Garden dormouse

Garden dormouse
Conservation status
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Gliridae
Genus:	Eliomys
Species:	E. quercinus
Binomial name
Eliomys quercinus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Geographic range
Synonyms
Mus quercinus Linnaeus, 1766

The garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) is a species of dormouse native to Europe.

Characteristics

A garden dormouse

The garden dormouse is gray or brown, with a whitish underside. It has black eye markings and large ears. Its hair is short, and its tail has a white tassel at the end. It is typically 10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in) in head to body length, with a 8 to 14.5 cm (3.1 to 5.7 in) long tail. It weighs 60 to 140 g (2.1 to 4.9 oz).^{[citation needed]}

Distribution and habitat

In spite of its name, the garden dormouse's main habitat is the forest, though it can also be found in fruit-growing regions. It is particularly common in southern Europe, but its range extends into the north. Garden dormice are often found in the Alps, the Bavarian Forest, and the Ore Mountains.

The species is also present in northern Germany, but that population is apparently not capable of large-scale reproduction. In the Netherlands, it is almost extirpated: in 2007, researchers reported finding only nine animals in two woods in the province of Limburg, where it used to be common. They suggested this is a result of the landscape becoming increasingly monotonous and due to climate change, which they said interrupts hibernation.^[2]

To draw attention to the limits of the adaptability,^[3] the Swiss nature conservation organisation Pro Natura has named the garden dormouse "Animal of the Year" in 2022.^[4] The same year, using camera traps and Spurentunnel (a tunnel-like device that forces animals to step into an ink container, and leave footprints), the first recorded sightings of garden dormice in more than 100 years were made in Büsserach.^[5]

The luminescence of a hibernating garden dormouse photographed from the dorsal and ventral sides. The images were taken under visible light, UV light and UV light with a yellow filter which removes residual light in blue wavelengths. In normal light conditions, the dormouse has brown fur with a white underside but displays bright pink fluorescence under UV light that looks reddish under UV light through a yellow filter. The dormouse's skin, nose and feet show a greenish-blue and its tail only green fluorescence.

Behaviour and ecology

Sleeping garden dormouse in empty bird's nest in Cologne, Germany

The garden dormouse is primarily nocturnal, sleeping in nests in trees during the day, with sometimes multiple individuals living in one nest.^[6] Garden dormice are omnivorous, seasonally consuming both small animals—typically arthropods such as insects and millipedes, as well as gastropods like snails and slugs—and plant matter, usually fruit and seeds.^[7][8] Garden dormice are amongst the most carnivorous of all dormice and have been known to consume adult birds, reptiles, amphibians and small mammals, some of which is likely scavenged. Cannibalism has also been reported.^[9]

The mating period lasts from April to June. During this time, the female indicates her readiness to mate by squeaking loudly. The young are usually born in litters of three to seven, after a gestation period of 23 days. Blind and naked at birth, they open their eyes after about 18 days, and are nursed until they are one month old. They become independent at two months of age, but do not reach sexual maturity until the next year. They have a life expectancy of about five years.

The garden dormouse is a host of the Acanthocephalan intestinal parasite Moniliformis siciliensis in Sicily.^[10]

Classification

On the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, all of the several subspecies of garden dormouse are very rare. These are the Sardinian garden dormouse (E. q. sardus), the Sicilian garden dormouse (E. q. dichrurus), the Liparian garden dormouse (E. q. liparensis), the Balearic garden dormouse (E. q. gymnesicus) and the Formentera Island garden dormouse (E. q. ophiusae), which is notable for its larger size and all-black tail.^[11] The populations of western Asia and north Africa, on the other hand, have recently been separated into their own species, Eliomys melanurus.

References

1. Bertolino, S.; Amori, G.; Henttonen, H.; Zagorodnyuk, I.; Zima, J.; Juškaitis, R.; Meinig, H.; Kryštufek, B. (2008). "Eliomys quercinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7618A12835766. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7618A12835766.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. "Eikelmuis, ook wel slaapmuis of fruitdief genoemd, bijna uitgestorven". Trouw (in Dutch). 2007. p. 7.
3. "Garden dormouse named Animal of the Year 2022". Swissinfo. 2 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
4. "Der Gartenschläfer ist Tier des Jahres 2022". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). 2 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
5. "Nach über 100 Jahren erstmals ein Gartenschläfer nachgewiesen" [After more than 100 years, a garden dormouse sighted for the first time]. Swiss Radio and Television SRF (in German). 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
6. Bertolino, S.; Cordero di Montezemolo, N. (January 2007). "Garden dormouse ( Eliomys quercinus ) nest site selection in an alpine habitat". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 19 (1): 51–60. Bibcode:2007EtEcE..19...51B. doi:10.1080/08927014.2007.9522580. ISSN 0394-9370. S2CID 83738315.
7. Gil-Delgado, José A.; Mira, Óscar; Viñals, Adrià; Gómez, Jaime; Banyuls, Nuria; Vives-Ferrándiz, Carmen (2010-06-01). "Diet of the garden dormouse ( Eliomys quercinus Linnaeus 1766) in orange groves: seasonal variation and use of available resources". Mamm. 74 (2): 147–151. doi:10.1515/mamm.2010.027. ISSN 1864-1547. S2CID 84722369.
8. Kuipers, L., Scholten, J., Thissen, J. B. M., Bekkers, L., Geertsma, M., Pulles, C. A. T., et al. (2012). The diet of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) in the Netherlands in summer and autumn. Lutra 55, 17–27.
9. Díaz-Ruiz, Francisco; de Diego, Noelia; Santamaría, Ana Eugenia; Domínguez, Julio C.; Galgo, Alex; García, Jesús T.; Olea, Pedro P.; Viñuela, Javier (2018-09-25). "Direct evidence of scavenging behaviour in the garden dormouse ( Eliomys quercinus )". Mammalia. 82 (5): 486–489. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2017-0087. ISSN 1864-1547. S2CID 90612377.
10. Guerreiro Martins, Natalia Beatriz; Del Rosario Robles, María; Navone, Graciela Teresa (2017). "A new species of Moniliformis from a Sigmodontinae rodent in Patagonia (Argentina)". Parasitology Research. 116 (8): 2091–2099. doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5508-9. PMID 28585077. S2CID 33203157.
11. Purroy, F. J. & Varela, J. M. (2003) Guía de los Mamíferos de España. Península, Baleares y Canarias. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona

External links

• "Eliomys quercinus (Linnaeus, 1766)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.