Gothic (video game)

Gothic
German box art
Developer(s)Piranha Bytes
Publisher(s)Microsoft WindowsNintendo Switch
Director(s)
  • Stefan Nyul
  • Alexander Brüggemann
  • Michael Hoge
Designer(s)
  • Michael Hoge
  • Alexander Brüggemann
  • Tom Putzki
  • Stefan Nyul
Programmer(s)
  • Dieter Hildebrand
  • Bert Speckels
  • Ulf Wohlers
  • Carsten Edenfeldl
Artist(s)
  • Michael Hoge
  • Horst Dworczak
Composer(s)Kai Rosenkranz
SeriesGothic
EngineZenGin
Platform(s)
ReleaseMicrosoft Windows
  • DE: 15 March 2001
  • EU: 30 October 2001
  • NA: 23 November 2001
  • PL: 28 March 2002
Nintendo Switch
  • WW: September 28, 2023
Genre(s)Action role-playing
Mode(s)Single-player

Gothic is a 2001 action role-playing video game developed by Piranha Bytes for Microsoft Windows and the first game of the game series of the same name. It was released on 15 March 2001 in Germany, on 30 October 2001 in Europe, on 23 November 2001 in North America and on 28 March 2002 in Poland. A Nintendo Switch port, titled Gothic Classic, was released worldwide on September 28, 2023.

Gothic was well received by critics. Reviewers credited the game for its story, complex interaction with other in-game characters, and graphics, but criticized it for having many bugs,[1] an unusual control scheme and high system requirements.[2][3][4]

In 2020, THQ Nordic, who owns the series after the acquisition and subsequent dissolution of Piranha Bytes, greenlit a Gothic remake for production.

Gameplay

The main character must complete quests and slay wild animals and monsters to earn skill points, which are used to increase basic attributes and learn and improve skills. They are spent by finding the appropriate teacher. Several skills have only one "level" (Sneaking, Acrobatics), while Pickpocketing and the fighting skills (one-handed weapons, two-handed weapons, bows and crossbows) have two proficiency levels. If the Hero chooses to be a Mage (or joins the Swamp Camp), he will be able to learn Circles of Magic; of which there are 6. The main attributes are increased in 1 or 5 point increments, starting at 10 and capping off at 100. The cap can be surpassed with the use of potions.

The game places a special focus on the interactivity of the environment. For example, hunting wild animals can earn the player raw meat. This heals damage and can be sold. However, by using a stove or frying pan, the player may also choose to turn this into grilled meat, which heals much more effectively. Similarly, most of the activities other characters can be seen doing (playing musical instruments, stirring soup pots, urinating etc.) can be done by the main character as well (although with the exception of forging weapons these activities have little bearing on the game).

The player can choose which camp to join, although quests get increasingly linear and the distinctions between different factions wane in the latter parts of the game. The major difference is that Swamp Camp members cannot become mages, because they are limited to four magic circles (out of six). However, they gain access to magic earlier.

Synopsis

Setting

The game takes place in a open world medieval fantasy realm in which humans are fighting a losing war against the Orcs, a humanoid race. In order to fight back, the king needs to extract magical ore from mines, which can be used to forge more powerful weapons. Therefore he decides to send every man who has committed a crime to the ore mines.[5]

To prevent the convicts from escaping he orders his 12 most powerful magicians to erect a magical dome over the mining colony. However, the Barrier goes out of control and grows large enough to cover the entire valley, trapping the magicians inside, and giving the convicts a chance to kill the distracted guards and take control over the colony. The king is thus forced to come to an agreement with the prisoners, trading goods for ore.[6][7]

Soon after, the convicts separate into three different groups: the Old Camp which controls trading with the king, the New Camp which refuses to trade the ore they mine, and instead plan to use its magical power to explode the Barrier, and the Brotherhood, whose members produce and trade Swampweed with the other camps and believe in a god called the Sleeper which will help them escape from the colony.[6][8] The magicians that created the Barrier also divided; they formed the Fire Mages, who joined the Old Camp, and the Water Mages, who joined the New Camp.[6]

