The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury after the discovery of nickel and copper ore in 1883 during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[8] Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships. Being located inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal, with average January lows of around −18 °C (0 °F) and average July highs of 25 °C (77 °F).[9]
The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity. Sudbury was once a major lumber center and a world leader in nickel mining. Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century. The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco, now Vale Limited, which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s, and Falconbridge, now Glencore. Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as the major retail, economic, health, and educational center for Northeastern Ontario. Sudbury is also home to a large Franco-Ontarian population, which influences its arts and culture.
Toponymy
James Worthington, the superintendent of construction on the Northern Ontario segment of the railway, selected the name Sudbury after Sudbury, Suffolk, in England, which was the hometown of his wife Caroline Hitchcock.[10][11]
The city's official name was changed to Greater Sudbury in 2001, when it was amalgamated with its suburban towns into the current city, on the grounds of ensuring that the merger did not erase the longstanding community identities of the outlying towns.[12] In everyday usage, however, the city is still more commonly referred to as just Sudbury.
History
The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group as early as 9,000 years ago following the retreat of the last continental ice sheet.[10] In 1850, local Ojibwe chiefs entered into an agreement with the British Crown to share a large tract of land, including what is now Sudbury, as part of the Robinson Huron Treaty. In exchange the Crown pledged to pay an annuity to First Nations people, which was originally set at $1.60 per treaty member and increased incrementally; its last increase was in 1874, leaving it fixed at $4.[13][14]
French Jesuits were the first to establish a European settlement when they set up a mission called Sainte-Anne-des-Pins, just before the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883. The Sainte-Anne-des-Pins church played a prominent role in the development of Franco-Ontarian culture in the region.[15] Coincidentally, Ste-Anne is the Patron Saint of Miners.[16]
During construction of the railway in 1883, blasting and excavation revealed high concentrations of nickel-copperore at Murray Mine on the edge of the Sudbury Basin. This discovery brought the first waves of European settlers, who arrived not only to work at the mines, but also to build a service station for railway workers.[17]
Sudbury was incorporated as a town in 1893,[18] and its first mayor was Joseph Étienne aka Stephen Fournier.[19]
The American inventor Thomas Edison visited the Sudbury area as a prospector in 1901. He is credited with the original discovery of the ore body at Falconbridge.[20] Rich deposits of nickel sulphide ore were discovered in the Sudbury Basin geological formation. The construction of the railway allowed exploitation of these mineral resources and shipment of the commodities to markets and ports, as well as large-scale lumber extraction.[19]
Mining began to replace lumber as the primary industry as the area's transportation network was improved to include trams. These enabled workers to live in one community and work in another.[19] Sudbury's economy was dominated by the mining industry for much of the 20th century. Two major mining companies were created: Inco in 1902 and Falconbridge in 1928. They became two of the city's major employers and two of the world's leading producers of nickel.[citation needed]
Smelting works of the Canadian Copper Company prior to World War I. Most of the nickel mined from Sudbury was used in the manufacturing of artillery during the war.
Through the decades that followed, Sudbury's economy went through boom and bust cycles as world demand for nickel fluctuated. Demand was high during the First World War, when Sudbury-mined nickel was used extensively in the manufacturing of artillery in Sheffield, England. It bottomed out when the war ended and then rose again in the mid-1920s as peacetime uses for nickel began to develop. The town was reincorporated as a city in 1930.
The city recovered from the Great Depression much more quickly than almost any other city in North America due to increased demand for nickel in the 1930s. Sudbury was the fastest-growing city and one of the wealthiest cities in Canada for most of the decade. Many of the city's social problems in the Great Depression era were not caused by unemployment or poverty, but due to the difficulty in keeping up with all of the new infrastructure demands created by rapid growth — for example, employed mineworkers sometimes ended up living in boarding houses or makeshift shanty towns, because demand for new housing was rising faster than supply.[19] Between 1936 and 1941, the city was ordered into receivership by the Ontario Municipal Board.[19] Another economic slowdown affected the city in 1937, but the city's fortunes rose again with wartime demands during the Second World War. The Frood Mine alone accounted for 40 percent of all the nickel used in Alliedartillery production during the war. After the end of the war, Sudbury was in a good position to supply nickel to the United States government when it decided to stockpile non-Soviet supplies during the Cold War.[19]
Banner welcoming hard rock miners into Sudbury. Nickel mines became vital to the war effort, with Frood Mine accounting for 40 percent of all nickel used in Allied artillery production.
