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Gladiator (2000 film)

Gladiator
A man standing at the center of the image is wearing armor and is holding a sword in his right hand. In the background is the top of the Colosseum with a barely visible crowd standing in it. The poster includes the film's title and credits.
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRidley Scott
Screenplay by
Story byDavid Franzoni
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyJohn Mathieson
Edited byPietro Scalia
Music by
Production
companies
Distributed by
Release dates
  • May 1, 2000 (2000-05-01) (Premiere)
  • May 5, 2000 (2000-05-05) (US)
  • May 12, 2000 (2000-05-12) (UK)
Running time
155 minutes
Countries
  • United States[2]
  • United Kingdom[3]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$103 million[4]
Box office$465.4 million[5]

Gladiator is a 2000 epic historical drama film directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Franzoni, John Logan, and William Nicholson. It stars Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Connie Nielsen, Tomas Arana, Ralf Möller, Oliver Reed (in his final role), Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, John Shrapnel, Richard Harris, and Tommy Flanagan.[6]

Crowe portrays Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius, who is betrayed when Commodus, the ambitious son of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, murders his father and seizes the throne. Reduced to slavery, Maximus becomes a gladiator and rises through the ranks of the arena, determined to avenge the murders of his family and the emperor.

The screenplay, initially written by Franzoni, was inspired by the 1958 Daniel P. Mannix novel Those About to Die. The script was acquired by DreamWorks Pictures, and Scott signed on to direct the film. Principal photography began in January 1999 and wrapped in May of that year. Production was complicated by the script being rewritten multiple times and by the death of Oliver Reed before production was finished.

Gladiator grossed $465.4 million worldwide, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 2000. Critics praised the acting, directing, cinematography, production design, and musical score. The film won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor for Crowe. A sequel to Gladiator is scheduled to be released in the United States on November 22, 2024.

Plot

In 180 AD, Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius intends to return home after he leads the Roman army to victory against Germanic tribes near Vindobona on the Limes Germanicus. Emperor Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that his own son, Commodus, is unfit to rule and that he wishes Maximus to succeed him, as regent, to restore the Roman Republic. Wishing to seize power, Commodus secretly murders his father.

Commodus proclaims himself the new emperor and requests loyalty from Maximus, who refuses. Maximus is arrested by Praetorian Guards led by Quintus, who tells him that he and his family will die. Maximus kills his captors and, wounded, rides for his home near Turgalium, where he finds his wife and son dead. Maximus buries them and collapses from his injuries. He is captured by slave traders, who take him to Zuccabar in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis, where he is sold to gladiator trainer Proximo.

Maximus reluctantly fights in local tournaments, his combat skills helping him win matches and gain popularity. He earns the nickname "the Spaniard" and befriends Juba, an African gladiator from Carthage. In Rome, Commodus organizes 150 days of gladiatorial games to commemorate his father and win the approval of the Roman people. Upon hearing this, Proximo reveals to Maximus that he was once a gladiator who was freed by Marcus Aurelius, and advises him to "win the crowd" to win his freedom.

Proximo takes his gladiators to fight in Rome's Colosseum. Disguised in a masked helmet, Maximus debuts in the arena as a Carthaginian in a re-enactment of the Battle of Zama. Unexpectedly, he leads his side to victory and wins the crowd's support. Commodus and his young nephew, Lucius, enter the Colosseum to offer their congratulations. Seeing Lucius, Maximus refrains from attacking Commodus, who orders him to reveal his identity; Maximus removes his helmet and declares vengeance. Commodus is compelled by the crowd to let Maximus live. That evening, Maximus is visited by Lucilla, his former lover and Commodus's sister. Distrusting her, Maximus refuses her help.

Commodus arranges a duel between Maximus and Tigris of Gaul, an undefeated gladiator. Several tigers are set upon Maximus, but he prevails. At the crowd's desire, Commodus orders Maximus to kill Tigris, but Maximus spares his life in defiance. In response, the crowd chants "Maximus the Merciful", angering Commodus. To provoke Maximus, Commodus taunts him about the murder of his family, but Maximus resists the urge to strike him. Increasingly paranoid, Commodus instructs his advisor, Falco, to have every senator followed, and refuses to have Maximus killed for fear he will become a martyr.

Maximus discovers from Cicero, his ex-orderly, that his former legions remain loyal. He meets in secret with Lucilla and Gracchus, an influential senator. They agree to help Maximus escape Rome to join his legions in Ostia, topple Commodus by force, and hand power back to the Roman Senate. The Praetorians arrest Gracchus. Lucilla meets Maximus at night to arrange his escape; they share a kiss. Commodus becomes suspicious when Lucilla's son, Lucius, innocently hints at the conspiracy. Commodus threatens Lucilla and Lucius, and has the Praetorians attack the gladiators' barracks. Proximo and his men sacrifice themselves to enable Maximus to escape. Maximus is captured at the rendezvous with Cicero, where the latter is killed.

