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In 2008, 4.7 million people in Asia were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Asia's epidemic peaked in the mid-1990s, and annual HIV incidence has declined since then by more than half. Regionally, the epidemic has remained somewhat stable since 2000.[1]
People living with HIV/AIDS (CIA), in absolute numbers for the year of 2008. Large numbers of people live with HIV even in countries with relatively low HIV prevalence levels due to their large populations.Estimated per capita prevalence of HIV among young adults (15–49) by country as of 2011[2]
South Asia
Compared with other regions, notably Africa and the Americas, national HIV prevalence levels in South Asia are very low (0.3% in the adult (15–49) group). However, due to the large populations of many South Asian nations, this low national HIV prevalence still means that many people have HIV.
In South Asia, the HIV epidemic remains largely concentrated in injecting drug users, men who have sex with men, sex workers, clients of sex workers and their immediate sexual partners. Prevention strategies in these populations are, for the most part, inadequate.
The prevalence of HIV in Afghanistan is 0.04%.[citation needed] According to Afghanistan's National Aids Control Program (NACP), 504 cases of HIV/AIDS were documented in late 2008.[3] By the end of 2012, the number reached 1,327.[4] As of 2015, as many as 6,900 people were living in Afghanistan with HIV and about 300 had died in from the disease.[citation needed]
With less than 0.1% of the population estimated to be HIV-positive, Bangladesh is a low HIV-prevalence country. UNAIDS estimates that 11,000 people live with HIV in the country.[5]
In 2011, there were 246 reported cases of HIV in Bhutan, representing just over 0.03% of the population.[6] However, Health Ministry sources indicated actual numbers were estimated at more than 500 by UNAIDS.[7]
In 2015, the NACO estimated that 2.11 million people live with HIV/AIDS in India.[8] As of 2018, India has the third most people with HIV after South Africa and Nigeria.[9] However, the AIDS prevalence rate in India is lower than many other countries. In 2016, India's AIDS prevalence rate stood at approximately 0.30%, the 80th highest in the world.[10]
UNAIDS estimates from 2017 indicate that approximately 375,000 people in Nepal are HIV-positive across all age groups. The Government of Nepal's National Center for AIDS & STD Control (NCASC) estimated that number to be closer to 70,000 in December 2010. A study from 2014 found that the overall national HIV prevalence was 0.20% (adult male 19.28%, adult female 25.13%). According to UNAIDS, by the end of 2018, the number of people living with HIV was 139,000 [34,000–46,000].[5] NCASC (2019) reports that the estimated number of HIV infections by risk groups is 159,984.[11]
The Pakistan National AIDS Control Program estimated that in 2018, there were a total of 160,000 people living with HIV.[12] However, there are only 39,529 cases of HIV that have been registered with the National AIDS Control Program, of which 22,947 are receiving antiretroviral therapy.[13] The HIV prevalence rate is far higher among people who inject drugs (21.0%) compared to the general population of people aged 15 to 49 (0.1%).[14]
National HIV prevalence levels in East Asia are much lower (0.1% in the adult (15-49) group) than in much of Africa and the Americas. Similar to South Asian countries, low national HIV prevalence still means that large numbers of people are living with HIV.
Official figures (English) for July–October 2006 showed that just over half of domestic HIV/AIDS cases were among homosexual men, with the remainder transmitted through heterosexual intercourse, drug abuse, in the womb or via unknown means. As of 2015, there had been 17,909 HIV and 8,086 AIDS cases reported in Japan since 1985.[15]
According to UNAIDS, less than 0.2% of North Korea's adult population has HIV.[16] WHO estimates that North Korea has less than 100 people with HIV/AIDS.[17] Officially, the country maintains that it is completely free of AIDS.[18]
South Korea
The cumulative reported cases of HIV in South Korea has surpassed 6,000, with 797 reported in 2008.[19]
According to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of HIV in South Korea is rising. The first case of HIV was in 1985.[20] By 2000, the number of people diagnosed with HIV was 219, and this had risen to 797 in 2008.[21] Males had a much higher infection rate.[21] In order to prevent Korean women from contracting HIV, HIV positive males should be detected early on.[22] The most commonly recognized mode of transmission in South Korea is through heterosexual sexual contact.[20]
Due to the lower prevalence of HIV in South Korea, the Korean media has represented HIV as a disease brought to Korea by migrant sex workers from other countries.[23] Any sex workers who plan to stay in South Korea must test for HIV, and if results show they are positive, they are no longer able to stay in the country.[23]
As of March 2016, there were 31,620 reported cases of Taiwanese nationals testing positive for HIV/AIDS.[24] Currently, HIV/AIDS patients who are Taiwanese nationals receive free medical care (including HAART therapies) from the state. Non-governmental organizations have set up "AIDS Half-Way Houses" for homeless patients. The ratio of patients who are drug users has increased rapidly, which has led the authority to promote a harm reduction program.
