A common datatype in graphics code, holding homogeneous coordinates or RGBA data, or simply a 3D vector with unused W to benefit from alignment, naturally handled by machines with 4-element SIMD registers.
Unwanted effect arising when sampling high-frequency signals, in computer graphics appearing e.g. when downscaling images. Antialiasing methods can prevent it.
Effect approximating, in an inexpensive way, one aspect of global illumination by taking into account how much ambient light is blocked by nearby geometry, adding visual clues about the shape.[3]: 446
Computer-rendered content inserted into the user's view of the real world.[3]: 917
AZDO
Approaching zero driver overhead, a set of techniques aimed at reducing the CPU overhead in preparing and submitting rendering commands in the OpenGL pipeline. A compromise between the traditional GL API and other high-performance low-level rendering APIs.[5]
Modification of ray tracing which instead of lines uses pyramid-shaped beams to address some of the shortcomings of traditional ray tracing, such as aliasing.[7]
A render state controlling alpha blending, describing a formula for combining source and destination pixels.
Bone
Coordinate systems used to control surface deformation (via Weight maps) during Skeletal animation. Typically stored in a hierarchy, controlled by keyframes, and other procedural constraints.
A mathematically simple volume, such as a sphere or a box, containing 3D objects, used to simplify and accelerate spatial tests (e.g. for visibility or collisions).[3]: 819
Unwanted effect in texture mapping. A color from a border of unmapped region of the texture may appear (bleed) in the mapped result due to interpolation.
Color channels
The set of channels in a bitmap image representing the visible color components, i.e. distinct from the alpha channel or other information.
Before rendering begins, culling removes objects that don't significantly contribute to the rendered result (e.g. being obscured or outside camera view).[3]: 830
D
Decal
A "sticker" picture applied onto a surface (e.g. a crack on the wall).[3]: 888
Detail texture
Texture maps repeated at high frequency combined with a main texture on a surface to prevent a blurred appearance close to the camera.
A technique by which computation of shading is deferred to later stage by rendering in two passes, potentially increasing performance by not discarding expensively shaded pixels. The first pass only captures surface parameters (such as depth, normals and material parameters), the second one performs the actual shading and computes the final colors.[3]: 884
Deformation lattice
A means of controlling free-form deformation via a regular 3D grid of control points moved to arbitrary positions, with polynomial interpolation of the space between them.
Degenerate triangles
Zero area triangle primitives placed in a triangle strip between actual primitives, to allow many parts of a triangle mesh to be rendered in a single drawcall. These are rejected by the triangle setup unit.[11]
In shading, a diffuse component of light is the light reflected from the surface uniformly into all directions. This component depends on the surface normal and direction to the light source but not on the viewer's position.
Using a dedicated buffer for rendering and copying the result to the screen buffer when finished. This prevents stutter on the screen and the user seeing rendering in progress.
Drawcall
A single rendering command submitted to a rendering API, referring to a single set of render states.
Also reflection mapping, a technique of approximating reflections of environment on complex surfaces of 3D models in real time. A complete 360 degree view of environment needs to be prerendered and stored in a texture using a specific mapping (e.g. cube mapping, sphere mapping etc.)
Extents
The minimum and maximum values of an object or primitive along a coordinate axis or set of axes.
A piece of hardware in a graphics processing unit implementing a specific function (such as triangle setup or texture sampling), without programmable control by shaders.
According to Fresnel equations, surfaces show more specular reflections when viewed at near-grazing incidence. This effect is often simulated in computer graphics.
An approximate antialiasing method performed in a post-processing step which smooths the image in screen space, guided by edge detection (contrasting with the usual supersampling approaches that require larger frame-buffers).
In APIs such as OpenGL and Direct3D, geometry shader is an optional stage able to process 3D model geometry in more advanced ways than a vertex or tessellation shaders (e.g. turn primitives into other primitives).
Shading technique that computes values at triangle vertices and interpolates them across the surface. This is more realistic and computationally expensive than flat shading, and less than Phong shading.
The submission of rendering commands and rendering primitive data without the extensive use of managed resources; rendering primitive vertex attribute data may be embedded directly into a command list, rather than referenced indirectly from resources.
