Horn function

In the theory of special functions in mathematics, the Horn functions (named for Jakob Horn) are the 34 distinct convergent hypergeometric series of order two (i.e. having two independent variables), enumerated by Horn (1931) (corrected by Borngässer (1933)). They are listed in (Erdélyi et al. 1953, section 5.7.1). B. C. Carlson^[1] revealed a problem with the Horn function classification scheme.^[2] The total 34 Horn functions can be further categorised into 14 complete hypergeometric functions and 20 confluent hypergeometric functions. The complete functions, with their domain of convergence, are:

• ${\displaystyle F_{1}(\alpha ;\beta ,\beta ';\gamma ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m+n}(\beta )_{m}(\beta ')_{n}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;|z|<1\land |w|<1}$
• ${\displaystyle F_{2}(\alpha ;\beta ,\beta ';\gamma ,\gamma ';z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m+n}(\beta )_{m}(\beta ')_{n}}{(\gamma )_{m}(\gamma ')_{n}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;|z|+|w|<1}$
• ${\displaystyle F_{3}(\alpha ,\alpha ';\beta ,\beta ';\gamma ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m}(\alpha ')_{n}(\beta )_{m}(\beta ')_{n}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;|z|<1\land |w|<1}$
• ${\displaystyle F_{4}(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ,\gamma ';z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m+n}(\beta )_{m+n}}{(\gamma )_{m}(\gamma ')_{n}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;{\sqrt {|z|}}+{\sqrt {|w|}}<1}$
• ${\displaystyle G_{1}(\alpha ;\beta ,\beta ';z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(\alpha )_{m+n}(\beta )_{n-m}(\beta ')_{m-n}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;|z|+|w|<1}$
• ${\displaystyle G_{2}(\alpha ,\alpha ';\beta ,\beta ';z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(\alpha )_{m}(\alpha ')_{n}(\beta )_{n-m}(\beta ')_{m-n}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;|z|<1\land |w|<1}$
• ${\displaystyle G_{3}(\alpha ,\alpha ';z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(\alpha )_{2n-m}(\alpha ')_{2m-n}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;27|z|^{2}|w|^{2}+18|z||w|\pm 4(|z|-|w|)<1}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{1}(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;\delta ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m-n}(\beta )_{m+n}(\gamma )_{n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;4|z||w|+2|w|-|w|^{2}<1}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{2}(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;\delta ;\epsilon ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m-n}(\beta )_{m}(\gamma )_{n}(\delta )_{n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;1/|w|-|z|<1}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{3}(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{2m+n}(\beta )_{n}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;|z|+|w|^{2}-|w|<0}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{4}(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;\delta ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{2m+n}(\beta )_{n}}{(\gamma )_{m}(\delta )_{n}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;4|z|+2|w|-|w|^{2}<1}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{5}(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{2m+n}(\beta )_{n-m}}{(\gamma )_{n}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;16|z|^{2}-36|z||w|\pm (8|z|-|w|+27|z||w|^{2})<-1}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{6}(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(\alpha )_{2m-n}(\beta )_{n-m}(\gamma )_{n}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;|z||w|^{2}+|w|<1}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{7}(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;\delta ;z,w)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{2m-n}(\beta )_{n}(\gamma )_{n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {z^{m}w^{n}}{m!n!}}/;4|z|+2/|s|-1/|s|^{2}<1}$

while the confluent functions include:

• ${\displaystyle \Phi _{1}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m+n}(\beta )_{m}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle \Phi _{2}\left(\beta ,\beta ';\gamma ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\beta )_{m}(\beta ')_{n}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle \Phi _{3}\left(\beta ;\gamma ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\beta )_{m}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle \Psi _{1}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ,\gamma ';x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m+n}(\beta )_{m}}{(\gamma )_{m}(\gamma ')_{n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle \Psi _{2}\left(\alpha ;\gamma ,\gamma ';x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m+n}}{(\gamma )_{m}(\gamma ')_{n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle \Xi _{1}\left(\alpha ,\alpha ';\beta ;\gamma ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m}(\alpha ')_{n}(\beta )_{m}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}(\gamma ')_{n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle \Xi _{2}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m}(\alpha )_{m}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle \Gamma _{1}\left(\alpha ;\beta ,\beta ';x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(\alpha )_{m}(\beta )_{n-m}(\beta ')_{m-n}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle \Gamma _{2}\left(\beta ,\beta ';x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(\beta )_{n-m}(\beta ')_{m-n}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{1}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m-n}(\beta )_{m+n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{2}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m-n}(\beta )_{m}(\gamma )_{n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{3}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m-n}(\beta )_{m}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{4}\left(\alpha ;\gamma ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m-n}(\gamma )_{n}}{(\delta )_{n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{5}\left(\alpha ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m-n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{6}\left(\alpha ;\gamma ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{2m+n}}{(\gamma )_{m+n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{7}\left(\alpha ;\gamma ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{2m+n}}{(\gamma )_{m}(\delta )_{n}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{8}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(\alpha )_{2m-n}(\beta )_{n-m}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{9}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{2m-n}(\beta )_{n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{10}\left(\alpha ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{2m-n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$
• ${\displaystyle H_{11}\left(\alpha ;\beta ;\gamma ;\delta ;x,y\right)\equiv \sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(\alpha )_{m-n}(\beta )_{n}(\gamma )_{n}}{(\delta )_{m}}}{\frac {x^{m}y^{n}}{m!n!}}}$

Notice that some of the complete and confluent functions share the same notation.

References

1. 'Profile: Bille C. Carlson' in Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
2. Carlson, B. C. (1976). "The need for a new classification of double hypergeometric series". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 56: 221–224. doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1976-0402138-8. MR 0402138.

• Borngässer, Ludwig (1933), Über hypergeometrische funkionen zweier Veränderlichen, Dissertation, Darmstadt
• Erdélyi, Arthur; Magnus, Wilhelm; Oberhettinger, Fritz; Tricomi, Francesco G. (1953), Higher transcendental functions. Vol I (PDF), McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York-Toronto-London, MR 0058756, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-11, retrieved 2015-08-23
• Horn, J. (1931), "Hypergeometrische Funktionen zweier Veränderlichen", Mathematische Annalen, 105 (1): 381–407, doi:10.1007/BF01455825, S2CID 179177588
• J. Horn Math. Ann. 111, 637 (1933)
• Srivastava, H. M.; Karlsson, Per W. (1985), Multiple Gaussian hypergeometric series, Ellis Horwood Series: Mathematics and its Applications, Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd., ISBN 978-0-85312-602-7, MR 0834385