South-East Asia
National HIV prevalence levels in South-East Asia are very low, at 0.3% in the adult (15-49) group. In Southeast Asia, the HIV epidemic remains largely concentrated in injecting drug users, men who have sex with men, sex workers, and clients of sex workers and their immediate sexual partners. Prevention strategies in these populations are generally inadequate.
Timor-Leste is a low HIV-prevalence country with less than 0.2% of the adult population estimated to be HIV-positive. Forty-three cases of the disease were confirmed in 2007 and are now under treatment, according to the Ministry of Health.
UNAIDS has said that HIV/AIDS in Indonesia is one of Asia's fastest growing epidemics.[25] It was expected that 5 million Indonesians would have HIV/AIDS by 2010.[26] In 2007, Indonesia was ranked 99th in the world by prevalence rate, but because of low understanding of the symptoms of the disease and high social stigma attached to it, only 5–10% of HIV/AIDS sufferers were diagnosed and treated.[26]
In 2005, UNAIDS estimated that 3,700 people in Lao PDR were living with HIV.[27] Lao PDR currently faces a concentrated epidemic with an adult HIV prevalence of 0.1%.
In 2005, the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar was 1.3% (200,000–570,000 people) according to UNAIDS, and early indicators show that the epidemic may be waning in the country, although the epidemic continues to expand in parts of the country.[29][30][31] An estimated 20,000 (range between 11,000 and 35,000) die from HIV/AIDS annually.[32]
The Philippines has a relatively low incidence of HIV/AIDS. There have been about 2,800 reported cases since 1984, but independent estimates put the number of cases closer to 12,000.[33][34] The majority (70–75%) of carriers are male, 25–39, and the predominant mode of transmission is through sexual intercourse.
Although the national incidence rate remains relatively low, an independent HIV surveillance study conducted in 2010 by Dr. Louie Mar Gangcuangco and colleagues from the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital showed that out of 406 men having sex with men tested for HIV in Metro Manila, HIV prevalence was at 11.8% (95% confidence interval: 8.7–15.0).[35][36]
Singapore
The Ministry of Health maintains a confidential registry of HIV positive individuals. The private details of 8,800 foreigners and 5,400 Singaporeans infected with HIV were exposed as a result of improper handling of the data.[37] The details of some 5,400 Singaporeans and permanent residents diagnosed with HIV up to January 2013, and 8,800 foreigners diagnosed up to December 2011 were leaked, by Mikhy Farrera-Brochez, a US citizen.[38] It was in retaliation for Farrera-Brochez being deported from Singapore for falsify documents that granted him work privileges in Singapore and for covering up the fact he has HIV on an application form.[39] He was supplied the details by his, then boyfriend, Ler Teck Siang, a doctor in Singapore. Ler also provided his own blood sample to cover up Farrera-Brochez's HIV status.[39]
According to the United Nations HIV/AIDS Theme Group's 2002 HIV/AIDS Situation Analysis report in Turkey, 7,000–14,000 people had been infected with AIDS since the beginning of the pandemic. The Ministry of Health in June 2002 stated that 1,429 HIV/AIDS cases had been reported since 1985.[43]
Official figures show that 540 people were living with HIV/AIDS by the end of 2006, and the number of recorded new cases was about 35 annually.[citation needed]
^Lee, Jin-Hee (September 2009). "Epidemiological Characteristics of HIV-Infected Women in the Republic of Korea: A Low HIV Prevalence Country". Journal of Public Health Policy. 30 (3): 342–355. doi:10.1057/jphp.2009.16. JSTOR40542225. PMID19806074. S2CID23893168.
^ abCheng, Sealing (2004). "Interrogating the Absence of HIV/AIDS Interventions for Migrant Sex Workers in South Korea". Health and Human Rights. 7 (2): 193–204. doi:10.2307/4065354. JSTOR4065354.
^"HIV月報105-03(更新)"(PDF). Centers for Disease Control, R.O.C (Taiwan). Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^"U.S., INDONESIA PARTNERSHIP TO FIGHT HIV/AIDS CONTINUES". US Fed News Service, Including US State News. 2009-12-07. ProQuest471598082.
^ ab"FIVE MILLION HIV/AIDS CASES IN INDONESIA BY 2010". Antara. 2009-11-15. ProQuest446446798.
^Gangcuangco, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among men having sex with men in Metro Manila, Philippines. "Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2015-04-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