If an object contributes less to the rendered result, e.g. by being far away from the camera, LOD chooses to use a simpler version of the object (e.g. with fewer polygons or textures).[3]: 852
Light probe
Object used to capture light parameters at a specific point in space in order to help compute scene lighting.[17]
Texturing technique that works with extremely large textures which are not loaded into memory all at once, but rather streamed from the hard disk depending on the camera view.[18]: 176
Microtexture
An alternative term sometimes used for Detail textures.
The clipping of 3D rendering primitives against the near clip plane. Necessary to correctly display rendering primitives that partially pass behind the camera.
In real world data a noise is an unwanted distortion of the captured signal, e.g. in photography. In rendering, artificial noise, such as white noise or Perlin noise, is often generated and added on purpose to add realism.
Method of adding detail to the surface of 3D models, without increasing geometry complexity, by using a texture with precomputed normals that are used during shading.
A small integer holding a bit for the result of every plane test (or clip window edge test) failed in clipping. Primitives may be trivially rejected if the bitwise AND of all its vertices outcodes is non zero
A feature facilitating occlusion culling within a graphics pipeline, performed by a command list asynchronously form the CPU, where a group of rendering commands are flagged to be conditional on the result of an earlier occlusion query.
A texture map applied with wrap-round UV coordinates extending between the 0-1 range (representing one unit of the image), exhibiting periodicity. Contrasts with clamped, mirrored modes or unique mappings.
Resource
Data (often held in a buffer managed by a rendering API) read by a graphics pipeline, e.g. texture maps, vertex buffers, shaders, index buffers, or other pieces of 3D model data.
A texture buffer holding depth values rendered in a separate render pass from the perspective of a lightsource, used in Shadow mapping; it is typically rendered onto other geometry in the main rendering pass.[29]
In shading, specular highlight is a bright highlight caused by specular reflections, more prominent on metallic surfaces. These highlights depend on the viewer's position as well as the position of the light source and surface normal.
2D image moving on the screen, with potential partial transparency and/or animation.[3]: 550
State changes
The passing of changes in render states in a graphics pipeline, incurring a performance overhead. This overhead is typically minimised by scene sorting.
A buffer storing an integer value for each according screen pixel, used e.g. to mask out specific operations and achieve specific effects.
Stereo rendering
Rendering the view twice separately for each eye in order to present depth.
Surface normal vector
In shading calculations, the normal to a 3D model surface, typically compared with the light and view vectors to compute the resulting visible colour. Also used for displacement mapping.
The process of ordering triangle primitive vertices, calculating signed triangle area and parameter gradients between vertex attributes as a prerequisite for rasterization.[33]
Rejecting a rendering primitive or 3D model based on a cheap calculation performed early in a graphics pipeline, (e.g. using outcodes in clipping). The opposite of trivial accept.
Graphics represented as a set of geometrical primitives.
Vector maths library
A library defining mathematical operations on vector spaces used in 3D graphics, concentrating on 3D and 4D vectors, and 4x4 matrices, often with optimised SIMD implementations.[38]
A rendering resource managed by a rendering API holding vertex data. May be connected by primitive indices to assemble rendering primitives such as triangle strips. Also known as a Vertex buffer object in OpenGL.
A truncated pyramid enclosing the subset of 3D space that projects onto a 'viewport' (a rectangular region in screen space, usually the entire screen).
Vertical synchronization, synchronizes the rendering rate with the monitor refresh rate in order to prevent displaying only partially updated frame buffer, which is disturbing especially with horizontal camera movement.
High performance, low level graphics API by Khronos Group.
W
W buffering
A depth buffer storing inverse depth values, which has some advantages for interpolation and precision scaling.
Weight map
A set of Vertex attributes controlling deformation of a 3D model during skeletal animation. Per-vertexweights are assigned to control the influence of multiple bones (achieved by interpolating the transformations from each).[39]
^Heckbert, Paul; Hanrahan, Pat (1984). "Beam Tracing Polygonal Objects". Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '84. pp. 119–127. doi:10.1145/800031.808588. ISBN0897911385. S2CID2845686.