The open coke beds used in the early to mid-20th century and logging for fuel resulted in a near-total loss of native vegetation in the area. Consequently, the terrain was made up of exposed rocky outcrops permanently stained charcoal black by the air pollution from the roasting yards. Acid rain added more staining, in a layer that penetrates up to 3 in (76 mm) into the once pink-grey granite.[citation needed]
The construction of the Inco Superstack in 1972 dispersed sulphuric acid through the air over a much wider area, reducing the acidity of local precipitation. This enabled the municipality, province and Inco and academics from Laurentian University to begin an environmental recovery program in the late 1970s, labelled a "regreening" effort. Lime was spread over the charred soil by hand and by aircraft. Seeds of wild grasses and other vegetation were also spread. As of 2010, 9.2 million new trees have been planted in the city.[21]Vale has begun to rehabilitate the slag heaps that surrounds their smelter in the Copper Cliff area with the planting of grass and trees,[22] as well as the use of biosolids to stabilize and regreen tailings areas.[23]
In 1978, the workers of Sudbury's largest mining corporation, Inco (now Vale), embarked on a strike over production and employment cutbacks. The strike, which lasted for nine months, badly damaged Sudbury's economy. The city government was spurred to launch a project to diversify the city's economy.
A unique and visionary project, Science North was inaugurated in 1984 with two-snowflake styled buildings connected by a tunnel through the Canadian shield where the Creighton fault intersects the shores of Lake Ramsey.[24] The city tried to attract new employers and industries through the 1980s and 1990s with mixed success.[19] The city of Sudbury and its suburban communities, which were reorganized into the Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973, was subsequently merged in 2001 into the single-tier city of Greater Sudbury.[citation needed]
The Inco Superstack in 1976, four years after its completion. It was built to disperse sulphuric acid and reduce the acidity of local precipitation.
In 2006, both of the city's major mining companies, Canadian-based Inco and Falconbridge, were taken over by new owners: Inco was acquired by the Brazilian company CVRD (now renamed Vale), while Falconbridge was purchased by the Swiss company Xstrata, which itself was purchased by Anglo–Swiss Glencore, forming Glencore Xstrata. Xstrata donated the historic Edison Building, the onetime head office of Falconbridge, to the city in 2007 to serve as the new home of the municipal archives.[25] On September 19, 2008, a fire destroyed the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall on Frood Road.[26] A strike at Vale's operations, which began on July 13, 2009, was tentatively resolved in July 2010.[27] The 2009 strike lasted longer than the devastating 1978 strike, but had a much more modest effect on the city's economy than the earlier action—unlike in 1978, the local rate of unemploymentdeclined slightly during the 2009 strike.[28]
The ecology of the Sudbury region has recovered dramatically, helped by regreening programs and improved mining practices. The United Nations honoured twelve cities in the world, including Sudbury, with the Local Government Honours Award at the 1992 Earth Summit to recognise the city's community-based environmental reclamation strategies. By 2010, the regreening programs had successfully rehabilitated 3,350 ha (8,300 acres) of land in the city; however, approximately 30,000 ha (74,000 acres) of land have yet to be rehabilitated.[29]
Various studies have confirmed that the provincial government's initial claims that the municipal amalgamation would result in cost savings and increased efficiencies have not borne out, and in fact administration of the amalgamated city costs significantly more than the prior regional government structure did.[30]
Sudbury has 330 lakes over 10 ha (25 acres) in size within the city limits.[31] The most prominent is Lake Wanapitei, the largest lake in the world completely contained within the boundaries of a single city. Ramsey Lake, a few kilometres south of downtown Sudbury, held the same record before the municipal amalgamation in 2001 brought Lake Wanapitei fully inside the city limits.[31] Sudbury is divided into two main watersheds: to the east is the French River watershed which flows into Georgian Bay and to the west is the Spanish River watershed which flows into the North Channel of Lake Huron.[31]
Sudbury is built around many small, rocky mountains with exposed igneous rock of the Canadian (Precambrian) Shield. The ore deposits in Sudbury are part of a large geological structure known as the Sudbury Basin, which are the remnants of a nearly two billion-year-old impact crater;[32] long thought to be the result of a meteorite collision, more recent analysis has suggested that the crater may in fact have been created by a comet.[33]
Sudbury's pentlandite, pyrite and pyrrhotite ores contain profitable amounts of many elements—primarily nickel and copper, but also platinum, palladium and other valuable metals.[34]
Local smelting of the ore releases this sulphur into the atmosphere where it combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid, contributing to acid rain. As a result, Sudbury has had a widespread reputation as a wasteland.[35] In parts of the city, vegetation was devastated by acid rain and logging to provide fuel for early smelting techniques. To a lesser extent, the area's ecology was also impacted by lumber camps in the area providing wood for the reconstruction of Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. While other logging areas in Northeastern Ontario were also involved in that effort, the emergence of mining-related processes in the following decade made it significantly harder for new trees to grow to full maturity in the Sudbury area than elsewhere.[19]
Erosion has resulted in bedrock being exposed in many parts of the city, many of which were charred to a pitted, dark black appearance.
