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Frank Hurley

OBE
Frank Hurley; OBE
	Hurley around 1914
Birth name	James Francis Hurley
Born	15 October 1885; Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
Died	16 January 1962 (aged 76); Collaroy Plateau, New South Wales, Australia
Allegiance	Australia
Service / branch	First Australian Imperial Force; Australian Army
Years of service	1917-1918, 1940
Rank	Captain
Unit	1st Division (Australia)
Battles / wars	Battle of Passchendaele and the Battle of Bardia
Other work	1908–1948

James Francis "Frank" Hurley OBE (15 October 1885 – 16 January 1962) was an Australian photographer and adventurer. He participated in a number of expeditions to Antarctica and served as an official photographer with Australian forces during both world wars. He was the official photographer for the Australasian Antarctic Expedition and the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–16.

His artistic style produced many memorable images. He also used staged scenes, composites and photographic manipulation.

Early life

Frank Hurley was the third of five children to parents Edward and Margaret Hurley and was raised in Glebe, a suburb of Sydney, Australia.^[1] He ran away from home at 13 to work on the Lithgow steel mill, returning home two years later to study at the local technical school and attend science lectures at the University of Sydney.

When he was 17, he bought his first camera, a 15-shilling Kodak Box Brownie which he paid for at the rate of a shilling per week. He taught himself photography and set himself up in the postcard business, where he gained a reputation for putting himself in danger to produce stunning images, including placing himself in front of an oncoming train to capture it on film.

Hurley married Antoinette Rosalind Leighton on 11 April 1918.^[2] The couple had four children: identical twin daughters, Adelie (later a press photographer) and Toni, one son, Frank, and youngest daughter Yvonne.^[3]

Antarctic expeditions

During his lifetime, Hurley spent more than four years in Antarctica.^[4] At the age of 23, in 1908, Hurley learned that Australian explorer Douglas Mawson was planning an expedition to Antarctica. Fellow Sydney-sider Henri Mallard in 1911, recommended Hurley for the position of official photographer to Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition, ahead of himself.^[5]

Hurley asserts in his biography that he then cornered Mawson as he was making his way to their interview on a train, using the advantage to talk his way into the job.^[6] Mawson was persuaded, while Mallard, who was the manager of Harringtons, a local Kodak franchise, to which Hurley was in debt, provided photographic equipment.

Although the official photographer there were some 19 other photographers who recorded the expedition which was divided across the three separate locations. Hurley was with Mawson's group at Cape Denison where the weather was so bad that Hurley claimed he had only ten absolutely calm days scattered throughout the year 1912-1913, and this was when he took many of his photos, making 82 photos on 1,2,3 of September 1912. ^[7]

The expedition departed in 1911 and Hurley returned with the most of the party in 1913. However Mawson was left behind as he was late returning from his sledging party, after the death of Xavier Mertz, and as a result Hurley made a second trip at the end of 1913 to pick up remaining party. On this trip he took another series of photos before returning in early 1914.^[8] On his return, he edited and released a documentary, Home of the blizzard, using his footage from the expedition.^[2]

Hurley was also the official photographer on Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition which set out in 1914 and was marooned until August 1916. Hurley's photographic kit for the expedition included the cinematograph machine, plate still camera and several smaller Kodak cameras, along with various lenses, tripods, and developing equipment, most of which had to be abandoned with the loss of their ship Endurance in 1915. He kept only a hand-held Vest Pocket Kodak camera and three rolls of film and for the rest of the expedition, he shot just 38 images. He also selected and saved 120 of his glass-plate negatives smashing about 400 remaining ones.^[1] Some of the plates from the expedition are now part of the State Library of New South Wales collection.^[3]

Hurley produced many pioneering colour images of the expedition using the then-popular Paget process of colour photography. He took photos in South Georgia in 1917. He later compiled his records into the documentary film South in 1919. His footage was also used in the 2001 IMAX film Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure. He then returned to the Antarctic in 1929 and 1931, on Mawson's British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition.