Commodus demands that Lucilla provide him with an heir. He challenges Maximus to a duel in the Colosseum to win back public approval, and stabs him before the match to gain an advantage. Despite his injury, Maximus disarms Commodus during the duel. After Quintus and the Praetorians refuse to help him, Commodus unsheathes a hidden knife; Maximus overpowers Commodus and drives the knife into his throat, killing him. Before Maximus succumbs to his wound, he asks for political reforms, the freedom of his gladiator allies, and the reinstatement of Senator Gracchus. As he dies, Maximus envisions reuniting with his wife and son in the afterlife. His friends and allies honor him as "a soldier of Rome", at Lucilla's behest, and carry his body out of the arena. That night, Juba visits the Colosseum and buries figurines of Maximus's wife and son at the spot where he died.

Cast

Russell Crowe (left, pictured in 1999) and Joaquin Phoenix (2000)
  • Russell Crowe as Maximus Decimus Meridius: A Roman general forced into slavery who seeks revenge against Emperor Commodus for the murder of his family and the previous emperor, Marcus Aurelius.
  • Joaquin Phoenix as Commodus: The amoral and power-hungry son of Marcus Aurelius. He murders his father when he learns that Maximus will hold the emperor's powers in trust until a new republic can be formed. After gaining power, he seeks to weaken the power of the Senate and establish absolute rule.
  • Connie Nielsen as Lucilla: Maximus's former lover and the older child of Marcus Aurelius. Lucilla has been recently widowed. She resists her brother's incestuous advances while protecting her son, Lucius, from Commodus's corruption and wrath.
  • Oliver Reed as Antonius Proximo: An old, gruff gladiator trainer who buys Maximus in North Africa. A former gladiator himself, he was freed by Marcus Aurelius and becomes a mentor to both Maximus and Juba.
  • Derek Jacobi as Senator Gracchus: A member of the Roman Senate who opposes Commodus's rule. He is an ally of Lucilla and Maximus.
  • Djimon Hounsou as Juba: An African tribesman who was taken from his home and family by slave traders. He becomes Maximus's closest ally and inspires him to bring down Commodus.
  • Richard Harris as Marcus Aurelius: The elderly emperor of Rome who appoints Maximus to be his successor, with the ultimate aim of returning Rome to a republican form of government. He is murdered by his son Commodus before his wish can be fulfilled.
  • Ralf Möller as Hagen: A Germanic warrior and Proximo's chief gladiator who befriends Maximus and Juba during their battles in Rome. He is killed by the Praetorian Guard during Maximus's attempted escape from Rome.
  • Tommy Flanagan as Cicero: Maximus's loyal servant who provides liaison between the enslaved Maximus, his former legion based at Ostia, and Lucilla. He is used as bait for the escaping Maximus and is eventually killed by the Praetorian Guard.
  • David Schofield as Senator Falco: A patrician senator opposed to Gracchus. He helps Commodus to consolidate his power.
  • John Shrapnel as Senator Gaius: A Roman senator allied with Gracchus, Lucilla and Maximus against Commodus.
  • Tomas Arana as Quintus (loosely based on Quintus Aemilius Laetus): A Roman military officer and commander of the Praetorian Guard who betrays Maximus by allying with Commodus. He later refuses to assist Commodus in his duel with Maximus.
  • Spencer Treat Clark as Lucius Verus: The young son of Lucilla. He is named after his father Lucius Verus, who was co-emperor of Rome until 169 AD. He is also the grandson of Marcus Aurelius. He idolizes Maximus for his victories in the arena.
  • David Hemmings as Cassius: The master of ceremonies for the gladiatorial games in the Colosseum.
  • Sven-Ole Thorsen as Tigris of Gaul. The only undefeated gladiator in Roman history, he was brought out of retirement by Commodus to kill Maximus.
  • Omid Djalili as a slave trader.
  • Giannina Facio as Maximus's wife.
  • Giorgio Cantarini as Maximus's son, who is the same age as Lucilla's son, Lucius.
  • John Quinn as Valerius, a Roman general in the army of Maximus.

Production

Development

David Franzoni, who wrote the first draft of the Gladiator screenplay, traveled across Eastern Europe and the Middle East by motorcycle in 1972. "Everywhere I went in Europe, there were arenas," Franzoni recalled. "Even as I went east, going through Turkey, I began to think to myself this must have been a hell of a franchise." During a stop in Baghdad, Iraq, he started reading the 1958 Daniel P. Mannix novel Those About to Die (subsequently titled The Way of the Gladiator), which gave him the idea for Gladiator.[7]

Twenty-five years later, Franzoni wrote the screenplay for Steven Spielberg's Amistad, which was the director's first film for DreamWorks Pictures. Though Amistad was only a moderate commercial success, DreamWorks was impressed with Franzoni's screenplay and gave him a three-picture deal as writer and co-producer.[8] Remembering his 1972 trip, Franzoni pitched his gladiator story idea to Spielberg, who immediately told him to write the script.[7] After reading the ancient Roman text Historia Augusta, Franzoni chose to center the story on Commodus. The protagonist was Narcissus, a wrestler who, according to the ancient historians Herodian and Cassius Dio, strangled Commodus to death.[8]