The resulting erosion exposed bedrock in many parts of the city, which was charred in most places to a pitted, dark black appearance. There was not a complete lack of vegetation in the region as paper birch and wild blueberry patches thrived in the acidic soils. During the Apollo crewed lunar exploration program, NASA astronauts trained in Sudbury to become familiar with impact breccia and shatter cones, rare rock formations produced by large meteorite impacts. However, the popular misconception that they were visiting Sudbury because it purportedly resembled the lifeless surface of the Moon persists.[36]
Greater Sudbury has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb). This region has warm and often humid summers with occasional short lasting periods of hot weather, with long, cold and snowy winters. It is situated north of the Great Lakes, making it prone to arctic air masses. Monthly precipitation is equal year round, with snow cover expected for up to six months of the year.[38] Although extreme weather events are rare, one of the worst tornadoes in Canadian history struck the city and its suburbs on August 20, 1970, killing six people, injuring two hundred, and causing more than C$17 million (equivalent to $132 million in 2023) in damages.[39]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Greater Sudbury was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) on July 13, 1936.[40] The lowest temperature ever recorded was −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F) on December 29, 1933.[41]
Climate data for Sudbury Airport, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1887−present[a]
From the city hall at Tom Davies Square, the city is headed by twelve council members and one mayor both elected every four years. The current mayor is Paul Lefebvre, who was elected in the 2022 municipal election. The 2011 operating budget for Greater Sudbury was C$471 million, and the city employs 2006 full-time workers.[57]
Both federal and provincial politics in the city tend to be dominated by the Liberal and New Democratic parties. Historically, the Liberals have been stronger in the Sudbury riding, with the New Democrats dominant in Nickel Belt, although both ridings have elected members of both parties at different times.
Utilities
Greater Sudbury Utilities Inc. (GSU) delivers utility services in the city's urban core. Its sole shareholder is the City of Greater Sudbury.
The city of Sudbury and its suburban communities were reorganized into the Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973, which was subsequently merged in 2001 into the single-tier city of Greater Sudbury.
In common usage, the city's urban core is still generally referred to as Sudbury, while the outlying former towns are still referred to by their old names and continue in some respects to maintain their own distinct community identities despite their lack of political independence. Each of the seven former municipalities in turn encompasses numerous smaller neighbourhoods. Amalgamated cities (2001 Canadian census population) include: Sudbury (85,354)[60] and Valley East (22,374).[61] Towns (2001 Canadian census population) include: Rayside-Balfour (15,046),[62]Nickel Centre (12,672),[63]Walden (10,101),[64]Onaping Falls (4,887),[65] and Capreol (3,486).[66] The Wanup area, formerly an unincorporated settlement outside of Sudbury's old city limits, was also annexed into the city in 2001, along with a large wilderness area on the northeastern shore of Lake Wanapitei.
The Sudbury Arts Council was established in 1974. Its mandate is to connect, communicate and celebrate the arts.[68] It has an important role to provide a calendar of events and news about arts and culture activities. The city is home to two art galleries—the Art Gallery of Sudbury and La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario. Both are dedicated primarily to Canadian art, especially artists from Northern Ontario.
The Place des Arts is currently home to seven of the city's francophone cultural organizations.
