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Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Burma (or Myanmar) is recognised as a disease of concern by the Ministry of Health and is a major social and health issue in the country. In 2005, the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Burma was 1.3% (200,000–570,000 people), according to UNAIDS, and early indicators show that the epidemic may be waning in the country, although the epidemic continues to expand in parts of the country.^[1]^[2]^[3] Four different strains of HIV are believed to have originated from Burma, along heroin trafficking routes in northern, eastern and western Burma.^[4]

Intravenous drug users (43%), along with miners (who often become infected through drug use) and sex workers (32%), are along the most likely to be infected with HIV.^[3]^[5] At least half of the 300,000 to 500,000 drug users (according to conservative estimates) in Burma are intravenous drug users, and Burma (Shan State and Kachin State) is a major regional supplier of heroin (with a major domestic shift from opium consumption to heroin consumption occurring in the late 1980s) and methamphetamines.^[6] The most common form of heroin is a highly refined injectable product, colloquially known as "Number 4".

The national government, in 2005, spent US$137,120 (K150,831,600) on HIV, while international donors (the governments of Norway, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Sweden) donated US$27,711,813 towards HIV programmes in Burma.^[7] Burma (ranked 51 out of 166 countries) has one of Asia's highest adult HIV prevalence rates, following Cambodia and Thailand. An estimated 20,000 (range of 11,000 to 35,000) die from HIV/AIDS annually.^[8]

In geographic terms, the lowest rates of HIV were in the West (Rakhine and Chin State), while intermediate rates were in the central region (Ayeyarwady, Mandalay, Magway, Sagaing, Yangon and Bago Regions), and the highest infection rates were in the North (Kachin State), East (Shan and Kayin State), and South (Mon State, Tanintharyi Region).^[8]^[9]

Government action

The Ministry of Health began surveying for HIV/AIDS in Burma in 1985.^[10] The first HIV case in Burma was reported in 1988, and the first AIDS patient in Burma was reported in 1991.^[10] Surveillance for HIV began the following year, and a prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme subsequently began in 2000. In 2005, antiretroviral therapy was introduced to the public sector, although only 3% of HIV/AIDS patients currently receive such treatment.^[2]^[10] Currently, AIDS is one of the priority diseases in the National Health Plan. On 18 August 2005, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria terminated its US$98,400,000 grant (US$19,200,000 towards HIV/AIDS) in Burma after the national government imposed restrictions on travel of its staff, which contradicted earlier written agreements.^[11]

Issues

According to the report named "Preventable Fate", published by Doctors without Borders (also known as Médecins Sans Frontières, 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007, deaths that could largely have been prevented by antiretroviral therapy drugs and proper treatment. There was simply not enough money coming in from the government or from outside donors, and people are too poor to afford the treatment themselves.^[12] Médecins Sans Frontières had to restrict the number of new cases it could treat in Burma in 2008.

Pushed to its limit by the lack of treatment on offer by other care providers, Médecins Sans Frontières has recently been forced to make the painful decision to drastically reduce the number of new patients it can treat.

By 2008 Médecins Sans Frontières had become the major health provider of antiretroviral therapy and treatment in Burma, not the government or any public or private medical institution. It gave antiretroviral therapy, essential for surviving AIDS, to about 11,000 people, while over 70,000 people need the treatment.^[12] However, less than 20% of HIV/AIDS patients receive the treatment necessary.^[13]

Burma's government spends the least percentage of its GDP on health care of any country in the world, and international donor organisations give less to Burma, per capita, than any other country except India.^[12] Unsafe medical practices, like the reuse of unsterilised equipment, as well as insufficient blood screening, has also been a source of infection.^[14] Also, the relative lack of accessible health care in conflict areas along the Burmese border make it difficult for AIDS patients to seek medical help. Interruptions in supply and delivery of ART lead to drug resistance and could lead to new strains of HIV.

The criminal nature of sex work in Burma, as it is prohibited by the Suppression of Prostitution Act in 1949, also contributes to the ineffectiveness of reaching out to sex workers in Burma with regard to HIV/AIDS awareness and condom usage.^[15] In Yangon, there are over 100 brothels and up to 10,000 sex workers, with 70–90% having a history of sexually transmitted infections and less than 25% having been tested for HIV.^[15] An anecdotal study found that nearly half of sex workers in Yangon have HIV/AIDS.^[15]

References

^ "At a glance: Myanmar - statistics". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
^ ^a ^b "A scaled-up response to AIDS in Asia and the Pacific" (PDF). UNAIDS. 1 July 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Asia" (PDF). UNAIDS. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
^ Garrett, Laurie (2005). HIV and National Security: Where are the Links? (PDF) (Report). Council of Foreign Relations.
^ Beyrer, Chris; Chris Beyrer; Voravit Suwanvanichkij; Nicole Franck Masenior; Thaung Htun (2008). "HIV AIDS in Burma: Public Health Constrained". Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries. Springerlink. pp. 433–455. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_19. ISBN 978-0-387-72710-3.
^ "Search results" (PDF).
^ "Fund for HIV/AIDS in Myanmar - Annual Progress Report" (PDF). UNAIDS. 1 April 2005. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Myanmar: Epidemiological Fact Sheets" (PDF). UNAIDS. 2004. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
^ Beyrer, Chris; Razak, Myat Htoo; Labrique, Alain; Brookmeyer, Ronald (2003). "Assessing the Magnitude of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Burma". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 32 (3): 311–317. doi:10.1097/00126334-200303010-00011. PMID 12626892. S2CID 30283528.
^ ^a ^b ^c "HIV/AIDS" (PDF). Ministry of Health, Burma. Retrieved 9 January 2007. ^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Termination of Grants to Burma" (PDF). The Global Fund. 18 August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Mydans, Seth (1 April 2009). "Dying, and Alone, in Myanmar". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
^ Beyrer, Chris (1998). War in the blood: sex, politics and AIDS in Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-85649-532-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Talikowski, Luke; Sue Gillieatt (2005). "Female sex work in Yangon, Myanmar" (PDF). Sexual Health. 2 (3): 193–202. doi:10.1071/SH04043. PMID 16335547. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2009.