H. SutiyosoGubernur Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ke-12Masa jabatan6 Oktober 1997 – 7 Oktober 2007WakilAbdul Kahfi(1997–2002)Djailani(1997–2002)Harun Al Rasyid(1997–1998)Budiharjo Sukmadi(1998–1999)Fauzi Alvie Yasin(1999–2002)Muhammad Rais(1997–1998)Budiharjo Sukmadi(1998–2002)Fauzi Bowo(2002–2007)PendahuluSoerjadi SoedirdjaPenggantiFauzi BowoKepala Badan Intelijen Negara ke-15Masa jabatan8 Juli 2015 – 9 September 2016PresidenJoko WidodoWakilErfi ...
باستان أباد تقسيم إداري البلد إيران إحداثيات 32°31′22″N 51°41′17″E / 32.5228°N 51.6881°E / 32.5228; 51.6881 السكان التعداد السكاني 56 نسمة (إحصاء 2016) تعديل مصدري - تعديل باستان أباد هي قرية في مقاطعة أصفهان، إيران.[1] يقدر عدد سكانها بـ 56 نسمة بحسب إحصاء 2016.[2] مرا...
2023 film by Benjamin Caron SharperRelease posterDirected byBenjamin CaronWritten by Brian Gatewood Alessandro Tanaka Produced by Erik Feig Jessica Switch Julianne Moore Bart Freundlich Brian Gatewood Alessandro Tanaka Starring Julianne Moore Sebastian Stan Justice Smith Briana Middleton John Lithgow CinematographyCharlotte Bruus ChristensenEdited byYan MilesMusic byClint MansellProductioncompanies Apple Studios Picturestart FortySixty G&T Productions Distributed by A24 Apple TV+ Release ...
Ця стаття висвітлює поточну пандемію. Інформація може швидко змінюватися через розвиток подій, початкові відомості можуть виявитися ненадійними. Останні оновлення цієї статті можуть не відображати найсвіжішу інформацію. COVID-19 у Миколаївській областів Україні та у світ...
Дисципліни, що лежать в основі когнітивної науки, та їхні відношення: лінгвістика, неврологія, штучний інтелект, філософія, антропологія і психологія. Когнітивістика (когнітивна наука) (лат. cognitio — пізнання) — наукова дисципліна, об'єктом вивчення якої є опис, пояснен
Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (juin 2008). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références » En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Comme...
At-grade road junction in which cyclists and pedestrians are separated from cars A video showing a protected signalised intersection to US standards A protected intersection or protected junction, also known as a Dutch-style junction, is a type of at-grade road junction in which cyclists and pedestrians are separated from cars. The primary aim of junction protection is to help pedestrians and cyclists be and feel safer at road junctions.[1] At a conventional junction, pedestrians are ...
Villars-les-Dombes Villars-les-Dombes (Frankreich) Staat Frankreich Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Département (Nr.) Ain (01) Arrondissement Bourg-en-Bresse Kanton Villars-les-Dombes Gemeindeverband Dombes Koordinaten 46° 0′ N, 5° 2′ O46.0013888888895.0294444444444Koordinaten: 46° 0′ N, 5° 2′ O Höhe 263–295 m Fläche 24,65 km² Einwohner 4.946 (1. Januar 2020) Bevölkerungsdichte 201 Einw./km² Postleitzahl 01330 INSEE-Code ...
Replonges Replonges (Frankreich) Staat Frankreich Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Département (Nr.) Ain (01) Arrondissement Bourg-en-Bresse Kanton Replonges Gemeindeverband Bresse et Saône Koordinaten 46° 18′ N, 4° 52′ O46.3011111111114.8697222222222Koordinaten: 46° 18′ N, 4° 52′ O Höhe 169–207 m Fläche 16,60 km² Einwohner 3.833 (1. Januar 2020) Bevölkerungsdichte 231 Einw./km² Postleitzahl 01750 INSEE-Code 01320 Website...
Neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta, CanadaDowntown CalgaryNeighbourhoodDowntown Calgary seen from the northLocation of Downtown Commercial Core in CalgaryCoordinates: 51°02′53″N 114°04′17″W / 51.04806°N 114.07139°W / 51.04806; -114.07139Country CanadaProvince AlbertaCity CalgaryQuadrantSW & SEWards7, 8Established1875Government[1] • MayorJyoti Gondek • Administrative bodyCalgary City Council •...