Plot

The player takes control of an unnamed prisoner who has just been thrown inside the mining colony. The exposition does not specify the crime for which he was convicted prior to the games' events. Before being sent in, the player receives a letter which he is tasked to deliver to the Order of the Magicians of Fire, which is stationed inside of the Old Camp. After getting the chance to talk with the magicians, the protagonist learns that Xardas, the head of the Fire Mages who is supposed to receive the letter, deserted in order to study black magic.[9]

After joining one of the three camps, the protagonist ends up aiding the Sect Camp prepare the invocation of their god, the Sleeper, which they believe will show them the way to escape the colony.[10] During the ritual the members have a vague vision and Y'Berion, the leader of the Brotherhood who performed the ritual, collapses after getting in contact with the Sleeper. In the vision, the sect members are shown the way to an old Orc cemetery. A guru and a few templars, together with the hero, set off towards the indicated place.[11] Once there, however, the templars die fighting the Orcs they meet, and only the guru and the protagonist survive. After searching the entire underground complex the two fail to find anything. The guru then goes insane and starts accusing the hero that it is because of him that the Sleeper refuses to reveal himself, and attempts to kill the protagonist.[12]

After defeating the mad guru, the hero returns to the camp of the Brotherhood where he finds Y'Berion still weakened after the ritual. Despite efforts to help him recover, Y'Berion soon dies. Before dying, however, he warns the rest of the camp about the true, evil, nature of the god they thought was leading them on the path to freedom, and places his hopes on the escape plan of the Water Mages from the New Camp to blow up the Barrier using the power of the magical ore.[13]

Bearing important information about the recent events in the Sect Camp, the player is given permission to see the Water Mages, who ask for help with their escape plan. After the hero acquires all the needed artifacts with the help of four convicts he has befriended, the Water Mages now need the help of the Fire Mages to channel the magical energy.[14] However, the protagonist finds out the Old Camp's gates have been closed after their ore mine collapsed. Fearful that this incident might deprive him of his power, the leader of the Old Camp sent his men to take control of the New Camp's mine and killed the Fire Mages who were protesting against his action; only Milten, the youngest of the magicians, managed to escape.[15]

Having no other option left, the Water Mages send the hero to ask for Xardas, the magician who deserted the Fire Mages, to help them. However, Xardas refuses to help the Magicians of Water and thinks that their plan will not succeed.[16] He instead tells the protagonist that during his studies he learned that the Sleeper was summoned by the Orcs in order to help them against their enemies and that the demon is in a temple deep underneath the Orc city.[17] With the help of Xardas, the player manages to enter the Sleeper's temple. Upon defeating the demon, the Barrier collapses and sets the prisoners of the colony free.[18]

Development

German company Piranha Bytes worked more than four years on the development of Gothic's technology.[19] The game engine was created completely in-house[20] with a modified version later used for Gothic II. These are the only games to use this engine.

Variations

  • In the German version the medieval rock band In Extremo has a virtual performance in the Old Camp, where they perform their acoustic cover of "Herr Mannelig". As long as the player is in the second chapter, the band plays next to the entrance to the castle. The performance has been removed from non-German publications for licensing reasons.
  • The US version of Gothic was slightly censored: a bathing slave was given a bra that she does not wear in the German version.
  • Gothic also has a more or less hidden side quest towards the end of the game, in which you have to find the Chromanin's books. This quest, which is like a scavenger hunt, was included with the second patch to version 1.08h.

Marketing and release

Gothic was first released on 15 March 2001 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, published by Egmont Interactive. The European release date by THQ arrived on 30 October 2001, followed by the North American release by Xicat Interactive on 23 November 2001.

In February 2006, an international re-release was announced to prepare for Gothic 3 – which received much more attention from international media than the previous games.

