvist, Juha-Matti; Talvitie, Petri (2021). Civilians and Military Supply in Early Modern Finland. Helsinki University Press. ISBN 9789523690394.
• Wolke, Lars Ericson (2003). Svensk militärmakt: strategi och operationer i svensk militärhistoria under 1 500 år [Swedish military power: strategy and operations in Swedish military history during 1,500 years] (in Swedish). Swedish Defence University. ISBN 9189683498.
• Sundberg, Ulf (1998). Svenska krig 1521-1814 [Swedish wars 1521-1814] (in Swedish). Hjalmarson & Högberg. p. 213. ISBN 9789189660106.
• Sundberg, Ulf (2010). Sveriges krig 1448-1630 [Sweden's wars 1448-1630] (in Swedish). Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. pp. 310–311. ISBN 9789185789627.
• Isacson, Claes-Göran (2006). Vägen till stormakt : Vasaättens krig [The road to great power: The wars of the Vasa dynasty] (in Swedish). Norstedts. ISBN 9789113015026.
• Nordin, Jonas Monié (2020). The Scandinavian Early Modern World: A Global Historical Archaeology. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000062595.
• Scott, Hamish (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume II: Cultures and Power. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191020001. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
• Kurbatov, Oleg (2014). Военная история Русской смуты [The military history of the Russian Troubles] (in Russian). Moscow: Квадрига. ISBN 978-5-91791-146-5.