Space Shuttle mockup Not to be confused with the Space Shuttle mockup at the Shuttle Landing Facility also named Inspiration[1]. 33°55′12.59″N 118°7′20.03″W / 33.9201639°N 118.1222306°W / 33.9201639; -118.1222306 InspirationCountry United StatesContract awardNorth American RockwellStatusIn storage Space Shuttle Inspiration is a full-scale Space Shuttle mockup built in 1972 by North American Rockwell. The plastic and wood model was made to promo...
Species of mammal Mountain cottontail Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae Genus: Sylvilagus Species: S. nuttallii Binomial name Sylvilagus nuttallii(Bachman, 1837) Mountain cottontail range Mountain cottontail in snow. The mountain cottontail or Nuttall's cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii) is a species of mammal in the family Leporidae...
American businessman (born 1944) Paul SingerSinger in 2013BornPaul Elliott Singer (1944-08-22) August 22, 1944 (age 79)Teaneck, New Jersey, U.S.EducationUniversity of Rochester (BS)Harvard University (JD)Known forFounder, president, co-CEO, and co-CIO of Elliott ManagementPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseDivorcedChildren2 sons Paul Elliott Singer (born August 22, 1944) is an American hedge fund manager, activist investor, and the founder, president and co-CEO of Elliott Management. ...
Indian intelligence officer Maloy Krishna DharMaloy Krishna Dhar (2011)Former Joint Director of Intelligence Bureau Personal detailsBorn(1939-07-13)13 July 1939Bhairab-Mymensingh, East Bengal, British India(present day Bangladesh)Died19 May 2012(2012-05-19) (aged 72)Delhi, IndiaNationalityIndianSpouseSunanda DharChildren2Alma materUniversity of CalcuttaProfessionSpymaster Maloy Krishna Dhar (13 July 1939 – 19 May 2012) was an Indian intelligence officer and an author who served in the ...
Sri Lanka ArmyOne Day nameSri Lanka Army Sports ClubPersonnelCaptain Thisara PereraTeam informationHome groundArmy Ground, PanagodaHistoryPremier Trophy winsnonePremier Limited Overs Tournament winsnoneTwenty20 Tournament winsnone Sri Lanka Army Sports Club is a first-class cricket team in Sri Lanka. It has competed in the Premier Trophy since 2006–07. History As of late January 2016, Sri Lanka Army Sports Club had played 93 first-class matches, for 38 wins, 21 losses and 34 ...
Geschiedenis van de Britse Eilanden ..Naar chronologie Prehistorie Brons- en ijzertijd Romeinse invasie Romeins Brittania Sub-Romeinse periode Angelsaksische Koninkrijken Normandische verovering Middeleeuwen Britse nieuwe tijd Moderne Britse tijd ..Naties Verenigd Koninkrijk Engeland Noord-Ierland Schotland Wales Ierland ..Steden Camulodunum Londen Londinium ..Eilanden Arran Islay Jura Man Mull Skye Wight ..Eilandgroepen Binnen-Hebriden Buiten-Hebriden Orkney-eilanden Shetlandeilanden Scilly-...
Group of Bible colleges African Bible CollegesTypePrivateEstablished1976[1]LocationLiberia, Malawi, UgandaCampusPeri-UrbanFounderJack and Nell Chinchen[2]Websiteafricanbiblecolleges.net African Bible Colleges is an entity comprising multiple Bible college in Africa. The three campuses offer university-level education from a Christian perspective, with the aim of training men and women for Christian leadership and service. History African Bible Colleges was founded in 1976 with...
American college basketball season 1996–97 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketballC-USA regular season championsNCAA tournament, Second roundConferenceConference USARankingCoachesNo. 10APNo. 10Record26–8 (12–2 C-USA)Head coachBob HugginsAssistant coaches Larry Harrison Steve Moeller John Loyer Home arenaMyrl Shoemaker CenterSeasons← 1995–961997–98 → 1996–97 Conference USA men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W L PCT ...