Girl Singing (Hals)

For the Chinese song sometimes called "Singing Girl", see The Wandering Songstress.

Girl Singing
Artist	Frans Hals
Year	About 1628
Medium	Oil on panel
Subject	Head and shoulders of a young woman singing from a book
Dimensions	Lozenge with sides of about 18.5 cm × 18.5 cm (7½ in × 7½ in)
Location	Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond (on long-term loan)
Owner	The Jordan and Thomas A. Saunders III Collection
Accession	L2020.6.14

Girl Singing is a figurative painting by Frans Hals, who was a male 17th-century Dutch master. Its subject is a young woman singing. More particularly, it is her expressive face as she focuses intently on singing from her music book, and the apparent spontaneity of the moment in which the artist 'captures' her.^[1][2]

Girl Singing is one of a pair of pictures Hals painted at Haarlem in about 1628; its pendant is the Boy Playing the Violin. Both paintings have a musical theme. Both show casually dressed young people, presumably at home. They are the same quite small size and each is in square lozenge format, in oil colours on a wooden panel. Possibly the models were two of Hals's own children.^[2][3][4][5]

Currently (2024), the Girl Singing and the Boy Playing the Violin are displayed together, on long-term loan, at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in the United States.^[6]

Description

Seymour Slive remarked that Girl Singing exhibits the same sparkling technique and blond tonality seen in the commissioned portraits on the same small scale that Hals painted in the second half of the 1620s.^[7]

Girl Singing depicts the head, part of the upper body, and hands of a young woman singing from a book. As is the case in most of Hals's work, the light falls from the subject's right (our left).^[8] To the right in the otherwise plain background is a patch of shade (the young woman's shadow), in which Hals has put his usual FH monogram signature. The painting is not dated; the conjectured date of "about 1628" relies on comparison with other works by Hals.^[7]

The lines of the Girl's brow, mouth, shoulders, finger tips, and the page from which she sings almost rhyme with two sides of the painting's lozenge shape; her nose and her one visible ear nearly (but not quite) echo the other two sides—all of which brings unity to the painting's composition while supporting the impression that the subject is in motion within its compositional frame.

The Girl's face is cheerful, gently animated, and open. Her lips part as she sings. She is clearly concentrating on the music in her book and absorbed in her singing. She keeps rhythm with her right hand (at the bottom left of the painting). She turns her face a little to her left and down towards her book, which she holds in her left hand at the lower right-hand edge of the painting. Because the artist looks up from a position slightly lower than the young woman's face, we can see her eyes. The page she is singing from flitters above the other pages, refusing to lie flat. The artist's low viewpoint together with the young woman's turning gesture and downward look focus our attention on the relationship between her and her music.^[2]

Overall, Hals's painting convincingly evokes a young woman's energy and joy in a passing moment.^[2]

The young woman in Girl Singing wears no lace, embroidery, or other finery to signal elevated social class. That would have suggested she was dressed up to have her portrait painted, compromising the intended illusion of spontaneity. (Compare, for example, the seven daughters in Hals's group portrait of Gijsbert Claeszoon van Campen's family.)

Discussing the artist's several pictures of young singers, Ernst Wilhelm Moes commented that Hals does not just paint 'figures singing': the natural play of their facial expression shows us that his youngsters really are singing to us—and we can all but hear their voices.^[9]

The Catholic Herald discerns something in the countenance of the Girl Singing that could have been angelic, had she not been painted for a Protestant market.^[10] Studio International imagines Girl Singing as a panel in an altar.^[11]

Girl Singing is a cabinet picture in the sense that it was painted small enough to hang in an ordinary Dutch home. It is (unusually for Hals) square (about 7½ x 7½ inches) and (also unusually for Hals) in lozenge format^[3][12] (that is to say, it hangs as if from one of its corners). The grain of the wooden support for Girl Singing can be seen to slope from the lower left-hand side of the painting towards the upper right, mirroring the grain in Boy Playing the Violin (which is the same size and shape).^[13] Both paintings are currently (2024) exhibited in elaborate perpendicular tortoise-shell frames — "delightful carapace" in "uncompromising good taste"^[11][14] — in a gallery designed to emulate the interior of an 18th-century palace.^[6]

Clothes and hair: social conventions

The young woman is dressed casually in an everyday green bodice over a white linen chemise, reminiscent of Hals's similarly attired, similarly posed, lusty Bohémienne (known in the past as "The Gypsy Girl"), which is also from about 1628. (For these reasons, the Girl Singing and La Bohémienne have adjacent entries in Cornelis Hofstede de Groot's 1910 Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century.)^[3]

