Geography of New South Wales

Geography of New South Wales
ContinentAustralia
Coordinates32°S 147°E / 32°S 147°E / -32; 147
AreaRanked 3rd among states and territories
 • Total801,150 km2 (309,330 sq mi)
Coastline2,137 km (1,328 mi)
BordersLand borders: Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Australian Capital Territory
Highest pointMount Kosciuszko
2,228 metres (7,310 ft)
Longest riverMurray River
1,721 kilometres (1,069 mi)
Largest lakeLake Eucumbene
4,798 square kilometres (1,853 sq mi)

New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW) is Australia's most populous state, located in the east coast of the continent. It is in the southern hemisphere between latitudes 28 and 38 degrees south of the equator and longitudes 141 and 154 degrees east of the Universal Prime Meridian (formerly known as the Greenwich meridian). The state is in the warm temperate climatic zone.

Features

The area of New South Wales is 801,150 km2 (309,326 sq mi).[1] The coastline is 2,137 km (1,328 mi) in length.[2]

Cape Byron, in the north-east of the state, is Australia's most easterly mainland point.

The state is bordered on the north by Queensland, on the west by South Australia, and on the south by Victoria. Its coast faces the Tasman Sea. New South Wales contains two Federal enclaves: the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and the Jervis Bay Territory.

New South Wales can be divided physically into four sections:

The steep escarpment of the Blue Mountains to the west of Sydney prevented European exploration beyond the coastal strip for several years until explorer Gregory Blaxland found a way through in 1813, 25 years after the first settlement in Sydney.

Cities and towns

Its four main cities from north to south are Newcastle, Gosford, Sydney, and Wollongong which all lie along the coast. Other cities and towns include Albury, Broken Hill, Dubbo, Tamworth, Armidale, Lismore, Nowra, Griffith, Leeton, Wagga Wagga, Goulburn, Port Macquarie and Coffs Harbour.

Climate

Köppen climate types in New South Wales

Over half of New South Wales has an arid to semi-arid climate, where the rainfall is quite low. Summer temperatures are often very hot, while winter nights can be cold. Most of the rest of the state has a humid subtropical climate or an oceanic climate. Precipitation varies throughout the state. The north-west receives the least, getting less than 180 mm (7 in) annually, while most of the east receives between 700 and 1,400 mm (28 and 55 in) of rainfall.[3] Rainfall can be as high as 2,000 to 2,500 millimetres (79 to 98 in) in the wettest areas, such as Charlotte Pass[4] and Dorrigo. In the south, precipitation is heaviest in winter because of cold fronts which move across Australia, while in the north, rain is heaviest in summer from tropical systems and even cyclones on rare occasions.[3] During winter, the coastal plain cane be relatively dry because of foehn winds which blow from the Great Dividing Range.[5] The mountain can block cold fronts coming from the Southern Ocean, and can produce foehn winds on the leeward side.[6][7]

The climate in the southern half of the state is generally warm and hot in the summer months and mild and cool in the winter. Sydney, the largest city, has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with no dry season.[8] Wollongong is in the transitional zone between an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) and a humid subtropical climate.[9]

Snowfall can be common in the high-altitude parts of the range, occasionally occurring as far north as the Queensland border. On the highest peaks of the Snowy Mountains, the climate can be subpolar oceanic, a subarctic climate and even an alpine climate on the higher peaks with cold temperatures and heavy snowfall. The Blue Mountains, Southern Tablelands and Central Tablelands, which are situated on the Great Dividing Range, have mild or warm summers and cold winters, although not as cold as those in the Snowy Mountains.[3]

The highest maximum temperature recorded was 49.7 °C (121 °F) at Menindee on 10 January 1939 and at Bourke.[10] The lowest minimum temperature ever recorded was −23.0 °C (−9 °F) at Charlotte Pass in the Snowy Mountains on 29 June 1994. This is also the lowest temperature recorded in the whole of Australia.[10][11] Charlotte Pass often has a snow depth of 2 metres in winter,[12][13][14] and snow has even accumulated and persisted in the middle of summer.[15][16]