In 2021, YES Theatre unveiled plans for the Refettorio, which would convert a vacant lot on Durham Street near the YMCA into an outdoor theatrical and musical performance space.[72] The space opened in August 2023 with a production of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.[73]
Place des Arts, a new project to provide a community hub for the city's francophone cultural institutions including a 300-seat concert hall, a 120-seat theatre studio, an art gallery, a bistro, a gift boutique and bookstore, a children's arts center and 10,000 square feet of studio space for artists, began construction in the downtown core in 2019,[74] and opened in 2022.[75]
Festivals
Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival, the city's primary annual film festival, has been staged in September each year since 1989.[76] Two smaller specialist film festivals, the Junction North International Documentary Film Festival for documentary films[77] and the Queer North Film Festival for LGBT-themed films,[78] are also held each year. Mainstream commercial films are screened at the SilverCity theatre complex, which is also the primary venue for most Cinéfest screenings. Science North is home to an IMAX theatre which screens a program of IMAX films, the Cavern at Science North hosts some gala screenings during Cinéfest and screens science documentaries during the year, and the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op programs a repertory cinema lineup of independent and international films as well as organizing both the Junction North and Queer North film festivals.[79]
In 2021 the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op also launched the Sudbury Outdoor Adventure Reels Film Festival, devoted to wilderness and adventure films, following several years of the city hosting an annual stop on the Banff Mountain Film Festival's touring circuit,[80] and in 2022 they launched both the Sudbury's Tiny Underground Film Festival (STUFF) for underground and experimental films,[81] and the Sudbury Indie Creature Kon for horror films.[82]
The city has hosted an annual Sudbury Pride festival since 1997.[83]
The Up Here Festival, launched in 2015, blends a program of musical performance with the creation of both murals and installation art projects throughout the downtown core,[84] while PlaySmelter, a theatre festival devoted to theatrical and storytelling performances by local writers and actors, was launched in 2013, and is held at various venues in the city including the Sudbury Theatre Centre and Place des Arts.[85]
Sudbury also hosts Northern Ontario's only Japanese cultural Festival, Japan Festival Sudbury. It started in 2019, went on hiatus for two years during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, and returned to Sudbury's Bell Park Amphitheatre on July 16, 2022.[86]
High-profile concerts take place at the Sudbury Community Arena, while other touring acts play venues including the Grand Theatre,[90] Knox Hall,[91] and The Towne House.[92]
Bell Park's outdoor Grace Hartman Amphitheatre serves as the primary venue for the Northern Lights Festival Boréal, and hosts other summer concerts.[93] Concerts are also sometimes staged at Laurentian University's Fraser Auditorium, although it is also used for theatre shows, stand-up comedy performances and lectures rather than serving as a full-time music venue.
In addition to the Northern Lights Festival Boréal, the city is also home to the Up Here Festival, which blends musical performances by underground and experimental musicians with public mural projects,[94] and La Nuit sur l'étang, a festival of francophone music.[95]
In the early 2000s, the Big Nickel was temporarily moved to the grounds of Science North while its original and current site was refurbished into Dynamic Earth.
Science North is an interactive science museum and Northern Ontario's most popular tourist attraction[99] with around 288,000 visitors per year (as of 2018).[100] It consists of two snowflake-shaped buildings on the southwestern shore of Ramsey Lake and just south of the city's downtown core. There is also a former ice hockey arena on-site, which includes the complex's entrance and an IMAX theatre. The snowflake buildings are connected by a rock tunnel, which passes through a billion-year-old geologic fault. Sudbury's mining heritage is reflected in another major tourist attraction, Dynamic Earth. This interactive science museum focuses principally on geology and mining history exhibitions and is also home to the Big Nickel, one of Sudbury's most famous landmarks. The city is also home to the Greater Sudbury Heritage Museums, a group of historical community museums, and a mining heritage monument overlooking the city's Bell Park.
Sudbury has many trails that are used year-round. The Sudbury Trail Plan grooms almost 1,200 km (750 mi) of trails for snowmobiles in the winter.[104] There are approximately 200 km (120 mi) of non-motorized trails in the city, many of which were built by Rainbow Routes Association.[105] There is 23 km (14 mi) of diverse hiking, biking, and jogging trails found in the Lake Laurentian Conservation Area near downtown.[106] Other trails link Sudbury to areas outside of the city including the Trans Canada Trail, which passes through the city, and the Voyageur Hiking Trail. The city is also home to Sudbury Downs, a harness racing track located in Azilda.