In the course of the re-release, an English demo version was made available at the official website.[21] The demo contains a part of the first chapter of the game.

In Germany and some other countries, Gothic is also available in a collector's edition, bundled with Gothic II and Gothic II: Night of the Raven, and Gothic – Fan Edition, including the official map of the Colony and a variety of extras.

Reception

According to GameStar, Gothic failed to make an "international breakthrough" into sales markets beyond Germany, a characteristic it shared with Anno 1602.[30]

The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[22] IGN concluded that "Gothic is a solid role-playing experience"[4] and Eurogamer said that it is a game that "developers should look to as an example of how a role-playing adventure should be done".[2] GameSpot gave the game a slightly less positive review saying that despite Gothic's achievements in terms of story and dialog, players might still be disappointed by its shallow character development and poor combat mechanics.[3]

GameLive PC named Gothic the third-best role-playing game of 2001–2002 behind Dungeon Siege and The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind.[31] The editors of Computer Games Magazine nominated Gothic as the best role-playing game of 2001, but ultimately gave the award to Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura and Wizardry 8 (tie).[32] It was also a runner-up for RPG Vault's 2001 "RPG of the Year" prize, which it lost again to Arcanum. However, it won in the publication's "Surprise of the Year" category; the editors called it "a very solid, enjoyable debut effort".[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Gothic-Videospecial zum 15-jährigen Jubiläum". PC GAMES (in German). 19 March 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Taylor, Martin (15 January 2002). "Gothic". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Park, Andrew (18 December 2001). "Gothic Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Krause, Staci (15 January 2002). "Gothic". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  5. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Introduction video. Xardas: The king needed swords for his army and every man guilty of a crime, no matter how insignificant, was forced to work in the Ore mines of Khorinis.
  6. ^ a b c "The Barrier...". Gothic Manual. Xicat Interactive. 2001. pp. 14–15.
  7. ^ Thorsten Felden & Piranha Bytes (w), Henrik Fetz (p), Tom Thiel (i). Gothic – Der Comic, p. 13/1–3 (2000). Germany: Egmont Ehapa.
  8. ^ Thorsten Felden & Piranha Bytes (w), Henrik Fetz (p), Tom Thiel (i). Gothic – Der Comic, pp. 13–14 (2000). Germany: Egmont Ehapa.
  9. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Hero: I have a letter for the High Magician of the Circle of Fire. [...] A magician gave me the letter shortly before they threw me into the colony. / Milten: This letter is addressed to Xardas! [...] He left us some years ago and turned towards black magic.
  10. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Chapter 2: The Minecrawler's nest. Cor Kalom: Wait till nighttime, then come to the temple courtyard. We will gather there to invoke the almighty Sleeper.
  11. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Chapter 3: Artifacts of ancient power. Cor Angar: The vision was very vague. [...] I saw an Orc in a cave. There is an old abandoned Orcish place of worship nearby. The Orcs used to bury their dead there, that's why we call this system of caves the Orc cemetery. The Guru Baal Lukor has gone there with some templars. Maybe we'll find something there to help us understand the vision.