Climate data for New South Wales (Extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 49.7
(121.5) 		48.5
(119.3) 		45.0
(113.0) 		40.0
(104.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.7
(89.1) 		37.8
(100.0) 		39.6
(103.3) 		43.9
(111.0) 		46.8
(116.2) 		48.9
(120.0) 		49.7
(121.5)
Record low °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−20.6
(−5.1) 		−16.7
(1.9) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−23.0
(−9.4)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[17]
Climate data for Sydney (Observatory Hill) 1991–2020 averages, 1861–present extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.8
(114.4) 		42.1
(107.8) 		39.8
(103.6) 		35.4
(95.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		31.3
(88.3) 		34.6
(94.3) 		38.2
(100.8) 		41.8
(107.2) 		42.2
(108.0) 		45.8
(114.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 36.8
(98.2) 		34.1
(93.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		29.7
(85.5) 		26.2
(79.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.4
(77.7) 		29.9
(85.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		34.1
(93.4) 		34.4
(93.9) 		38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		22.8
(73.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.5
(74.3) 		23.4
(74.1) 		22.1
(71.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.4
(56.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.8
(65.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.3
(59.5) 		12.3
(54.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		9.7
(49.5) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.7
(58.5)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.0
(51.8) 		8.3
(46.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		5.7
(42.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		9.8
(49.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		5.3
(41.5)
Record low °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.4
(39.9) 		2.1
(35.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		2.7
(36.9) 		4.9
(40.8) 		5.7
(42.3) 		7.7
(45.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		2.1
(35.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 91.1
(3.59) 		131.5
(5.18) 		117.5
(4.63) 		114.1
(4.49) 		100.8
(3.97) 		142.0
(5.59) 		80.3
(3.16) 		75.1
(2.96) 		63.4
(2.50) 		67.7
(2.67) 		90.6
(3.57) 		73.0
(2.87) 		1,149.7
(45.26)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 8.2 9.0 10.1 7.9 7.9 9.3 7.2 5.6 5.8 7.6 8.7 7.9 95.2
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 60 62 59 58 58 56 52 47 49 53 57 58 56
Average dew point °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7) 		17.2
(63.0) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.8
(46.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.4
(52.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 232.5 205.9 210.8 213.0 204.6 171.0 207.7 248.0 243.0 244.9 222.0 235.6 2,639
Percent possible sunshine 53 54 55 63 63 57 66 72 67 61 55 55 60
Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology[18][19][20][21]
Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology, Sydney Airport (sunshine hours)[22]
Climate data for Wollongong (Köppen Cfb/Cfa)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 44.1
(111.4) 		41.7
(107.1) 		40.2
(104.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		28.5
(83.3) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.3
(86.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		38.8
(101.8) 		40.6
(105.1) 		41.5
(106.7) 		44.1
(111.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 29.7
(85.5) 		29.4
(84.9) 		28.0
(82.4) 		26.3
(79.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.0
(82.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.4
(86.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		21.8
(71.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 21.8
(71.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.6
(56.5) 		12.7
(54.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.6
(63.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		18.2
(64.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.5
(49.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		8.8
(47.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		13.3
(55.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		15.4
(59.7) 		14.0
(57.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		8.3
(46.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.0
(41.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.2
(45.0) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		5.0
(41.0)
Record low °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3) 		10.3
(50.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		5.1
(41.2) 		3.1
(37.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		0.8
(33.4) 		2.0
(35.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		0.8
(33.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 130.3
(5.13) 		156.4
(6.16) 		160.4
(6.31) 		129.3
(5.09) 		106.4
(4.19) 		112.4
(4.43) 		63.4
(2.50) 		83.3
(3.28) 		67.4
(2.65) 		100.5
(3.96) 		115.6
(4.55) 		97.3
(3.83) 		1,322.7
(52.08)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.5 10.4 10.8 8.3 7.8 7.1 5.9 5.6 6.7 8.4 10.4 9.1 101
Average relative humidity (%) 69.0 71.0 68.0 64.0 64.0 62.0 58.0 54.5 55.0 60.5 65.0 65.5 63.0
Average dew point °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		12.7
(54.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		7.4
(45.3) 		5.6
(42.1) 		5.8
(42.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		11.4