Several dead men and various scattered weapons are located in a large arena. Near the center of the image is a man wearing armor standing in the middle of an arena looking up at a large crowd. The man has his right foot on the throat of an injured man who is reaching towards the crowd. Members of the crowd are indicating a "thumbs down" gesture. The arena is adorned with marble, columns, flags, and statues.
Pollice Verso by Jean-Léon Gérôme

DreamWorks producers Walter F. Parkes and Douglas Wick felt that Scott would be the ideal director to bring Franzoni's story to life.[9] They showed him a copy of Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1872 painting Pollice Verso, which Scott said portrays the Roman Empire "in all its glory and wickedness".[10] He was so captivated by the image that he immediately agreed to direct the film. When Parkes pointed out that Scott did not know anything about the story, Scott replied, "I don’t care, I’ll do it."[11]

Once Scott was onboard, he and Franzoni discussed films that could influence Gladiator, such as One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, La Dolce Vita, and The Conformist.[7] However, Scott felt Franzoni's dialogue lacked subtlety, and he hired John Logan to rewrite the script. Logan rewrote much of the first act and made the decision to kill off Maximus's family to increase the character's desire for revenge.[12]

In November 1998, DreamWorks reached a deal with Universal Pictures to help finance the film: DreamWorks would distribute the film in North America, while Universal Pictures would distribute it internationally.[13]

Casting

Before Crowe was cast as Maximus, several other actors were considered for the role, including Antonio Banderas, Mel Gibson, and Tom Cruise.[7] However, producers had Crowe at the top of their list after his breakout performance in L.A. Confidential (1997).[7] Jude Law auditioned for Commodus, but Joaquin Phoenix was offered the part after sending in a "knockout" audition tape.[14][7] Jennifer Lopez reportedly auditioned for Lucilla, but the role went to Connie Nielsen.[15]

Principal photography

Photograph of director Ridley Scott
Ridley Scott in 2012

The film was shot at three main locations between January and May 1999.[16] The opening battle scene set in the forests of Germania was shot at Bourne Wood, near Farnham, Surrey, in England.[17] When Scott learned that the Forestry Commission was planning to remove a section of the forest, he obtained permission to burn it down for the scene.[18] The scenes of slavery, desert travel, and the gladiatorial training school were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco. The scenes set in Rome were shot in Malta, where the crew built a replica of about one-third of the Colosseum to a height of 52 feet (16 meters). The other two-thirds and remaining height were added digitally.[19][20]

When filming battle scenes, Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson used multiple cameras filming at various frame rates and used a 45-degree shutter, which resulted in stylized visuals similar to those found in Saving Private Ryan.[21] For the fight sequence involving tigers, both real tigers and a dummy tiger were used. Some of the live animals were filmed on set with the actors, and some were filmed against a bluescreen and then digitally composited into the scene.[22][23]

Crowe was injured multiple times during principal photography. Describing the impact filming had on his body, Crowe said, "I've still got a lot of little scar[s]". He added, "I've had Achilles tendons go out, knees go out, both shoulders, this shoulder's actually had an operation on it ... I've got a lower back thing that just won't go away, and that's from a couple, sort of, fall impacts during fight sequences".[15]

Oliver Reed died of a heart attack on May 2, before all his scenes had been filmed. His character, Proximo, was meant to survive, but after Reed's death the script was revised to include his death at the hands of the Praetorian Guards. To make it appear that Reed had performed the entirety of Proximo's scenes, a body double was used, and Reed's face was digitally attached to the body of the double in post-production.[6][24] The film is dedicated to Reed.

Script complaints and revisions

Although Franzoni and Logan completed a second draft of the screenplay in October 1998, Crowe has claimed that the script was "substantially underdone" when filming began three months later. In an interview with Inside the Actors Studio, Crowe said the crew "started shooting with about 32 pages and went through them in the first couple of weeks."[25][26] The script was constantly changing throughout principal photography, with Scott soliciting input from writers, producers and actors.[11] Some dialogue was created on the spot, such as Commodus's line "Am I not merciful?", which was ad-libbed by Phoenix.[15] Crowe invented the phrase "Strength and Honor," which is a modified version of the Latin motto of his high school, "Veritate et Virtute," which translates as "Truth and Virtue."[26] Crowe also improvised part of the scene in which Maximus describes his home to Marcus Aurelius. Instead of recounting the details of a fictional place, Crowe described his own home in Australia.[27]

At one point, William Nicholson was hired to rewrite the script to make Maximus a more sensitive character. He reworked Maximus's friendship with Juba and developed the afterlife plot thread. He said he "did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody".[12] Crowe, however, was unhappy with some of Nicholson's dialogue. He called it "garbage", but claimed he is "the greatest actor in the world" and can "make even garbage sound good."[15] According to a DreamWorks executive, Crowe "tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot. You know the big line in the trailer, 'In this life or the next, I will have my vengeance'? At first he absolutely refused to say it."[28]

Music

The musical score for Gladiator was composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard, and conducted by Gavin Greenaway. The original soundtrack for the film was produced by Decca Records and released on April 25, 2000. Decca later released two follow-up albums: Gladiator: More Music From the Motion Picture (2001), and Gladiator: Special Anniversary Edition (2005).