Greater Sudbury hosts a professional basketball team, the Sudbury Five, who play at the Sudbury Community Arena. The Five are owned by Sudbury Wolves Sports and Entertainment and began play in the National Basketball League of Canada in November 2018.[108]
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Greater Sudbury had a population of 166,004 living in 71,476 of its 75,967 total private dwellings, a change of 2.8% from its 2016 population of 161,531. With a land area of 3,186.26 km2 (1,230.22 sq mi), it had a population density of 52.1/km2 (134.9/sq mi) in 2021.[111]
At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Greater Sudbury CMA had a population of 170,605 living in 73,387 of its 78,225 total private dwellings, a change of 2.8% from its 2016 population of 165,958. With a land area of 4,187.4 km2 (1,616.8 sq mi), it had a population density of 40.7/km2 (105.5/sq mi) in 2021.[112]
As of 2011, the population of Sudbury is less educated than the Canadian average, with 17.2% of the population holding a university degree (compared to 23.3% nationally) and 18.1% with no certificate, diploma or degree (compared to 17.3% nationally).[113]
In 2021, the median age was 43.2 years, slightly higher than the provincial average of 41.6 years.[114]
Ethnicity
Greater Sudbury has few visible minorities with 6.6% reporting visible minority status on the 2021 census compared to the national average of 26.5%, but a much higher percentage of Indigenous Canadians (11%) than the national average of 5%. Visible minorities representing over 0.5% of the population include: 2.5% Black, 1.9% South Asian, and 0.6% Chinese.[114]
According to the 2021 Census Profile, the residents of Greater Sudbury are predominantly Christian. Around 64%[119] (down from 81% in 2011) of the population belongs to Christian denominations with Catholics composing the largest single group (47%, down from 59% in 2011).[120] Those with no religious affiliation accounted for 33% (up from 18% in 2011) of the population.[120] Other religions such as Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism constitute around 3% of the population in total, up from 1% in 2011.[120]
Language
Sudbury is a bilingual city with a large francophone population, with 40% of Sudburians able to speak French. Some 80.1% of the population speak mostly English at home, followed by French at 16.3%, which is significantly higher than the Ontario average of 2.4%.[121]
The Copper Cliff South Mine is an underground nickel mine operated by Vale Inco. As of 2010, Vale was the largest employer in Greater Sudbury.Barry Downe Road in Sudbury, with several businesses in the service sector visible. By 2006, 80 percent of Greater Sudbury's labour force was employed in the service sector.
After a brief period as a lumber camp, Sudbury's economy was dominated by the mining industry for much of the 20th century. By the 1970s, Inco employed a quarter of the local workforce.[122] However, in 2006, Inco and Falconbridge were taken over by foreign multinational corporations: Inco was acquired by the Brazilian company Vale, and Falconbridge was purchased by the Swiss company Xstrata which was in turn purchased by Anglo–Swiss Glencore forming Glencore Xstrata. Several other mining companies, including First Nickel and KGHM, also have mining operations in the Sudbury area.
While mining has decreased in relative importance, Sudbury's economy has diversified to establish itself as a major centre of finance, business, tourism, health care, education, government, and science and technology research.[126] Many of these reflect Sudbury's position as a regional service center for Northeastern Ontario, a market of 550,000 people.[123]
The top employers in Sudbury as of November 2010 include:[127]
Many retail businesses in the city have moved outside of the downtown core in the late 20th century and the city has struggled to rebuild and maintain a vibrant downtown core. In the 2000s and early 2010s, projects aimed at revitalizing the downtown core included the creation of Market Square, a farmer's and craft market; the redevelopment of the Rainbow Center Mall; streetscape beautification projects; the conversion of several underutilized historic properties into mixed-use office and loft developments;[128] and the establishment and launch of the McEwen School of Architecture, as well as cultural events such as Downtown Rotary Blues for Food, Sudbury's Largest Yard and Sidewalk Sale, Downtown Sudbury Ribfest and the Up Here art and music festival. New projects underway in the late 2010s include Place des Arts, a performing and visual arts center;[129] and the redesign and renovation of the central plaza at Tom Davies Square.[130]
Despite these efforts a large percentage of the city's retail service sector is still found outside of the downtown core, in areas such as the Four Corners, the RioCan and Silver Hills power centres on the Kingsway, and the New Sudbury Centre, the largest shopping mall in Northern Ontario with 110 stores.[131]
Film industry
Sudbury has an emerging film and television industry, with a number of projects filming in the city in the 2000s.[132] Development of an active film and television production industry in Northern Ontario was initially undertaken by Cinéfest, the city's largest annual film festival, in the early 1990s, and is currently overseen by Music and Film in Motion, a non-profit organization based in Sudbury.[133]
Sudbury is also home to the Science North Production Team, an award-winning producer of documentary films and multimedia presentations for museums.[156]Independent filmmakerB. P. Paquette is based in Sudbury.[157] Inner City Films, a production company owned by Sudbury native Robert Adetuyi, also has a production office in the city,[158] as does Carte Blanche Films, the producer of Météo+, Les Blues de Ramville and Hard Rock Medical.[159]
Architecture
With the construction of the Laurentian UniversityMcEwen School of Architecture, as well as increasing development in the city, architecture has become an increasingly important part of the economy in Sudbury.