World War One

In 1917, Hurley joined the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) as an honorary captain, and captured many stunning battlefield scenes during the Third Battle of Ypres. In keeping with his adventurous spirit, he took considerable risks to photograph his subjects, also producing many rare panoramic and colour photographs of the conflict. Hurley kept a diary from 1917 to 1918, chronicling his time as a war photographer.^[9] In it, he described his commitment "to illustrate to the public the things our fellows do and how war is conducted", and his short-lived resignation in October 1917 when he was ordered not to produce composite images—a practice that was especially popular among professional photographers at the time and one that he believed could portray the disgust and horror that he felt during the war in such a way that his audience would feel it too.^[10] His period with the AIF ended in March 1918.^[11]

Composite Photography

Printed reproductions of a composite image created by Hurley and two of the photographs on which it was based.^[12]]] Hurley argued with superiors over the ethics of compositing photos, arguing that war was conducted on such a vast scale that it was impossible to capture the essence of it in a single negative. His motivation was to portray the disgust and horror that he felt during the war in such a way that his audience would feel it too. Some have considered the practice as an art form; others have argued that history demands the plain, simple truth. For the 1918 London exhibition, Australian War Pictures and Photographs, he employed composites for photomurals to convey drama of the war on a scale otherwise not possible using the technology available. This brought Hurley into conflict with the AIF on the grounds that montage diminished documentary value. He wrote that he would dress in civilian clothes and eavesdrop on soldiers who were visiting his exhibitions; he concluded that the composites were justified by the favourable comments they attracted.^[11]^[13] Charles Bean, official war historian, labelled Hurley's composite images "fake".^[2]^[14]

Composite photograph, Battle of Zonnebeke, Belgium, 1917
Shrapnel bursts among scout planes, France, 1917-1918, used in composite
Over the top, Zonnebeke, 1917,used in composite
Printed outline of composite

World War Two

Hurley again worked as an official photographer during the Second World War. He was employed by the Australian Department of Information as head of the Photographic Unit from September 1940 until early 1943, based in Cairo. He took the only film of the initial victory against the Italians at Sidi Barrani in December 1940, which was given to Cinesound and Movietone News for global release. He also covered the battle of Bardia and the Siege of Tobruk in 1941, and both of the battles at El Alamein in 1942.^[15] Several volumes of his War Diaries cover this period.^[16]

In early 1943, the AIF 9th Division was recalled to Australia to fight the Japanese forces in the Pacific theatre. Hurley resigned his position, but remained in the Middle East, and accepted the position of Middle East Director of Army Features and Propaganda Films with the British Ministry of Information. In this capacity, he travelled a reported 200,000 miles covering the region from Libya to Persia, making regular items for War Pictorial News and 2-reel features. He photographed two conferences of leaders at Cairo and Teheran in 1943. Only one diary volume survives for this period. It includes a summary of his 1943 work, and covers a four-month journey from Cairo to Teheran commencing in February 1944, during which he took footage for The Road to Russia (1944), A Day in the Life of a King (1944), possibly the first film of the Marsh Arabs Garden of Eden (1945), and one other feature about Teheran itself. Other features of this period include Cairo (1944), and The Holy Land (1945).^[17] Hurley returned to Australia in September 1946.^[18]

Cinematography

Hurley also used a film camera to record a range of experiences including the Antarctic expeditions, the building of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and war in the Middle East during World War II. The camera was a Debrie Parvo L 35 mm hand-crank camera made in France. This camera is now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia.^[19]

Hurley made several documentaries throughout his career, most notably Pearls and Savages (1921). He wrote and directed several dramatic feature films, including Jungle Woman (1926) and The Hound of the Deep (1926). He also worked as cinematographer for Cinesound Productions where his best known film credits include The Squatter's Daughter (1933), The Silence of Dean Maitland (1934) and Grandad Rudd (1935).

Select films

Dr. Mawson in the Antarctic (1913) - director
Into Australia's Unknown (1915) - director
Pearls and Savages (1921) - director
Jungle Woman (1926) - director
The Hound of the Deep (1926) - director
Southward Ho With Mawson (1930) - director
Siege of the South (1931) - director
Symphony in Steel (1932) - director
The Squatter's Daughter (1933) - cinematographer
Strike Me Lucky (1934) - cinematographer
Grandad Rudd (1935) - cinematographer
Tall Timber (1937) - original story
A Nation is Built (1937) - director
40,000 Horsemen (1940) - cinematographer