In 2006, the Holst Foundation accused Hans Zimmer of copying the work of the late Gustav Holst in the Gladiator score. The organization sued Zimmer for copyright infringement and the case was settled out of court.[29]

Release

Initial theatrical release

Gladiator was released in the United States and Canada on May 5, 2000.[30] It earned $34.8 million during its opening weekend, making it the number one film of the weekend, and it remained number one in its second weekend, earning $24.6 million.[31][32] During its third weekend, Gladiator fell to second place with $19.7 million, behind Dinosaur ($38.9 million).[33] The film spent a total of ten weeks in the top ten at the box office, and was in theaters for over a year, finishing its theatrical run on May 10, 2001. Its total gross in the United States and Canada was $187.7 million.[34] Outside of the United States and Canada, Gladiator grossed $272.9 million. This gave the film a cumulative gross of $460.6 million worldwide against a budget of $103 million.[34] It was the second-highest grossing film of 2000, behind Mission: Impossible 2 ($546.4 million).[35]

Subsequent theatrical releases

In 2020, Gladiator was re-released in Australia and the Netherlands to commemorate its 20th anniversary. This limited released grossed $4.8 million. The following year, it was re-released in the United Kingdom, earning a gross of $16,257.[34]

Home media

Gladiator was first released on DVD and VHS on November 21, 2000, and generated $60 million in sales within the first week.[36][37] In September 2009, the film was released on Blu-ray, and in May 2018 it was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray.[38]

Reception

Critical response

Gladiator received many positive reviews upon its initial release, with critics calling it "magnificent", "compelling", and "richly enjoyable".[39][40][41]

Crowe's performance received acclaim from many reviewers. Writing for The Wall Street Journal, Joe Morgensten said that Crowe "doesn't use tricks in this role to court our approval. He earns it the old-fashioned way, by daring to be quiet, if not silent, and intensely, implacably strong."[42] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Crowe brings an "essential physical and psychological reality to the role", while Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said that Crowe uses "his burly frame and expressive face to give dimension to what might otherwise have been comic book heroics."[43][44] Variety called Crowe's performance "simply splendid".[40]

Critics also praised Scott's directing and the visual style of the film. Manohla Dargis of LA Weekly commended Scott's state of the art filmmaking and expressed admiration for the film's "breathtaking, brutal lyricism".[45] Entertainment Weekly called the opening battle sequence "extraordinary", and described Scott as a "visual artist at his most deluxe."[46] Michael Wilmington of The Chicago Tribune called Gladiator "visually electrifying".[39] In addition to Crowe's acting and Scott's directing, reviewers also applauded John Mathieson's cinematography, Arthur Max's production design, and the musical score composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard.[39][40][41][43][44][47]

Although critics lauded many aspects of Gladiator, some derided the screenplay. Ian Nathan of Empire magazine called the dialogue "pompous", "overwritten", and "prone to plain silliness".[47] Roger Ebert said the script "employs depression as a substitute for personality, and believes that if characters are bitter and morose enough, we won't notice how dull they are."[48] Manohla Dargis called the story predictable and formulaic.[45]

Audiences polled on Gladiator's opening day by the market research firm CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[49] On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Gladiator has a critics' approval rating of 79% based on 258 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10.[50] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[51]

Accolades

Gladiator won five Academy Awards, and was nominated for an additional seven.

Wins

Additional Nominations

Gladiator won two Golden Globes, and was nominated for an additional three.

Wins

Additional Nominations

Gladiator also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film.[54] In 2021, Empire magazine ranked Gladiator 39th on its "100 Best Movies Of All Time" list, and declared it the 22nd best film of the 21st century.[55][56] The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes included the film on its list of "140 Essential 2000s Movies."[57] The character Maximus placed 95th on Empire's list of 100 Greatest Movie Characters.[58]

Sequel

On November 22, 2024, a sequel to Gladiator is scheduled to be released in the United States.[59] The film is as yet untitled, and is referred to in the press as Gladiator 2. International release dates have yet to be announced.

The film is directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Scarpa. It stars Paul Mescal, Denzel Washington, Joseph Quinn, Fred Hechinger, Pedro Pascal, Connie Nielsen, and Derek Jacobi, the last two reprising their roles from Gladiator. It is produced by Scott Free Productions for Paramount Pictures and Universal Pictures. In addition to directing the film, Scott is serving as a producer alongside Michael Pruss, Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher.[60] Costume designer Janty Yates and production designer Arthur Max—both of whom worked on Gladiator—are returning for the sequel.[61]