Notable architecture in Greater Sudbury:
Ledo Hotel, a historic building in downtown Sudbury, which has seen many uses since its construction in 1910.
St. Andrew's Place, a church-community-complex which opened in 1972.
Sudbury's Shaar Hashomayim Synagogue, is a community-led synagogue which was constructed in 1960 and is the only synagogue in Sudbury.
Moses Block, Durham at Elgin, Sudbury's only flatiron building built in 1907[160]
Greater Sudbury is home to three postsecondary institutions: Laurentian University, a primarily undergraduate bilingual university with approximately 9,000 students,[161]Cambrian College, an English college of applied arts and technology with 4,500 full-time and 7,500 part-time students,[162]Collège Boréal, a francophone college with 2,000 enrolled,[163] and the Northern Ontario School of Medicine. On September 4, 2013, Laurentian University opened the McEwen School of Architecture in downtown Sudbury, the first new architecture school to launch in Canada in more than 40 years.[164] Opened in 2011 and located on the Laurentian University campus is the Vale Living with Lakes Centre which focuses on the research of stressors that can affect the health of water based ecosystems, contributing to the better ecological health of Sudbury. Canadian post-secondary institutions have also impacted the city's science and technology sectors. The Creighton Mine site in Sudbury is home to SNOLAB, the second-deepest (after China Jinping Underground Laboratory in China) underground laboratory in the world and the site of numerous dark matter experiments. Originally constructed for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (now concluded), the underground laboratory has been expanded and continues to operate as SNOLAB. The SNO equipment has been refurbished for use in the SNO+ experiment.[125]
SNOLAB is an underground physics laboratory operated by several universities, including Laurentian.
English-language public schooling is provided by the Rainbow District School Board. The board operates 28 elementary and nine secondary schools in Sudbury, one school for students with special needs, and the Cecil Facer Youth Center for young offenders.[165] The Sudbury Catholic District School Board offers publicly funded English-language Catholic education, with 16 elementary schools, five high schools and an adult education center.[166] French-language public schools are administered by the Conseil scolaire de district du Grand Nord de l'Ontario with seven elementary and two secondary schools and one alternative secondary school.[167] Finally, the Conseil scolaire catholique du Nouvel-Ontario provides publicly funded French-language Catholic education, with 15 elementary, four secondary schools, and one adult education secondary school.[dead link][168] There are also two Christian private schools (Sudbury Christian Academy and King Christian Academy), as well two Montessori schools (King Montessori Academy and the Montessori School of Sudbury).
The Greater Sudbury Public Library system has 13 branches throughout the city. The library system had 600,000 items as of 2011 and over 50% of the resident population are active library users.[169] The Sudbury Tool Library and Makerspace are located at the main branch of the Greater Sudbury Public Library.
Infrastructure
Health care
Greater Sudbury serves as the health care center for much of northeastern Ontario through Health Sciences North. Sudbury is also the site of the Regional Cancer Program, which treats cancer patients from across the north. Sudbury's first General Hospital opened in 1950 and operated until 2010. Now, known as St. Joseph Health Center, the building remains abandoned and the new Sudbury Regional Hospital functions with Health Sciences North on Ramsey Lake Road. In 1968, the first successful coronary artery bypass surgery in Canada was performed at Sudbury Memorial Hospital.[170] Adult mental health services are also provided to the area through Health Sciences North, primarily at the Kirkwood site (formerly the Sudbury Algoma Hospital) and at the Cedar site downtown. Children's mental health services are provided through the Regional Children's Psychiatric Center operated by the Northeast Mental Health Center, located onsite at the Kirkwood Site of Health Sciences North.