The conventions applying to girls' and women's clothes, hairstyles, and headwear were stern in the Dutch Republic in Hals's time—and particularly so in Haarlem, where Mennonite and Reformed influences were strong. A low neckline, unbound hair, or even too skimpy headwear might attract a chiding or worse. (In this context, Isabella Coymans' fashionable marriage-portrait attire would have been seen as forward in Haarlem.)^[4]

The art market also expected strict propriety. For instance, the model for Hals's Smiling Fishergirl wears a chemise closed tight up to the throat and a big black bonnet concealing nearly all her hair. This contrasts with the model for Girl Singing, who is bare-headed. The Girl Singing model has her hair tied back loosely in what the early 21st century would call a 'low messy bun'.^[15] It seems on the point of coming undone, with strands spilling out in almost every direction.^[2] Her chemise comes apart a little at the placket below her collar. That was not the fashion of the time in Haarlem, nor are her loose hair and loose chemise wiles to attract attention—she is just busy singing. But they suggest an enthusiastic singer in action, and they may suggest a domestic, rather than a public, setting: in 1628 a respectable young woman might have preferred not to be seen out and about in Haarlem in such disarray.^[4]

Titles and models

Hals did not give his paintings titles. The names by which we now know them do not always identify them uniquely, nor do all authors necessarily use the same name for a particular painting. Hofstede de Groot's Catalogue Raisonné lists Girl Singing as "A Girl Singing from a Book".^[3] Slive has it as "Singing Girl".^[7]

There are reasons to think the models for Girl Singing and Boy Playing the Violin were two of Frans Hals's own children: He had many children,^[16] and a Haarlem resident who claimed to have known most of them told Arnold Houbraken they were all keen musicians. Moreover, Hals seldom painted square pictures—but "two square likenesses [specifically conterfeytsels in the original Dutch] of the children of Hals done in Haarlem by [Hals himself]" are recorded in a 1644 inventory. Jaap van der Veen suggests they may well have been the Girl Singing and the Boy Playing the Violin.^[5]

The Dutch language of Hals's time conventionally distinguished various categories of painting that featured people. For example, there were commissioned group portraits of the governors of charitable institutions, volunteer officers of city guards, and the like. There were also individual likenesses or portraits (conterfeytsels in the Dutch of the 17th century), which showed a specific person (or sometimes a couple or family) and were typically painted to order for a paying client.^[17][18] Unless Hals meant it to be kept in the family (which we do not know), we could think of the Girl Singing as more like a 'tronie', the term for another category, in which the subject is an expressive, interesting, or funny generic face (so, not a named individual person). Tronies were intended to be offered on the open art market. A tronie is thus distinct from a likeness (or portrait) in the Dutch analysis and terminology of the time. If money changed hands between the artist and the sitter for a tronie, it was the artist who paid the model. Normally, we cannot tell who the individuals were who modelled for tronies. Often we can put names to the relatively wealthy people who sat, and paid, for portraits by Hals. Hals's work includes several examples in each of these three categories (and others).

The open art market: In the 17th century, there was little call for religious art to hang in Protestant Dutch churches,^[19][10] but ordinary townspeople in the Dutch Republic would buy paintings (such as tronies and genre works) to hang at home. Open-market channels for art included lotteries and Dutch auctions as well as retail sales.^[17] On the right-hand side of this 1670s painting by Job Berckheyde (at the Städel, Frankfurt) we can see the stall of an art retailer outside the Amsterdam stock exchange.^[20]

Hals's Portrait of a Young Woman (about 1658) at the Ferens in Hull—probably not a tronie but more likely an example of a made-to-order portrait for which the identity of the sitter happens no longer to be known.

Style and technique

Painter and art theoretician Karel van Mander, the master under whom Hals learnt his trade, taught a distinction between the rough ('rouw') and the smooth or neat ('net') styles of painting. He advised apprentices and beginners to learn to paint in the smooth style before attempting the rough, because the rough is more difficult.^[21] Striking aspects of the smooth style are the painstaking attention to every detail and the absence of visible brushwork. A subject painted in the smooth style will look relatively static (or composed, or tranquil). Intended motion is likely to look frozen. A gifted exponent of the smooth style was Hals's apprentice Johannes Corneliszoon Verspronck, who later competed with Hals for portrait commissions in Haarlem. Clients chose Verspronck if they sought a detailed, carefully posed and controlled smooth portrait like his Portrait of a Lady.^[2][22][23]

The smooth style: Verspronck's Portrait of a Lady (1641; Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California)

However, Bart Cornelis has commented: "I'm not sure Hals was interested in people sitting still; he wanted to capture what they were like when they were talking, drinking, or smiling."^[24]

Hals's aim for his Girl Singing was clearly not detail, or composure, or tranquillity. "Hals did not dash off painted sketches, but he encouraged viewers to think [so]" (Christopher D. M. Atkins).^[1] The 'dashed-off' look of Girl Singing chimes with the seeming spontaneity of the scene it depicts.