The story centers on Lucius, the son of Lucilla. In Gladiator, Lucius is a young boy; in Gladiator 2 he is a grown man. [59]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Gladiator – Cast, Crew, Director and Awards". The New York Times. 2015. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
  2. ^ "Gladiator (2000)". British Film Institute. October 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  3. ^ "Gladiator (2000)". British Film Institute. October 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  4. ^ "Gladiator". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  5. ^ "Gladiator". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  6. ^ a b "Gladiator". AFI Catalog. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Falk, Ben (May 5, 2020). "'Gladiator' at 20: Creator David Franzoni on the film's journey from 'Easy Rider' homage to Oscar hit (exclusive)". Yahoo. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Solomon, Jon (2004). "Gladiator from Screenplay to Screen". In Winkler, Martin M. (ed.). Gladiator: Film and History (PDF). Blackwell Publishing.
  9. ^ Landau 2000, p. 22.
  10. ^ Landau 2000, p. 26.
  11. ^ a b Nichols, Mackenzie (May 4, 2020). "'Gladiator' at 20: Russell Crowe and Ridley Scott Look Back on the Groundbreaking Historical Epic". Variety. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  12. ^ a b Tales of the Scribes: Story Development (DVD). Universal. 2005.
  13. ^ Hindes, Andrew (November 12, 1998). "U suits up for D'Works' 'Gladiator'". Variety. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  14. ^ Corliss, Richard (May 8, 2000). "Cinema: The Empire Strikes Back". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d Bricker, Tierney (April 7, 2021). "Are You Not Entertained By These 20 Secrets About Gladiator?". E! Online. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  16. ^ "'Gladiator' at 20: Russell Crowe describes surprising 'seat of the pants' filming of Oscar-winning epic". Yahoo Entertainment. May 5, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  17. ^ Landau 2000, p. 62.
  18. ^ Landau 2000, p. 68.
  19. ^ Landau 2000, p. 88.
  20. ^ "KODAK: In Camera, July 2000 - Gory glory in the Colosseum". KODAK. Archived from the original on February 9, 2005. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  21. ^ Bankston, Douglas (May 2000). "Gladiator: Death or Glory". American Cinematographer. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  22. ^ "The true story behind 'Gladiator's' prosthetic tiger". befores & afters. May 4, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  23. ^ "Russell Crowe Was Nearly Mauled By a Tiger While Filming 'Gladiator'". Esquire. May 5, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
  24. ^ Patterson, John (March 27, 2015). "CGI Friday: a brief history of computer-generated actors". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  25. ^ Franzoni, David; Logan, John (October 22, 1998). "Gladiator: Second Draft". Internet Archive. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  26. ^ a b Inside the Actors Studio With Russell Crowe (transcript). kaspinet.com (Television production). January 4, 2004. Archived from the original on March 24, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  27. ^ Kemp, Sam (April 10, 2023). "10 behind-the-scenes stories from the set of 'Gladiator'". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  28. ^ Corliss, Richard; Ressner, Jeffrey (May 8, 2000), "The Empire Strikes Back", Time, archived from the original on May 8, 2009, retrieved February 27, 2009
  29. ^ Kaptainis, Arthur (February 14, 2015). "Gladiator Live's music comes with a backstory". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  30. ^ Natale, Richard (May 8, 2000). "'Gladiator' Has Roman Holiday at Box Office". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
  31. ^ "Weekend Box Office". Box Office Mojo. May 9, 2000. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
  32. ^ "'Gladiator' muscles out competition again at theaters". Brainerd Dispatch. May 17, 2000. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  33. ^ "Domestic 2000 Weekend 20". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  34. ^ a b c "Gladiator". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  35. ^ "2000 Worldwide Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  36. ^ Hettrick, Scott (November 9, 2000). "'Gladiator' DVD to hit U.S., U.K." Variety. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
  37. ^ "Gladiator, X-Men Set DVD Records". ABC News. November 28, 2000. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  38. ^ "Gladiator DVD Release Date". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  39. ^ a b c "'GLAD' TIDINGS". Chicago Tribune. May 5, 2000. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  40. ^ a b c McCarthy, Todd (April 24, 2000). "Gladiator". Variety. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  41. ^ a b Bradshaw, Peter (May 12, 2000). "No place like Rome". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  42. ^ Morgenstern, Joe (May 6, 2000). "Crowe Sizzles as Rome Burns in Epic 'Gladiator'; An Empire Strikes Back". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  43. ^ a b Turan, Kenneth (May 5, 2000). "Into the Arena". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  44. ^ a b Honeycutt, Kirk (May 5, 2017). "'Gladiator': THR's 2000 Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  45. ^ a b Dargis, Manohla (May 3, 2000). "Saving General Maximus". LA Weekly. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  46. ^ "Gladiator". EW.com. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  47. ^ a b "Gladiator". Empire. November 5, 2000. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  48. ^ Ebert, Roger. "Gladiator movie review & film summary (2000) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com/. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  49. ^ "Home". Cinemascore. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  50. ^ "Gladiator - Rotten Tomatoes". www.rottentomatoes.com. May 5, 2000.
  51. ^ "Gladiator". Metacritic. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  52. ^ "Oscar: Crowe, Roberts named best actor, actress". Detroit Free Press. March 26, 2001. p. 6. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  53. ^ "Gladiator". Golden Globes. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  54. ^ "Gladiator wins BAFTA's Best Film". CNN. February 25, 2001. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  55. ^ "The 100 Best Movies Of All Time". Empire. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  56. ^ "The 100 Greatest Movies Of The 21st Century: 10 – 1". Empire. January 23, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  57. ^ "The 140 Essential 2000s Movies". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  58. ^ "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters". Empire. August 10, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  59. ^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 3, 2023). "'Gladiator 2′ Gets Pre-Thanksgiving 2024 Release". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  60. ^ Kroll, Justin (January 6, 2023). "Paul Mescal To Star In Ridley Scott's 'Gladiator' Sequel For Paramount". Deadline. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  61. ^ Matt Villei (January 6, 2023). "Ridley Scott's 'Gladiator' Sequel Casts 'Normal People's Paul Mescal as Lead". Collider. Retrieved January 6, 2023.

