Human adenovirus 41

Human adenovirus 41
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Varidnaviria
Kingdom:	Bamfordvirae
Phylum:	Preplasmiviricota
Class:	Tectiliviricetes
Order:	Rowavirales
Family:	Adenoviridae
Genus:	Mastadenovirus
Species:	Human mastadenovirus F
Virus:	Human adenovirus 41

Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-F41), is an enteric Adenovirus, a nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome.^[1]

It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis, with symptoms similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus.^[2] It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms and can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay.^[2][3] As of August 2022, human adenovirus 41 has been identified in a majority of small children with hepatitis of unknown cause in 2 case series.

Classification

Human adenovirus 41 belongs to the Adenoviridae family, and along with human adenovirus 40, is a member of species human mastadenovirus F.^[4][5]

Pathology

It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis in very young children.^[3] Symptoms appear similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus.^[2] It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms.^[3]

In an investigation of 5 children with an inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) of unknown cause at Birmingham, Alabama in October 2021, all turned out to have human adenovirus 41.^[6] In August 2022, 9 children in a U.S. case series of hepatitis of unknown cause^[7] and 27 of 30 children in a U.K. case series with hepatitis of unknown cause who underwent molecular testing^[8] tested positive for human adenovirus type 41 in a sample. It was unclear whether human adenovirus 41 was the cause, however.^{[citation needed]}

Diagnosis

It cannot be detected using traditional cell culture isolation,^[3] but can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay.^[2]

Epidemiology

Globally it is a significant cause of gastroenteritis, particularly in low and middle income countries,^[5][9] but less common than rotavirus and norovirus.^[10] How frequently it occurs in sewage and drinking water is not known.^[3] Type 40 is less common.^[9]

History

It was first identified in 1983.^[11]

References

1. Gallardo, José; Pérez-Illana, Marta; Martín-González, Natalia; San Martín, Carmen (15 May 2021). "Adenovirus Structure: What Is New?". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (10): 5240. doi:10.3390/ijms22105240. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8156859. PMID 34063479.
2. Crews, Jonathan D. (2018). "12. Healthcare-associated gastrointestinal infections". In McNeil, J. Chase; Campbell, Judith R.; Crews, Jonathan D. (eds.). Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children: A Guide to Prevention and Management. Springer. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-319-98121-5.
3. "11.2. Viral pathogens". Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda (4th ed.). World Health Organization. 2022. p. 276. ISBN 978-92-4-004506-4.
4. "Taxonomy browser (Human adenovirus 41)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
5. Rafie, K.; Lenman, A.; Fuchs, J.; Rajan, A.; Arnberg, N.; Carlson, L.-A. (January 2021). "The structure of enteric human adenovirus 41-A leading cause of diarrhea in children". Science Advances. 7 (2): eabe0974. Bibcode:2021SciA....7..974R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe0974. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7793593. PMID 33523995.
6. "Overview: Children with Hepatitis of Unknown Cause | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
7. Gutierrez Sanchez, L. Helena; Shiau, Henry; Baker, Julia M.; Saaybi, Stephanie; Buchfellner, Markus; Britt, William; Sanchez, Veronica; Potter, Jennifer L.; Ingram, L. Amanda; Kelly, David; Lu, Xiaoyan (2022-07-13). "A Case Series of Children with Acute Hepatitis and Human Adenovirus Infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 387 (7): 620–630. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206294. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 9808750. PMID 35830653. S2CID 250529116.
8. Kelgeri, Chayarani; Couper, Michael; Gupte, Girish L.; Brant, Alexandra; Patel, Mitul; Johansen, Lauren; et al. (2022-07-13). "Clinical Spectrum of Children with Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Cause". New England Journal of Medicine. 387 (7): 611–619. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206704. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 35830627. S2CID 250528150.
9. Lee, B; Damon, CF; Platts-Mills, JA (October 2020). "Pediatric acute gastroenteritis associated with adenovirus 40/41 in low-income and middle-income countries". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 33 (5): 398–403. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000663. PMC 8286627. PMID 32773498.
10. Wang, Hongyun; Yang, Shimin; Liu, Jiejie; Fu, Zhiying; Liu, Yingle; Zhou, Li; Guo, Haitao; Lan, Ke; Chen, Yu (11 June 2022). "Human adenoviruses: a suspect behind the outbreak of acute hepatitis in children amid the COVID-19 pandemic". Cell Insight. 1 (4): 100043. doi:10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100043. ISSN 2772-8927. PMC 10120317. PMID 37192861.
11. Flint, S. Jane; Nemerow, Glen R. (2017). "8. Pathogenesis". Human Adenoviruses: From Villains To Vectors. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 161. ISBN 978-981-310-979-7.

Further reading

• de Jong, J. C.; Wigand, R.; Kidd, A. H.; Wadell, G.; Kapsenberg, J. G.; Muzerie, C. J.; Wermenbol, A. G.; Firtzlaff, R. G. (1983). "Candidate adenoviruses 40 and 41: fastidious adenoviruses from human infant stool". Journal of Medical Virology. 11 (3): 215–231. doi:10.1002/jmv.1890110305. ISSN 0146-6615. PMID 6306161. S2CID 31148587.