No preparatory drawing is known for Girl Singing, but we know Hals did employ a multi-stage process to help create an illusion of spontaneity.^[1] He generally painted layer over slowly dried layer, like other artists of his time working in oils, and he addressed the hands and facial details in his last (top) layers.^[8][2] Hals constructed the face of the Girl Singing from broad patches of colour and then made it 'vibrate' in the light with the short parallel strokes visible, for example, in the young woman's forehead.^[25] Observers from his own time, as well as more recent technical examinations of his work, tell us Hals 'added' liveliness to his subjects at the end of his process.^[2] Such finishing flourishes, including facial highlights and the like, might be added wet-in-wet. According to Houbraken, Hals called such added liveliness "het kennelyke van den meester"—the master's distinctive touch.^[8][16]

Hendrick ter Brugghen's Boy Singing (1627; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts)

Instructive comparison can be drawn between Girl Singing and a nearly contemporary work, Boy Singing (1627) by Hendrick ter Brugghen. Ter Brugghen was an Utrecht Caravaggist who used deep shade and bright highlights ('chiaroscuro') to model the physical depth of his subject. He left little visible trace of brushwork on the surface of his painting. The Ter Brugghen singer's gestures are similar to, but more pronounced (and more dramatic) than, the 'busy-ness' of Hals's Girl Singing. Nonetheless, the singer in the Ter Brugghen painting appears posed and static alongside the active young woman pictured in the Hals work.

As reported by Houbraken, Anthony van Dyck rather condescendingly judged that if only he had blended his colours a little more delicately or thinly, Hals "could have been" one of the greatest masters.^[26] However, as Bart Cornelis contends, "Hals's brush can turn a portrait into a palpable presence."^[27] In painting, movement (activity, vitality) can be imparted through imprecision and with "springy" brushstrokes—and these effects are evident in the emphatically unblended, non-delicate brushwork of Hals's Girl Singing. The up-and-down movement of the young woman's right hand as she beats the rhythm of her song is captured in Hals's flickeringly indistinct handling of her fingers. The roll of her upper body comes across in the jagged, unfinished outline of her shoulders and especially in the shifting pleats of her chemise, which are executed as broad, angular, unblended brushstrokes. And above all, the bouncy strands of her unruly hair double as 'motion lines' anticipating the draughtsmanship of comics artists more than three centuries later.^[2][28] Joshua Reynolds, who admired Hals's work, noted that imprecision can actually enhance the "likeness" of a portrait, which "consists more in preserving the general effect of the countenance than in the most minute finishing of the features or any of the particular parts". The viewer's imagination, Reynolds added, fills in the details more satisfactorily than could an artist, however careful.^[2]

Location, owners, exhibitions, and authenticity

Girl Singing and Boy Playing the Violin are in the collection of Jordan Saunders and the late Thomas A. Saunders III. They are now (in 2024, since 2022) on long-term loan to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts at Richmond in the United States, and can be seen in the Elegance and Wonder galleries there.^[6]

Girl Singing has always been in private ownership and has changed hands several times. Its whereabouts has not always been known to the public. At the time Hofstede de Groot compiled his 1910 Catalogue Raisonné of the Dutch masters, it was owned by American railway financier Charles T. Yerkes,^[3] who developed what would become the Bakerloo and Piccadilly lines of the London Underground.

Girl Singing was not included in the 1962 centenary exhibition at the Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem.^[29] In 1989–1990 the painting was shown at the National Gallery of Art Frans Hals exhibition in Washington, D. C., the Royal Academy, London, and the Frans Hals Museum.^[7] It was also shown in the London (National Gallery) and Amsterdam (Rijksmuseum) Frans Hals exhibitions in 2023–2024^[5] but did not travel on to Berlin (Gemäldegalerie) for a similar 2024 exhibition there, Frans Hals—Meister des Augenblicks (approximately: Frans Hals—Master of the Momentary Glance.)