Works Cited

Books

Landau, Diana, ed. (2000). Gladiator: The Making of the Ridley Scott Epic. New York, NY: Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-428-7.

Schwartz, Richard (2001). The Films of Ridley Scott. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96976-2.

Winkler, Martin M., ed. (2004). Gladiator: Film and History. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-1042-2.

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  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع جون فيتزجيرالد (توضيح). جون فيتزجيرالد معلومات شخصية الميلاد 28 ديسمبر 1960 (العمر 62 سنة)جنوب أستراليا الطول 6 قدم 0 بوصة (1.83 م) الإقامة ملبورن  الجنسية  أستراليا الوزن 77 كيلوغرام  استعمال اليد اليد اليمنى الحياة العملية بداية الاحتراف 1980 ا

См. также: Первое мая (праздник), Белтейн и Вальпургиева ночь ←→Май Пн Вт Ср Чт Пт Сб Вс 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31         2023 год Содержание 1 Праздники и памятные дни 1.1 Международные 1.2 Национальные 1.3 Религиозные 1.3.1 Католицизм 1.3.2 Православие[3][4] …

El terrateniente es el que posee tierras. Se usa en general principalmente para referirse a los propietarios de grandes extensiones de terreno o hacendados.[1]​ Tractores trabajando en un campo de patatas, en Fort Fairfield (Maine), EE. UU. Origen del término La palabra terrateniente procede del sistema feudal de las monarquías medievales. Hace referencia a nobles con vastos campos agrícolas. Véase también Latifundio Minifundio Reforma agraria Explotación agraria Referencias ↑ Real…

Daftar Maharaja Swarnadwipa Masa Awal Minanga Dapunta Hyang 650–683 Sri Jayanasa 684 –702 Sri Indrawarman 702–728 Rudra Wikrama 728–775 Masa Peralihan Wangsa Syailendra Dari Jawa Tengah) Sri Maharaja 775–778 Jawa Dharanindra 778–782 Samaragrawira 782–792 Samaratungga 792–840 Suwarnadwipa Balaputradewa 860–960 Sri Udayaditya Warmadewa 960–988 Sri Cudamani Warmadewa 988–1008 Sri Mara-Vijayottunggawarman 1008–1017 Kadaram Sangr…

Josune Bereziartu Información personalNombre de nacimiento Josune Bereziartu Urruzola Nacimiento 19 de enero de 1972 (51 años)Lazcano (España) Nacionalidad EspañolaCaracterísticas físicasAltura 1,74 m Peso 57 kg Información profesionalOcupación Escaladora en roca Carrera deportivaDeporte Escalada en roca, escalada deportiva y boulder [editar datos en Wikidata] Josune Bereziartu Urruzola (Lazcano, Guipúzcoa, 19 de enero de 1972) es una escaladora española reconocida …

село Новоолександрівка Країна  Україна Область Одеська область Район  Подільський район Громада Ананьївська міська громада Код КАТОТТГ UA51120010210057588 Основні дані Засноване 1897 Населення 552 Площа 1,6 км² Густота населення 345 осіб/км² Поштовий індекс 66434 Телефонний ко…

Minister of Legal Affairs and Attorney General of Trinidad and TobagoCoat of arms of Trinidad and TobagoFlag of Trinidad and TobagoIncumbentReginald Armour[1]since 16 March 2022Office of the Attorney General and Ministry of Legal AffairsStyleThe HonourableMember ofHouse of RepresentativesCabinetReports toParliamentPrime MinisterAppointerPresidenton the advice of the prime ministerTerm lengthAt the pleasure of the PresidentInaugural holderArchibald GlosterFormation1805SalaryTT$ 492,3…

1977 film by James Ivory Roselandfilm posterDirected byJames IvoryWritten byRuth Prawer JhabvalaProduced byIsmail MerchantStarringTeresa WrightGeraldine ChaplinCinematographyErnest VinczeEdited byHumphrey DixonRichard SchmiechenMusic byMichael GibsonRelease date 1977 (1977) Running time104 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$375,000 Roseland is a 1977 Merchant Ivory Productions' anthology film with a screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. It was directed by James Ivory and produce…

Lambang keluarga Hōjō, Mitsu-uroko, atau tiga sisik ikan. Rokuhara Tandai, pasukan polisi rahasia Hōjō yang ditakuti. Penyerangan Mongol pada masa pemerintahan Hōjō Tokimune. Hōjō Takatoki berkelahi melawan sekelompok tengu, lukisan dari akhir zaman Hōjō. Klan Hōjō (北条氏code: ja is deprecated , hōjō shi) dalam sejarah Jepang adalah sebuah keluarga (klan) yang menguasai gelar turun-temurun shikken (secara resmi hanyalah wali) dari Keshogunan Kamakura. Dalam praktiknya keluarga …

