Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz
Born	(1836-10-06)6 October 1836 Hehlen an der Weser, Duchy of Brunswick, German Confederation
Died	23 January 1921(1921-01-23) (aged 84) Berlin, Germany
Known for	consolidating the neuron theory, Naming the chromosome
Scientific career
Fields	Anatomy, Histology and Pathology
Institutions	Center for Anatomy of the Charité 1883–1917

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz (6 October 1836 – 23 January 1921) was a German anatomist, known for summarizing neuron theory^[1] and for naming the chromosome.^[2] He is also remembered by anatomical structures of the human body which were named after him: Waldeyer's tonsillar ring^[3] (the lymphoid tissue ring of the naso- and oropharynx) and Waldeyer's glands (of the eyelids).^[4]

Contribution to neuron theory

Waldeyer's name is associated in neuroscience with the "neuron theory", and for coining the term "neuron" to describe the basic structural unit of the nervous system.^[5] Waldeyer synthesized the discoveries by neuroanatomists^[1] (and later Nobel Prize winners) Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) and Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), who had used the silver nitrate method of staining nerve tissue (Golgi's method), to formulate widely cited reviews of the theory.^[1] Waldeyer learned Spanish in order to absorb Cajal's detailed studies using Golgi's method and became his friend, mentor and promoter in the German-dominated field of microscopic anatomy. The theory was published in a series of papers in the main medical journal of Germany, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, which became extremely influential. However, as Cajal points out, though Waldeyer "supported the theory with the prestige of his authority, he did not contribute a single personal observation. He limited himself to a short brilliant exposition of the objective proofs, adduced by His, Kölliker, Retzius, van Gehuchten and myself, and he invented the fortunate term neuron."^[6]

Cytology and embryology

Waldeyer also studied the basophilic stained filaments which had been found to be the main constituents of chromatin, the material inside the cell nucleus, by his colleague of Kiel, Walther Flemming (1843–1905). Although its significance for genetics and for cell biology was still to be discovered, these filaments were known to be involved in the phenomenon of cell division discovered by Flemming, named mitosis, as well as in meiosis. He coined in 1888 the term "chromosome" to describe them.^[1][2]

Among his many other anatomical and embryological studies, Waldeyer became known for his pioneering research on the development of teeth and hair, many of the terms he invented are still in use today. He also published the first embryological, anatomical and functional studies about the naso-oro-pharyngeal lymphatic tissue, which received his name.

In 1904, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.^[7]

Bibliography

• Über Karyokinese und ihre Beziehungen zu den Befruchtungsvorgängen. Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik, 1888, 32: 1–122. Paper about mitosis and chromosomes.
• Ueber einige neuere Forschungen im Gebiete der Anatomie des Centralnervensystems. Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift, Berlin, 1891: 17: 1213–1218, 1244–1246, 1287–1289, 1331–1332, 1350–1356. (About some new researches in the field of anatomy of the central nervous system). His most famous statement and summary of the neuron theory.
• W. von Waldeyer-Hartz: Lebenserinnerungen. Bonn, 1920; 2nd edition; Bonn, 1921; 3rd edition, 1922. His memoirs.

References and notes

1. Scheuerlein H, Henschke F, Köckerling F (2017). "Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz-A Great Forefather: His Contributions to Anatomy with Particular Attention to "His" Fascia". Front Surg. 4: 74. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2017.00074. PMC 5723023. PMID 29255713.
2. Winkelmann A (2007). "Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz (1836-1921): an anatomist who left his mark". Clin Anat. 20 (3): 231–4. doi:10.1002/ca.20400. PMID 17072873. S2CID 39118426.
3. Cremer T, Cremer C (1988). "Centennial of Wilhelm Waldeyer's introduction of the term "chromosome" in 1888". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 48 (2): 65–7. doi:10.1159/000132590. PMID 3058399.
4. A third structure, the sheath that encircles the terminal ureter, is also occasionally named in his honour; it is then referred to as Waldeyer's sheath.
5. Mehta, Arpan R.; Mehta, Puja R.; Anderson, Stephen P.; MacKinnon, Barbara L. H.; Compston, Alastair (2020-01-01). "Etymology and the neuron(e)". Brain. 143 (1): 374–379. doi:10.1093/brain/awz367. ISSN 0006-8950. PMC 6935745. PMID 31844876.
6. Cajal, S. Ramón y. (1954) Neuron theory or reticular theory: Objective evidence of the anatomical unity of nerve cells.Transl. MU Purkiss and CA Fox. Madrid:Consejo superior de investigaciones científicas.
7. "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-06-28.

External links

• Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer-Hartz. WhoNamedIt.
• Short biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science