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Frederick II (9 July 1857 – 9 August 1928; German: Friedrich II. Großherzog von Baden) was the last sovereign Grand Duke of Baden, reigning from 1907 until the abolition of the German monarchies in 1918. The Weimar-era state of Baden originated from the area of the Grand Duchy of Baden.
As a student at the University of Heidelberg, Frederick was a member of the Suevia Corps, a student fraternal organization. On 20 September 1885 in Schloss Hohenburg, he married Princess Hilda of Nassau, the only daughter of the exiled Duke Adolphe of Nassau who later succeeded as Grand Duke of Luxembourg. There was no surviving issue from the marriage. Frederick became the head of the House of Zähringen on 28 September 1907, after the death of his father Frederick I, who was the sovereign grand duke of Baden reigning from 1856 to 1907. He abdicated on 22 November 1918, amidst the tumults of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 which resulted in the abolition of the grand duchy. After the death of his cousin Carola of Vasa, he became the representative of the descent of the Kings of Sweden of the House of Holstein-Gottorp.
Military Career
Grand Duke Friedrich as a staff officer
In October 1880, Frederick joined the Prussian Army as a soldier in the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards (1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß) Potsdam. After his marriage in 1885, he was transferred to the 5th Baden Infantry Regiment No. 113 (5. Badisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 113)[1] in Freiburg im Breisgau. He took command of the regiment on 22 March 1889.[2] The regiment's barracks were later named after him as the Erbgroßherzog-Friedrich-Kaserne. Friedrich served in Berlin from 1891 to 1893 as commander of the 4th Guards Infantry Brigade.[3] On 11 April 1893, he was named commander of the 29th Division in Freiburg.[3] On 27 January 1897, Kaiser Wilhelm II appointed him commanding general of the VIII Army Corps (VIII. Armeekorps) in Koblenz, where he was garrisoned until 1901.[3] While in Koblenz, Paul von Hindenburg, among others, served as Chief of the General Staff under Friedrich's command.
In 1902, Frederick left active army service because, as hereditary Grand Duke, he was expected to support the aging Grand Duke Frederick I in Karlsruhe and Kaiser Wilhelm II had refused his request to take command of the XIV Army Corps, which was headquartered in Baden and comprised the majority of Baden's contingent of the Prussian Army, for functional reasons.[4]
After leaving active military service, Frederick was promoted to Generaloberst (Colonel General) with the rank of Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal). On 7 October 1907, he succeeded his father in the largely ceremonial position of Generalinpekteur (General Inspector) of the V Army Inspectorate in Karlsruhe.[3] On mobilization at the end of July 1914, the V Army Inspectorate formed the core of the 7th Army, but command was passed to GeneraloberstJosias von Heeringen, and for health reasons Grand Duke Frederick II was unable to serve again during the First World War.
Friedrich held the following ranks during his military career:
After his death in 1928, the headship of the house was transferred over to his first cousin who was the last Chancellor of Imperial Germany, Prince Maximilian of Baden.
Honorary titles
Chief of the 5th Baden Infantry Regiment No. 113 (5. Badisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 113), 22 March 1891.[2]
Chief of the 1st Baden Life Guard Grenadier Regiment No. 109 (1. Badisches Leib-Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 109), 28 September 1907.[2]
Chief of the 1st Baden Life Guard Dragoon Regiment No. 20 (1. Badisches Leib-Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 20), 28 September 1907.[5]
Chief 1st Baden Field Artillery Regiment "Grand Duke" No. 14 (Feldartillerie-Regiment Großherzog (1. Badisches) Nr. 14), 7 October 1907[5]
Inhaber of the Bavarian 8th Infantry Regiment "Grand Duke Friedrich II of Baden" (Königlich Bayerisches 8. Infanterie-Regiment „Großherzog Friedrich II. von Baden“), 1907.[2]
Chief of the 8th Württemberg Infantry Regiment "Grand Duke Friedrich of Baden" No. 126 (Infanterie-Regiment „Großherzog Friedrich von Baden“ (8. Württembergisches) Nr. 126), 16 July 1908.[2]
Chief of the Saxon 4th Infantry Regiment No. 103 (Königlich Sächsisches 4. Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 103), 17 October 1908.[2]
À la suite of the Prussian 1st Regiment of Foot Guards (1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß), 20 October 1883.[2]
À la suite of the Prussian 1st Guards Uhlan Regiment (1. Garde-Ulanen-Regiment), 18 October 1884.[5]
À la suite of the Imperial Navy 1st Sea Battalion (I. Seebataillon)
^ abcdefgGünter Wegner: Stellenbesetzung der Deutschen Heere 1815-1939. Band 2: Die Stellenbesetzung der aktiven Infanterie-Regimenter sowie Jäger- und MG-Battalione, Wehrbezirkskommandos und Ausbildungsleiter von der Stiftung bzw. Aufstellung bis 1939, Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1992, ISBN 3-7648-1782-8
^ abcdGünter Wegner: Stellenbesetzung der Deutschen Heere 1815-1939. Band 1: Die Höheren Kommandostellen, Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1990, ISBN 3-7648-1779-8
^Lothar Machtan: Prinz Max von Baden: Der letzte Kanzler des Kaisers. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-518-42407-0, S. 167.
^ abcGünter Wegner: Stellenbesetzung der Deutschen Heere 1815-1939. Band 3: Die Stellenbesetzung der aktiven Regimenter, Battalione und Abteilungen von der Stiftung bzw. Aufstellung bis zum 26. August 1939, Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1993, ISBN 3-7648-2413-1
^Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1915, p. 201, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
^Erhard Roth: Verleihungen von militärischen Orden und Ehrenzeichen des Königreichs Bayern im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918, Phaleristischer Verlag Michael Autengruber, Offenbach am Main, 1997, ISBN 3-932543-19-X
^Regierungsblatt für Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Verleihungsliste für das Militärverdientkreuz, XIX.Veröffentlichung (13 October 1916), XXII.Veröffentlichung (28 October 1916).
The generations indicate descent from Charles Frederick, the first Grand Duke of a united Baden. Only princes notable enough for standalone articles are included. Later generations do not legally hold a title due to the abolition of the monarchy in 1918.