смт Черняхів Герб Черняхова Прапор Черняхова Центральний майдан ЧерняховаЦентральний майдан Черняхова Країна  Україна Область Житомирська область Район Житомирський район Громада Черняхівська селищна громада Код КАТОТТГ: Облікова картка смт Черняхів  Основні …

American librarian Curt F. BühlerBorn(1905-07-11)July 11, 1905DiedAugust 2, 1985(1985-08-02) (aged 80)NationalityAmericanOther namesCurt Ferdinand BühlerEducationYale University (BA)Trinity College Dublin (PhD)Occupationlibrarian Curt Ferdinand Bühler (11 July 1905 – 2 August 1985) was an American librarian and expert of early books who published mainly on the art and history of books printed during the fifteenth century. He took degrees from Yale University (B.A., 1927) and Trini…

Pemilihan umum presiden Mesir 20142012201826–28 Mei 2014Kandidat   Calon Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Hamdeen Sabahi Partai Independen Popular Current Suara rakyat 24.143.447 (tidak resmi) 844.915 (tidak resmi) Persentase 96,6% (tidak resmi) 3,4% (tidak resmi) Presiden petahanaAdly Mansour(Plt.) Independen Presiden terpilih Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Independen Sunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Pemilihan umum presiden digelar di Mesir pada tanggal 26 sampai 28 …

Deggendorf Stad in Duitsland Situering Deelstaat Beieren Landkreis Deggendorf Regierungsbezirk Neder-Beieren Coördinaten 48° 50′ NB, 12° 58′ OL Algemeen Oppervlakte 77,14 km² Inwoners (31-12-2020[1]) 33.750 (438 inw./km²) Hoogte 314 m Burgemeester Christian Moser (CSU) Overig Postcode 94469 Netnummer 0991 Kenteken DEG Stad 7 Ortsteile Gemeentenr. 09 2 71 119 Website www.deggendorf.de Locatie van Deggendorf in Deggendorf Portaal    Duitsland Deggendorf is e…

第二次世界大战武器装备列表列举在第二次世界大战中使用过的各种武器装备。 本列表不包含交戰各國繳獲自敵對方並直接投入使用的,或非制式配發給使用國一線作戰部隊、預備隊、反抗軍、游擊隊、非戰鬥人員或平民使用的武器裝備(例如法國抵抗組織所繳獲並使用的德軍武器,但維琪法國軍隊所使用的德軍武器裝備不在此列),僅列出武器裝備使用國本國自行設計/製造…

Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Daerah Kabupaten Sarolangun (KKPD Kabupaten Sarolangun) adalah kawasan konservasi perairan daerah yang ada di Jambi, Indonesia. Dalam pembagian administratif Indonesia, KKPD Kabupaten Sarolangun merupakan bagian dari Kabupaten Sarolangun. Nama lainnya adalah Kawasan Suaka Perikanan Arwana Kuntur Kabupaten Sarolangun. Penetapannya berdasarkan kepada Surat Keputusan Bupati Sarolangun Nomor Nomor 81 Tahun 2011. Luas kawasan KKPD Kabupaten Sarolangun adalah 28 Hektare. …

Linia kolejowa Linia kolejowa Rzym-Sulmona-Pescara Dane podstawowe Zarządca RFI[1] Długość 240 km Rozstaw szyn 1435 mm Sieć trakcyjna 3000 V DC Przebieg Legenda eksploatowana / istniejąca   zlikwidowana / rozebrana lub planowana kolej metro lub kolej lekka stacja kolejowa/stacja metra przystanek stacja bez ruchu pasażerskiego ładownia, posterunek ruchu itp przystanek częściowo używany koniec linii odcinek odcinek w tunelu odcinek na estakadzie wiadukt most tunel pod wodą zmiana …

Japanese women's football (soccer) player Ichika Egashira Ichika Egashira (Japanese: 江頭 一花; born 18 June 2002) is a Japanese footballer who plays as an attacker for Excursionistas. Career Before the 2023 season, Egashira signed for the Argentine side Excursionistas.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] References ^ 「トイレの汚さだけは慣れないけど…」アルゼンチンで一人奮闘、苦悩も充実の日々。日本…

Buya HamkaSutradara Fajar Bustomi Produser Frederica Chand Parwez Servia Ditulis oleh Alim Sudio Cassandra Massardi Pemeran Vino G. Bastian Laudya Cynthia Bella Penata musikPurwacarakaSinematograferIpung Rachmat SyaifulPenyuntingRyan PurwokoPerusahaanproduksi Falcon Pictures Kharisma StarVision Plus Majelis Ulama Indonesia Tanggal rilis 19 April 2023 (2023-04-19) (Indonesia, Vol. I) 17 Agustus 2023 (2023-08-17) (Netflix) Durasi106 menitNegara Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia Mi…