(52.5)
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (temperature, precipitation, humidity- 1970–2008 normals and extremes)[23]
Climate data for Broken Hill (Köppen BWh)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 46.3
(115.3) 		45.5
(113.9) 		41.3
(106.3) 		36.8
(98.2) 		28.5
(83.3) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		39.0
(102.2) 		44.7
(112.5) 		45.6
(114.1) 		46.3
(115.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 40.6
(105.1) 		38.7
(101.7) 		35.7
(96.3) 		30.3
(86.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		19.9
(67.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		23.0
(73.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		36.4
(97.5) 		38.6
(101.5) 		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.8
(92.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		16.0
(60.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		21.9
(71.4) 		25.6
(78.1) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		24.8
(76.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.6
(79.9) 		25.7
(78.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		18.0
(64.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		18.3
(64.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.4
(66.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		4.8
(40.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		11.8
(53.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		0.8
(33.4)
Record low °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		6.7
(44.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.7
(40.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		−2.9
(26.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26.0
(1.02) 		26.1
(1.03) 		18.3
(0.72) 		14.4
(0.57) 		14.0
(0.55) 		16.0
(0.63) 		17.2
(0.68) 		15.5
(0.61) 		19.5
(0.77) 		17.7
(0.70) 		22.4
(0.88) 		17.6
(0.69) 		224.7
(8.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.7 2.5 2.4 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.6 3.3 2.3 30.1
Average relative humidity (%) 33.5 38.0 38.5 41.0 54.5 62.5 60.0 48.5 44.0 36.5 35.5 33.0 43.8
Average dew point °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		5.7
(42.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		3.7
(38.7) 		3.5
(38.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		5.6
(42.1) 		5.4
(41.8)
Source 1: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (temperature, precipitation, humidity- 1991–2020 normals)[24]
Source 2: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1947–present extremes)[25]
Climate data for Charlotte Pass (Köppen Dfc)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.7
(85.5) 		28.0
(82.4) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		9.0
(48.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.7
(85.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		14.7
(58.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		2.6
(36.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.8
(49.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		9.6
(49.3) 		4.7
(40.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		2.1
(35.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−0.5
(31.2)
Record low °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−20.6
(−5.1) 		−16.7
(1.9) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−23.0
(−9.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 128.0
(5.04) 		132.9
(5.23) 		141.0
(5.55) 		150.2
(5.91) 		178.0
(7.01) 		180.2
(7.09) 		181.0
(7.13) 		201.1
(7.92) 		189.2
(7.45) 		206.7
(8.14) 		189.9
(7.48) 		150.1
(5.91) 		2,028.3
(79.86)
Average precipitation days 10.3 10.4 10.1 10.6 11.9 12.8 12.2 12.9 11.0 11.0 11.7 9.0 133.9
Average relative humidity (%) 62 62 61 67 75 86 90 87 79 68 65 62 72
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology; Charlotte Pass (Kosciuszko Chalet)
  • New South Wales showing highways connecting towns and major centres.
    New South Wales showing highways connecting towns and major centres.
  • New South Wales showing railways connecting towns and major centres.
    New South Wales showing railways connecting towns and major centres.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Area of Australia - States and Territories". 27 June 2014.
  2. ^ "Coastline Lengths". Geoscience Australia. 2003-08-07. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
  3. ^ a b c "Stormy Weather" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  4. ^ "Kosciuszko National Park – Climate". New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change. 22 April 2008. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
  5. ^ Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010) Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.
  6. ^ Rain Shadows by Don White. Australian Weather News. Willy Weather. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  7. ^ And the outlook for winter is ... wet by Kate Doyle from The New Daily. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  8. ^ "Modelling and simulation of seasonal rainfall" (PDF). Centre for Computer Assisted Research Mathematics and its Applications (CARMA). 20 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2016. Brisbane and Sydney each have a humid sub-tropical or temperate climate with no pronounced dry season...the classification is Cfa
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  10. ^ a b "Rainfall and Temperature Records: National" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
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