Great Man-Made River

Schematic drawing of the project. Note that different routes have been proposed for the not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to the Jaghboub well field.

The Great Man-Made River (GMMR, Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, Italian: Grande fiume artificiale) is a network of pipes that supplies fresh water obtained from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System fossil aquifer across Libya. It is the world's largest irrigation project.[1] The project utilizes a pipeline system that pumps water from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System from southern Libya to cities in the populous Libyan northern Mediterranean coast including Tripoli and Benghazi. The water covers a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers and provides 70% of all freshwater used in Libya.[2]

According to the project's website, it is the largest underground network of pipes (2,820 kilometres (1,750 mi))[3] and aqueducts in the world. It consists of more than 1,300 wells, most more than 500 m deep, and supplies 6,500,000 m3 of fresh water per day to the cities of Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte and elsewhere in Libya. The late Libyan Leader Muammar Gaddafi described it as the "Eighth Wonder of the World".[4]

History

Transport of pipe segments in the 1980s.
Trench digging in the 1980s.
False-color image of the Grand Omar Mukhtar reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) residing in reservoirs appears twice in this image, in the upper right and at the bottom. Vegetation appears red, cityscape structures such as pavement and buildings appear in gray, bare ground appears tan or beige.

In 1953, efforts to find oil in southern Libya led to the discovery of large quantities of potable fossil water underground. The Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) was conceived in the late 1960s and work on the project began in 1984. The project's construction was divided into five phases. The first phase required 85 million m³ of excavation and was inaugurated on 28 August 1991. The second phase (dubbed First water to Tripoli) was inaugurated on 1 September 1996.

The project is owned by the Great Man-Made River Project Authority and was funded by the Gaddafi government. The primary contractor for the first phases was Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) and the present main contractor is Al Nahr Company Ltd.

Imported goods which were destined for use in the construction of the GMR were made in Korea and Europe (mainly in Italy) and arrived by sea via the entry port of Brega (Gulf of Sidra). Cathodic corrosion protection on the pipeline was supplied by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, based in Melbourne and delivered via the port of Benghazi.[5] The rest of the material was made in Libya.

The total cost of the GMRP was projected at more than US$25 billion.[6] Libya has completed the work to date[when?] without the financial support of major countries or loans from world banks. Since 1990, UNESCO has provided training to engineers and technicians involved with the project.

The fossil aquifer from which this water is being supplied is the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. It accumulated during the last ice age and is not currently being replenished. If 2007 rates of retrieval are not increased, the water could last a thousand years.[7][8] Other estimates indicate that the aquifer could be depleted of water in as soon as 60 to 100 years.[9] Analysts say that the costs of the $25 billion groundwater extraction system are 10% those of desalination.[10]

In this project 1 billion euros were invested for the installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees for water condensation. This project was carried out by the Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

On 22 July 2011, during the First Libyan Civil War and the foreign military intervention, one of the two plants making pipes for the project, the Brega Plant, was hit by a NATO air strike.[18] At a press conference on 26 July, NATO claimed that rockets had been fired from within the plant area, and that military materiel, including multiple rocket launchers, was stored there according to intelligence findings, presenting two photos of an BM-21 MRL as sole evidence for the destruction of the factory. The evidence for a potential UN resolutions breach has been insufficient.[19]

During the Second Libyan Civil War from 2014 to 2020, the water infrastructure suffered neglect and occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, 101 of 479 wells on the western pipeline system had been dismantled.[20]

On 10 April 2020, a station controlling water flow to Tripoli and neighboring towns was seized by an unknown armed group. The flow of water was cut to over two million people as a result, and as such the attack was condemned by the United Nations on humanitarian grounds.[21]

Timeline

  • 3 October 1983: The General People's Congress held an extraordinary session to draft the resolutions of the Basic People's Congresses, which decided to fund and execute the Great Man-Made River Project.
  • 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi laid the foundation stone in Sarir area for the commencement of the construction of the Great Man-Made River Project.
  • 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurated the Brega plant for the production of the pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, which are considered the largest pipes made with pre-stressed steel wire (the majority of steel wire was made in Italy by the Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company with its head office in Cologno Monzese-Milan and its factory in Caivano-Naples). The Sarir plant was also inaugurated on this date.
  • 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi laid the foundation stone for phase two of the Great Man-Made River Project.

First water arrival

  • 11 September 1989: to Ajdabiya reservoir.
  • 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir.
  • 4 September 1991: to Ghardabiya reservoir.
  • 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
  • 28 September 2007: to Gharyan.
  • Great Manmade River images
  • GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
    GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
  • GMMRA logo
    GMMRA logo
  • Stamp commemorating Gaddafi as "River Builder"
    Stamp commemorating Gaddafi as "River Builder"

[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Guinness World Records 2008 Book Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-1-904994-18-3
  2. ^ Moutaz Ali (2017). "The Eighth Wonder of the World?". Quantara.de. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  3. ^ Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7
  4. ^ "Water-Technology". Archived from the original on 2020-08-16. Retrieved 2004-10-14.
  5. ^ Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.
  6. ^ Scholl, Adam. "Map Room: Hidden Waters". World Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  7. ^ Article from Saudi Aramco Archived 2014-08-05 at the Wayback Machine January/February 2007
  8. ^ "UN Environment Program". Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  9. ^ "Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  10. ^ "Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet". Archived from the original on 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  11. ^ "La conquista del desierto". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). 1990-01-20. Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  12. ^ "ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca". hemeroteca.abc.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  13. ^ "Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  14. ^ "Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101". www.elmundo.es. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  15. ^ Phillips, David J. (2001). Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. William Carey Library. ISBN 9780878083527. Archived from the original on 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  16. ^ Binner, J. (2013-10-22). Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483294001. Archived from the original on 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  17. ^ "Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos" (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  18. ^ Missy Ryan; Giles Elgoodl; Tim Pearce (22 July 2013). "Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  19. ^ "NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River". Human Rights Investigations Blog. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  20. ^ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty Archived 2021-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. 2019-07-02.
  21. ^ "UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli". www.aljazeera.com. 2020-04-10. Archived from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  22. ^ "Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река" [Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River]. Earth Chronicles (in Russian). 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-03-29. Retrieved 2013-09-08.

Additional sources

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