References

^ ^a ^b McGregor (2004) p 8
^ ^a ^b ^c Pike, A. F. (1983). "James Francis (Frank) Hurley (1885–1962)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 9. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Hurley, Adelie". www.womenaustralia.info. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
^ Ennis, Helen (2010). Frank Hurley's Antarctica. Australia: National Library of Australia. p. 2.
^ while Hurley records his approach to Mawson differently in his memoir, the fact of this introduction via Mallard was established by David P. Millar in Millar (1984).
^ Jack Cato in his obituary explains Hurley's motivation and enthusiasm; 'We were both fired with the Spirit of Adventure. We were both happy in the knowledge that the camera was the key that would open that magic door.' Cato, Jack, 'For the Late Frank Hurley, Three Tributes', Australian Popular Photography, March 1962.
^ 'Frank Hurley and the Paget Process: Colour Photography from the Mawson and Shackleton Antarctic Expeditions 1911-1917' by Geoffrey Barker, Published in Photoresearcher, no 37, 2022; ed. Hanin Hannouch
^ 'Frank Hurley and the Paget Process: Colour Photography from the Mawson and Shackleton Antarctic Expeditions 1911-1917' by Geoffrey Barker, Published in Photoresearcher, no 37, 2022; ed. Hanin Hannouch
^ "Series 03: Frank Hurley diaries and related papers, 21 August 1917 – 13 August 1918, kept while official photographer to the Australian Imperial Force". Catalogue. State Library of NSW. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
^ "Frank Hurley war diary, 21 August – 28 October 1917".
^ ^a ^b Scepanovic, Milan (6–7 October 2018). "The camera doesn't lie". The Great War, part 4: endgame and aftermath. Canberra: The Australian. p. 28.
^ "Truth and photography". sl.nw.gov.au. State Library of New South Wales. 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. None but those who have endeavoured can realise the insurmountable difficulties of portraying a modern battle by the camera. To include the event on a single negative, I have tried and tried, but the results are hopeless. Now, if negatives are taken of all the separate incidents in the action and combined, some idea may then be gained of what a modern battle looks like.
^ For an account of the conflict between Hurley and the war correspondent Charles Bean, see Gough, Paul. "'Exactitude is truth': representing the British military through commissioned artworks". Journal of War and Culture Studies Volume: 1 | Issue: 3 December 2008 Page(s): 341–356 (ISSN 1752-6272), and also the excellent discussion of this, and Hurley's use of montage in some of his Antarctic imagery, in McGregor, Alasdair (2004) Frank Hurley: a photographer's life. Camberwell:Viking/Penguin
^ Martyn Jolly, "Australian First–World–War photography Frank Hurley and Charles Bean." History of photography 23.2 (1999): 141-148 https://doi.org/10.1080/03087298.1999.10443814
^ McGregor (2004) p 353-387
^ National Library of Australia MS 883- Papers of Frank Hurley, 1912-1962 [manuscript]./Series 1/Item 18 - 23/
^ National Library of Australia MS 883- Papers of Frank Hurley, 1912-1962 [manuscript]./Series 1/Item 24/
^ McGregor, A 2004 p 387-397
^ "Frank Hurley's movie camera - National Museum of Australia". Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2009.

Bibliography

Hurley, Frank, 1885–1962 & Ponting, Herbert, 1870–1935 & Boddington, Jennie, 1922– (1979). Antarctic photographs 1910–1916. Macmillan, London
Dixon Robert (2012).Photography, early cinema and colonial modernity : Frank Hurley's synchronised lecture entertainments.
Edited by Robert Dixon and Christopher Lee (2011).The Diaries of 1912–1941.
Ennis, Helen (2010). Frank Hurley's Antarctica. Canberra: National Library of Australia. ISBN 9780642276988.
Kleinig, Simon (August 2003). "Hiking with Hurley". NLA News, Volume 13, Number 11. National Library of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 September 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
McGregor, Alasdair (2004). Frank Hurley: A photographer's life. Camberwell: Viking. ISBN 9780670888955.
Jolly, Martyn. "Australian First–World–War photography Frank Hurley and Charles Bean." History of photography 23.2 (1999): 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/03087298.1999.10443814
Millar, David P. (1984). From snowdrift to shellfire : Capt. James Francis (Frank) Hurley, 1885–1962. Sydney: David Ell Press. ISBN 9780908197590.