American TV writer, producer (1916–2011) Sherwood SchwartzSchwartz receiving his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (2008)BornSherwood Charles Schwartz(1916-11-14)November 14, 1916Passaic, New Jersey, U.S.DiedJuly 12, 2011(2011-07-12) (aged 94)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeHillside Memorial Park, Culver City, CaliforniaOccupationsTelevision producerRadio and television screenwriterYears active1938–2011Spouse Mildred Seidman ​(m. 1941)​Childr…

The Montreal Metropolitan Commission (known in French as the Commission métropolitaine de Montréal) was an authority that was involved in municipal affairs affecting the urbanized part of the Island of Montreal. History When four municipalities (Montreal North, Saint-Michel, Pointe-aux-Trembles, and Laval-de-Montréal) were approaching bankruptcy, they requested annexation by the City of Montreal.[1] Montreal, then experiencing a budgetary crisis arising from its annexation of Maisonne…

Species of bird Imperial snipe Conservation status Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Genus: Gallinago Species: G. imperialis Binomial name Gallinago imperialisSclater, PL & Salvin, 1869 The imperial snipe (Gallinago imperialis) is a small stocky wader which breeds in the Andes. For a century it was known only from two specimens collected near Bo…

Diocesi di AmiensDioecesis AmbianensisChiesa latinaSuffraganea dell'arcidiocesi di Reims   Provincia ecclesiastica Collocazione geografica  VescovoGérard Le Stang Presbiteri75, di cui 66 secolari e 9 regolari6.634 battezzati per presbitero Religiosi21 uomini, 120 donne Diaconi18 permanenti  Abitanti569.662 Battezzati497.600 (87,4% del totale) Superficie6.277 km² in Francia Parrocchie49 (14 vicariati)  ErezioneIII secolo Ritoromano CattedraleNotre-Dame Indirizzo84 rue S…

2001 association football match Football matchAustralia 31–0 American SamoaEvent2002 FIFA World Cup qualification Australia American Samoa 31 0 Date11 April 2001 (2001-04-11)VenueInternational Sports Stadium, Coffs Harbour, AustraliaMan of the MatchArchie ThompsonRefereeRonan Leaustic (Tahiti)Attendance3,000 (estimated) On 11 April, 2001, the Australian and American Samoan national association football teams played each other in an Oceanian qualifying match for the 2002 FIFA Wor…

Culinary traditions of Venezuela This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Venezuelan cuisine – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Venezuelan cuisine is influenced by its European[1] (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and French…

2012 American musical comedy film by Jason Moore For other uses, see Pitch Perfect (disambiguation). Not to be confused with perfect pitch. Pitch PerfectTheatrical release posterDirected byJason MooreScreenplay byKay CannonBased onPitch Perfect: The Quest for Collegiate a Cappella Gloryby Mickey RapkinProduced by Paul Brooks Max Handelman Elizabeth Banks Starring Anna Kendrick Skylar Astin Rebel Wilson Adam DeVine Anna Camp Brittany Snow John Michael Higgins Elizabeth Banks CinematographyJulio M…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Mahajana Law College – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) SBRR Mahajana Law CollegeMottoDharmo Rakshati RakshitahaEstablished1992School typePrivateDeanProf. K. RajashekaraLocationMysore, …

French resistance member Cécile Cerf Cécile Cerf (12 January 1916 – 29 December 1973) was a member of the French Resistance during World War II. During World War II, Cerf played an active role in the Main-d'œuvre immigrée groups under the aegis of the FTP-MOI resistance movement. In the post-war period, she co-founded the Commission centrale de l'enfance devoted to taking care of orphans from the Holocaust. Biography Cécile Cerf was born in the city of Vilna. At that time in Russia, t…

Kimberly WyattKimberly Wyatt nel 2006 Nazionalità Stati Uniti GenerePopPop rockRhythm and bluesDance Periodo di attività musicale2002 – in attività GruppiThe Pussycat Dolls Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Kimberly Kaye Wyatt (Warrensburg, 4 febbraio 1982) è una cantante, ballerina, coreografa, modella e personaggio televisivo statunitense. È stata uno dei componente del noto gruppo musicale Pussycat Dolls, creato dalla coreografa Robin Anti…

The Godfather The Godfather en 2016.Nacimiento Las Vegas, Nevada16 de mayo de 1961[1]​ (62 años)Alma máter Universidad de Nevada en RenoNombres artísticos The Godfather[1]​The Goodfather[1]​KamaKama Mustafa[1]​Papa Shango[1]​Sir Charles[1]​The Soultaker[1]​Peso 125 kg (275 lb)[1]​Estatura 1,98 m (6′ 6″)[1]​Nacionalidad Estados UnidosResidencia Las Vegas, NevadaResidencia artística Parts Unknown (como Papa Shango)Re…

يجتاح الضباب الدخاني مدينة شانغهاي بشكل يومي تقريبا، وتعد السيارة أحد المسببات الرئيسية له. تعد السيارة مدفوعة بالمحرك المتردد مصدراً للعديد من التأثيرات المتأخرة من خلال شبكة الطرق التي تلزمها، ويعتبر هذا العامل الاخير سبباً لتجزؤ الموطن والمناظر الطبيعية (هنا في الولاي…

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