Claus Grimm did not include Girl Singing in his 1989 catalogue of Hals's complete works (Das Gesamtwerk).^[30] Otherwise it has generally been regarded by the reliable writers and by the curators as an authentic Frans Hals work, and attributed accordingly in the catalogues. For example, Girl Singing is no. 118 in Hofstede de Groot's Catalogue Raisonné^[3] and is also included with an illustration at p. 68 in Wilhelm Valentiner's exhaustive 1923 catalogue of Hals's paintings.^[31] In Frans Dony's 1976 catalogue of Hals's works it is no. F312.^[32] It is no. 25 in Seymour Slive's catalogue for the 1990 Hals exhibition at the Royal Academy, London.^[7]

References

1. Atkins, Christopher D.M. (2012). The Signature Style of Frans Hals. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789089643353. See the chapter titled Introduction (passim).
2. Atkins, Christopher D.M. (2012). The Signature Style of Frans Hals. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789089643353. See the chapter titled A Liveliness Uniquely His (passim).
3. Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis (with the assistance of Kurt Freise and Dr Kurt Erasmus); A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century, based on the work of John Smith, Volume III; translated from the German and edited by Edward G. Hawke; Macmillan & Co., London; 1910; pp. 32, 33. (On line at archive.org, retrieved 23 June 2024: https://archive.org/details/catalogueraisonn03hofsuoft/page/32/mode/2up?view=theater)
4. Du Mortier, Bianca M. (1989). "Costume in Frans Hals". In Slive, Seymour (ed.). Frans Hals. Royal Academy of Arts, London. pp. 45–60. The catalogue for a London exhibition that also travelled to Washington D.C. and Haarlem in 1989–1990. p. 52.
5. Van der Veen, Jaap (2023). "The Life of Frans Hals". Frans Hals. National Gallery Global, London. pp. 28–47. ISBN 9781857097122. A chapter in the London and Amsterdam catalogue for an exhibition shown in London, Amsterdam, and Berlin. pp. 38, 40.
6. "VMFA Welcomes Elegance and Wonder: Masterpieces of European Art from the Jordan and Thomas A. Saunders III Collection". VMFA. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
7. Slive, Seymour (1989). "Catalogue". In Slive, Seymour (ed.). Frans Hals. Royal Academy of Arts, London. pp. 130–369. The catalogue for a London exhibition that also travelled to Washington DC and Haarlem in 1989–1990. pp. 202, 203.
8. Erftemeijer, Antoon (2004). Frans Hals in het Frans Hals Museum [Frans Hals at the Frans Hals Museum] (in Dutch). Amsterdam & Gent: Ludion. ISBN 9055445096. See the chapter titled Het kennelyke van den meester (passim—but note that some of Houbraken's writing about Hals was inventive).
9. Moes, Ernst Wilhelm (1909). "Frans Hals, sa vie et son œuvre" [Frans Hals, His Life and Works]. archive.org (in French). Translated by De Boschère, Jean. Brussels: G. van Oest & cie. Retrieved 22 July 2024. (p. 35). Presumably De Boschère's translation into French is from Moes's Dutch, but this is not stated.
10. Illingworth, Arabella (11 November 2023). "Finding colour among Frans Hals's black-swathed Protestant subjects". The Catholic Herald. London. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
11. McNay, Anna (17 November 2023). "Frans Hals". Studio International. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
12. Van der Veen, Jaap (2024). "Das Leben von Frans Hals". Frans Hals—Meister des Augenblicks [Frans Hals—Master of the Momentary Glance] (in German). Hatje Cantz Verlag, Berlin. pp. 19 to 37. ISBN 9783775757492. A chapter in the catalogue for the 2024 exhibition in Berlin, translated from the Dutch into German by Susanne H. Karau & Kordelia Nitsch. p. 26.
13. Groen, Karin; Hendriks, Ella (1989). "Frans Hals: A Technical Examination". In Slive, Seymour (ed.). Frans Hals. Royal Academy of Arts, London. pp. 109–127. The catalogue for a London exhibition that also travelled to Washington D.C. and Haarlem in 1989–1990. p. 111.
14. "Unlimited Partnership". Humanities. Vol. 29, no. 6. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Humanities. November 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2024. Includes an image of Girl Singing in its tortoise-shell frame.
15. Todd, Jasmin, ed. (30 June 2024). "How to Do a Messy Bun Hairstyle". wikiHow. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
16. Liedke, Walter. "Frans Hals (1582/83–1666) in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (August, 2011)". The Met. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