  12. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Chapter 3: Artifacts of ancient power. Hero: I've been to the Orc cemetery. There was NOTHING THERE. [...] The entire cave system is teeming with Ors. They killed all of the templars. Baal Lukor and myself survived, but suddenly Baal Lukor went mad. He screamed that the Sleeper had ordered him to kill me, and he intended to obey this order.
  13. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Chapter 3: Artifacts of ancient power. Cor Angar: Y'Berion woke up for a short time while you were out. [...] he said that the Sleeper is not what we think he is. We must try not to awaken him again. [...] Shortly before he died, he placed all his hopes on the escape plan of the Magicians of Water.
  14. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Chapter 3: Artifacts of ancient power. Saturas: There are not enough magicians in the Circle of Water to control the powerful energies and to guide them onto the right course. [...] Go to the Old Camp and try to win some of the Magicians of the Circle of Fire for our cause.
  15. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Chapter 4: Xardas. Diego: The Old Mine caved in [...] Gomez was [...] afraid that his position could be at stake. [...] Corristo and the other mages were the only people in the Camp to remain rational. [...] Gomez didn't trust them any more[sic] and had them perfidiously assassinated. / Milten: I had a very narrow escape.
  16. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Chapter 4: Xardas. Hero: I was sent by Saturas. [...] The Magicians of Water plan to use their big ore mound... / Xardas': Forget the ore mound! Its power won't open the Barrier.
  17. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Chapter 4: Xardas. Xardas: The answer lies deep beneath the Orc town. [...] A few centuries ago, five Orc shamen invoked a very old arch demon which they hoped would give their clan the power to defeat their enemies.
  18. ^ Piranha Bytes (15 March 2001). Gothic. Xicat Interactive. Level/area: Ending video. Hero: When the Sleeper was banished into his own dimension I returned to daylight. The magic Barrier had fallen.
  19. ^ "Ask the developers!". JoWooD Entertainment. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2006.
  20. ^ "FAQ". World of Gothic (in German). Archived from the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2006.
  21. ^ "GOTHIC 3". Piranha Bytes (in German). Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2006.
  22. ^ a b "Gothic for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  23. ^ Nguyen, Thierry (April 2002). "Gothic" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. No. 213. Ziff Davis. pp. 92–93. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  24. ^ Wessel, Craig (15 January 2002). "GameSpy: Gothic". GameSpy. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  25. ^ Lafferty, Michael (17 December 2001). "Gothic Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  26. ^ "Gothic". PC Gamer UK. Future plc. February 2002.
  27. ^ Brenesal, Barry (March 2002). "Gothic". PC Gamer. Future US. p. 61. Archived from the original on 15 March 2006. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  28. ^ Lyon, James (28 January 2002). "PC Review: Gothic". PC Zone. Future plc. Archived from the original on 24 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  29. ^ "The 2002 GameStar Awards". GameStar. Webedia. January 2002.
  30. ^ Staff (1 January 2003). "Kampf ums Überleben". GameStar (in German). Archived from the original on 4 December 2018.
  31. ^ "Los Mejores 2001–2002". GameLive PC (in Spanish) (Especial 2): 16–20, 22–37. August 2002.
  32. ^ CGM staff (March 2002). "11th Annual Computer Games Awards". Computer Games Magazine. No. 136. pp. 50–56.
  33. ^ RPG Vault staff (18 January 2002). "The RPG Vault Awards 2001". RPG Vault. Vault Network. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.