Emergency services
Greater Sudbury is served by the Greater Sudbury Police Service,[171] headquartered in downtown Sudbury. There is also a detachment of the Ontario Provincial Police located in the McFarlane Lake area of the city's south end. Greater Sudbury Emergency Medical Services provides prehospital paramedic services with over 150 full-time and part-time paramedics.[172] Greater Sudbury Fire Services operates from 24 fire stations located throughout the city,[173] with a combination 103 career staff and 350 volunteer fire fighters.[174] Prior to the municipal amalgamation of 2001, most of the suburban towns were served by separate volunteer fire departments, which were amalgamated into the citywide service as part of the municipal restructuring. The municipally owned energy provider Greater Sudbury Utilities serves the city's urban core, while rural areas in the city continue to be served by Hydro One.
Transportation
Public transportation
The city maintains a bus-based public transit system, GOVA, transporting 4.4 million passengers in 2012.[123] The year 2000 marked the most significant change in Greater Sudbury's local transit history, as outlying townships were annexed into the municipality to form Greater Sudbury, expanding Greater Sudbury Transit's service area to one larger than most Ontario municipal and regional public transit agencies. The Downtown Transit Center is the primary hub for local transit in Sudbury.
Air
Sudbury Airport is an airport that serves Greater Sudbury, handling scheduled flights throughout Ontario.
Intercity Transport Hubs in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
Several different agencies provide intercity transportation to Sudbury. Via Rail's Sudbury–White River train (a remnant of the old Lake Superior passenger service to Thunder Bay) serves a number of remote interior communities, some of which are not accessible by road, from the downtown Sudbury station. To the north and east of the city, Capreol station and Sudbury Junction station are stops on Via Rail's transcontinental passenger service, the Canadian, which passes through the area twice a week in each direction.
There are three highways connecting Sudbury to the rest of Ontario: Highway 17 is the main branch of the Trans-Canada Highway, connecting the city to points east and west. An approximately 21 km (13 mi) segment of Highway 17, from Mikkola to Whitefish, is freeway. The highway bypasses the city via two separately-constructed roads, the Southwest and Southeast Bypasses, that form a partial ring road around the southern end of the city's urban core for traffic travelling through Highway 17. The former alignment of Highway 17 through the city is now Municipal Road 55. Highway 69, also a branch of the Trans-Canada Highway, leads south to Parry Sound, where it connects to the Highway 400 freeway to Toronto; Highway 400 is being extended to Greater Sudbury and is scheduled for completion in the 2020s.[177]Highway 144 leads north to Highway 101 in Timmins.
Greater Sudbury is the only census division in Northern Ontario that maintains a system of numbered municipal roads, similar to the county road system in the southern part of the province. Secondary Highway 537, which essentially provides an outer bypass link between Highway 69 at Wanup and Highway 17 at Wahnapitae, is also the only remaining secondary highway in the province located in any census division which also has its own municipal or county road system.
As the largest city in Northern Ontario, Greater Sudbury is the region's primary media center. Due to the relatively small size of the region's individual media markets, most of the region is served at least partially by Sudbury-based media. CICI-TV produces almost all local programming on the CTV Northern Ontario system, and the CBC Radio stations CBCS-FM and CBON-FM broadcast to the entire region through extensive rebroadcaster networks. As well, many of the commercial radio stations in Northeastern Ontario's smaller cities simulcast programming produced in Sudbury for at least a portion of their programming schedules, particularly in weekend and evening slots.
Sudbury's daily newspaper, the Sudbury Star is owned by Postmedia, is published six days a week and has a weekday circulation of 17,530 as of 2006.[178] The city's longtime community newspaper Northern Life ceased print publication in 2020, concurrently with its sale from Laurentian Media Group to Village Media, and remains in operation as the web-only publication Sudbury.com.
There is also a weekly francophone publication, Le Voyageur. The South Side Story used to be a print and online publication but has been defunct since 2019.
^Extreme high and low temperatures in the table are from Sudbury (June 1887 to July 1930), Coniston (August 1930 to September 1947), Sudbury (October 1947 to January 1954), and Sudbury Airport (February 1954 to present).
^Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
^Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
^Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
^Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
^Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
^Franklin, John A.; Pearson, David (1985). "Rock engineering for construction of Science North, Sudbury, Ontario". Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 22 (4): 443–455. doi:10.1139/t85-064.
^"Welcome - About LU". September 25, 2008. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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