17. Atkins, Christopher D.M. (2012). The Signature Style of Frans Hals. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789089643353. See the chapter titled Painting for the Market (passim).
18. Erftemeijer, Antoon (2004). Frans Hals in het Frans Hals Museum [Frans Hals at the Frans Hals Museum] (in Dutch). Amsterdam & Gent: Ludion. ISBN 9055445096. See the chapter titled Conterfeytsels en tronies (passim).
19. Baer, Ronni (2015). Class Distinctions: Dutch painting in the age of Rembrandt and Vermeer. Boston, Massachusetts: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. ISBN 9780878468300. See the Introduction, p. 16: "The unusual political structure of Dutch society—a self-governing republic rather than a monarchy—meant that artistic patronage did not reside with the Crown. Because Calvinism supplanted the [Roman] Catholic Church, religious commissions were also largely absent. Paintings were mostly made for the open market."
20. Sander, Jochen; Hollein, Max, eds. (2011). Alte Meister 1300–1800 im Städel Museum [Old Masters 1300–1800 at the Städel Museum] (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag. p. 183. ISBN 9783941399020.
21. Atkins, Christopher D.M. (2012). The Signature Style of Frans Hals. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789089643353. See the chapter titled Virtuosity (passim).
22. "Portrait of a Lady". Norton Simon Museum. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
23. Hals was equally at home in the rough and the smooth styles. Witness, for example, a pair of marriage portraits from about 1635 that were briefly reunited at the National Gallery in London in 2023–2024: Pieter Dirkszoon Tjark's portrait is 'rough' throughout, while the pendant portrait of his wife Marie Larp is all 'smooth' except for a little unblended ('trademark') highlight at the tip of the sitter's nose.
24. Cornelis, Bart (6 October 2023). "How Frans Hals made up for his slow start". Apollo. London: Spectator. At the time of writing, Cornelis was the curator of the 17th-century Dutch paintings at the National Gallery in London.
25. John Walsh described these techniques in a lecture he gave at the Yale University Art Gallery on 20 February 2015, particularly in relation to Hals's 1626 Portrait of Isaak Abrahamszoon Massa. Walsh's observations in that regard apply mutatis mutandis to Girl Singing. "Frans Hals's Portrait of a Preacher (ca. 1660): Virtuosity and the Rough Style". Yale University Art Gallery has posted a video recording titled Lecture 5: Frans Hals's Portrait of a Preacher: Virtuosity and the Rough Style elsewhere on line. The relevant passage begins at 30m:02s. (retrieved 1 August 2024).
26. Atkins, Christopher D.M. (2012). The Signature Style of Frans Hals. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789089643353. See the chapter titled Modernity (passim).
27. Cornelis, Bart (2023). "Portraiture into Art". Frans Hals. National Gallery Global, London. pp. 84–128. ISBN 9781857097122. A chapter in the London and Amsterdam catalogue for an exhibition shown in London, Amsterdam, and Berlin. p. 112.
28. The psychology behind all these techniques for depicting movement was researched by Sarah Friedman and Marguerite Stevenson and reported in their Perception of Movement in Pictures paper in The Perception of Pictures, ed. Mary Hagen. New York & London. Academic Press 1980. The effects may be culturally determined: strong for Europeans; less so for Africans.
29. And consequently not mentioned in its catalogue: Baard, H. P., et al.; Frans Hals 1962; published by Frans Halsmuseum, Haarlem 1962.
30. Grimm, Claus (1989). Frans Hals—das Gesamtwerk (in German). Stuttgart & Zürich: Belser. ISBN 9783763019465. A note to the contrary effect on p. 212 in the 2023–2024 London and Amsterdam exhibition catalogue (mentioned above) appears to be in error. There is an English translation of the Grimm Gesamtwerk by Jürgen Riehle: Frans Hals—The Complete Work (1990) ISBN 9780810934047.
31. Valentiner, Wilhelm (1923). "Frans Hals—des Meisters Gemälde in 322 Abbildungen (zweite, neu bearbeitete Auflage)" [Frans Hals—The Master's Paintings in 322 Illustrations (second, revised edition)]. archive.org (in German). Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart, Berlin, Leipzig. Retrieved 21 July 2024. The lower of two illustrations on the page.
32. Dony, Frans (1976). Meesters der schilderkunst—Het komplete werk van Frans Hals [Masters of the Art of Painting—The Complete Works of Frans Hals] (in Dutch). Rotterdam: Lekturama.