Read other articles:

1982 filmDeadly GamesDirected byScott MansfieldScreenplay byScott MansfieldProduced byRaymond DrydenStarring Jo Ann Harris Sam Groom Steve Railsback Denise Galik Colleen Camp June Lockhart CinematographyR. Michael StringerEdited byStuart EisenbergMusic byHod David SchudsonRichard ThompsonProductioncompanyGreat Plains FilmsDistributed byCobra MediaRelease date September 2, 1982 (1982-09-02) (St. Louis) Running time95 minutes[2]CountryUnited States[1]LanguageE...

 

Kastil HabsburgSchloss HabsburgHabsburg Kastil HabsburgKoordinat47°27′45.86″N 8°10′51.74″E / 47.4627389°N 8.1810389°E / 47.4627389; 8.1810389Koordinat: 47°27′45.86″N 8°10′51.74″E / 47.4627389°N 8.1810389°E / 47.4627389; 8.1810389Tinggi505 mInformasi situsKondisiBagian barat telah dipugar, bagian timur berupa reruntuhanSejarah situsDibangunSekitar tahun 1020/30 hingga 1300 Kastil Habsburg (Jerman: Schloss Habsburg...

 

Gereja Katolik di FilipinaFilipina: Simbahang Katoliko sa PilipinasKatedral Manila, sebuah basilika minor bersejarah yang terkenal dengan tiga kunjungan kepausanPenggolonganKatolikOrientasiLatinKitab suciAlkitabTeologiTeologi KatolikBentukpemerintahanEpiskopalBadanpemerintahanKonferensi Waligereja FilipinaPausFransiskusPresidenPablo Virgilio S. DavidNunsius ApostolikCharles John BrownWilayahFilipinaBahasaLatin, Filipino, Bahasa setempat Filipina, Inggris, SpanyolKantor pusatIntramuros, Ma...

  Caryocar Caryocar nuciferumTaxonomíaReino: PlantaeDivisión: MagnoliophytaClase: MagnoliopsidaOrden: MalpighialesFamilia: CaryocaraceaeGénero: CaryocarF.Allam. ex L.Especies Ver texto Sinonimia Pekea Aubl. (1775). Souari Aubl. (1775). Rhizobolus Gaertn. ex Schreb. (1789). Barollaea Neck. (1790), opus utique oppr. Acantacaryx Arruda ex Koster (1816), nom. inval. Acanthocarya Arruda ex Endl. (1840).[1]​ [editar datos en Wikidata] Caryocar es un género de plantas con fl...

 

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Come On The Jesus and Mary Chain song – news · newspapers · books · schola...

 

Friese- of Vrouwehek Locatie Locatie Haarlem Coördinaten 52° 23′ NB, 4° 39′ OL Status en tijdlijn Status Gesloopt Oorspr. functie Vestingwerk Afgebroken 19e eeuw Detailkaart Portaal    Civiele techniek en bouwkunde Het Friese- of Vrouwehek was een stadspoort in de Nederlandse stad Haarlem die de Stationsbuurt naar het noorden ontsloot richting Spaarndam over de huidige Spaarndamseweg.[1] Andere schrijfwijzen van de stadspoort zijn het Friesche of Goe Vrou...

Executive department of the Philippine government Department of JusticeKagawaran ng KatarunganDepartment overviewFormedApril 17, 1897 (1897-04-17)JurisdictionGovernment of the PhilippinesHeadquartersDOJ Building, Padre Faura Street, Ermita, Manila14°34′45.70″N 120°59′1.93″E / 14.5793611°N 120.9838694°E / 14.5793611; 120.9838694MottoJustitiae Pax Opus (Justice, Peace, Work)Annual budget₱28.6 billion (2023)[1]Department executivesJesu...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Marine royale. Marine royale Drapeau du royaume de France (1638-1789) Création 1624 - 17921814 - 18151815 - 1848 Pays Royaume de France Allégeance Royaume de France Type Marine de guerre Rôle Défense du royaume de France et de ses colonies Effectif 1 789 : 80 000 inscrits maritimes et plus de 1 600 officiers Fait partie de Armée française Ancienne dénomination Marine impériale sous l'Empire Surnom La Royale Équipement 1789 : ...

 

العلاقات البلغارية البوليفية بلغاريا بوليفيا   بلغاريا   بوليفيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البلغارية البوليفية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بلغاريا وبوليفيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال...

For the Serbian footballer, see Goran Marković (footballer). Serbian film director Goran MarkovićBorn (1946-08-24) 24 August 1946 (age 77)Belgrade, PR Serbia, YugoslaviaOccupation(s)Film directorScreenwriterFilm producerUniversity professorYears active1970–current Goran Marković (Serbian Cyrillic: Горан Марковић, pronounced [ˌɡǒran ˈmaːrkoʋit͜ɕ]) (born 24 August 1946) is a Serbian film and theatre director, screenwriter, writer, and playwright. He h...

 

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: From the Corner of His Eye – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ...

 

العلاقات العراقية الكيريباتية العراق كيريباتي   العراق   كيريباتي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات العراقية الكيريباتية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين العراق وكيريباتي.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ...

Teylers Hofje - view from the garden back towards the gate. Teylers HofjeTeylers MuseumVrouwe- en Antonie Gasthuisclass=notpageimage| The Teylers Hofje and the Teylers Museum overlook the Spaarne river, and the Vrouwe- en Antonie Gasthuys is on the Klein Heiligland. The Teylershofje is a hofje in Haarlem, Netherlands with 24 houses. History of the foundation Teylers Hofje, as seen from inside the main gate during the spring. Imposing gate overlooking the Spaarne river. The hofje currently kno...

 

British sitcom (BBC Three, 2007) Thieves Like UsCreated byBBCDirected byBen KellettStarringTom BrookeFraser AyresJessica HarrisCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes6ProductionRunning time30 minsOriginal releaseNetworkBBC ThreeRelease22 January (2007-01-22) –26 February 2007 (2007-02-26) Thieves Like Us is a six-part BBC Three sitcom which was first broadcast in 2007, based on the 2001 book The Burglar Diaries. It follows the live...

 

Peta dari Albert Park Albert Park adalah salah satu taman yang berada di Melbourne, negara bagian Victoria, Australia.[1] Taman ini juga dilengkapi dengan danau yang berada di tengah-tengah dari taman ini serta jalan sepanjang 5 kilometer mengelilingi danau tersebut.[1] Taman ini terletak 3 kilometer dari jantung kota Melbourne dan sering digunakan oleh masyarakat sekitar untuk jogging, berjalan bersama hewan peliharaannya, bersepeda, berlayar,mendayung, dan juga menjadi tempa...

Semi-legendary child-martyr Mammes redirects here. For the cyclist, see Bernard Mammes. Saint Mammes redirects here. For the French commune, see Saint-Mammès. Saint Mammes of CaesareaSt Mammes, stained-glass window by Emile Hirsch; Église Saint-Jean-Baptiste, SceauxBorn~259Died~275Venerated inRoman Catholic Church; Eastern Orthodox ChurchFeast17 August in the Roman Catholic calendar and 2 September in the Eastern Orthodox calendar; August 7 (Spain)AttributesLionPatronageLangres; babies...

 

Дипломатичні відносини Косова Список дипломатичних місій Косова — перелік дипломатичних місій (посольств) і генеральних консульств Косова в країнах світу. За станом на 1 грудня 2016 незалежність Косова визнали 114 держав із 193 (59 %), країн-членів ООН. Також, 23 з 28 (82 %) к...

 

1989 Canadian filmUnfaithful MorningsFrenchLes matins infidèles Directed byFrançois BouvierJean BeaudryWritten byFrançois BouvierJean BeaudryProduced byFrançois BouvierStarringDenis BouchardJean BeaudryCinematographyAlain DuprasEdited byJean BeaudryMusic byMichel RivardProductioncompanyLes Productions du lundi matinRelease date August 26, 1989 (1989-08-26) (MWFF) Running time84 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageFrench Unfaithful Mornings (French: Les matins infidèles) is a C...

1825 Colombian presidential election 1825 1830 → This article is part of a series on thePolitics ofColombia Government Constitution of Colombia Law Taxation Policy Executive President Gustavo Petro (PH) Vice President Francia Márquez (PH) Cabinet of Colombia (Petro) Legislature Congress of Colombia Senate President of Senate Iván Name (AV) Chamber of Representatives President of the Chamber Andrés Calle (L) Judiciary Constitutional Court President of the Constitutional Court Cri...

 

Ale

Type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method This article is about the beer style. For other uses, see Ale (disambiguation). A glass of real ale from an English pub Ale is a type of beer originated in medieval England, brewed using a warm fermentation method resulting in a sweet, full-bodied and fruity taste.[1][2] Historically, the term referred to a drink brewed without hops.[3] As with most beers, ale typically has a bittering agent to balance the malt and a...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!