Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

European Union–Turkey Customs Union

Commemorative Turkish coin for EU-Turkey customs union
Candidate country Turkey and the European Union

The European Union–Turkey Customs Union is a trade agreement between the European Union (EU) and Turkey. The agreement came into effect on 31 December 1995, following a 6 March 1995 Decision of the European Community–Turkey Association Council to implement a customs union (Turkish: Gümrük Birliği) between the two parties.[1] Goods may travel between the two entities without any customs restrictions. The Customs Union does not cover essential economic areas such as agriculture (to which bilateral trade concessions apply), services or public procurement.

In 1996, a free trade area was established between Turkey and the European Union for products covered by the European Coal and Steel Community. Decision 1/98 of the Association Council covers trade in agricultural products.

In addition to providing for a common external tariff for the products covered, the Customs Union foresees that Turkey is to align to the acquis communautaire in several essential internal market areas, notably with regard to industrial standards.

According to a 2020 study, the agreement boosted trade between the EU and Turkey. In manufacturing, there was a 55–65 per cent increase in EU‐Turkey trade compared with the Ankara Agreement.[2]

Results for Turkey

The customs union increased both imports and exports in Turkey,[3] as well as its GDP per capita.[4] Turkey's membership of the customs union is recognised as having played a significant part in its economy's transition from agrarian to industrial.[5]

As Turkey is in a customs union with the EU, it has to adjust its tariffs and duties to match those of the EU. However, the free trade agreements (FTAs) signed by the EU do not extend to Turkey, so the EU's FTA partners can export to Turkey tariff-free, while maintaining tariffs on Turkish goods, unless they also conclude a separate FTA agreement with Turkey. During the negotiation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), Turkey raised the prospect of leaving the customs union over the economic contraction it would suffer as American goods would enter Turkey tariff-free and Turkish goods would continue to face American tariffs. The EU and Turkey have been in negotiations for amending the customs union agreement to add Turkey to the EU's present and future FTAs.[6][7][8]

EU member state candidacy

Turkey has been an associate member of the European Community (EC) since 1964, following the signing in 1963 of the Ankara Agreement (EEC-Turkey Association Agreement (1963)) with the EEC. Turkey applied for full membership on 14 April 1987.

The decision to consider Turkey's application was deferred until 1993, because the European Community was in the process of becoming the even (politically and economically) tighter European Union. The fall of the Soviet Union and German reunification delayed the decision on Turkish membership even more. During those years the European Community had also become reluctant to consider Turkey's application.

At the Helsinki summit in December 1999 Turkey was given the status of a candidate country. At the end of 2004, the European Commission has issued a report with positive recommendations to the European Council, indicating the degree of compliance by Turkey of the Copenhagen political criteria. On this basis, the European Council decided to start accession negotiations with Turkey on 3 October 2005. Since then, no significant progress has been made towards membership nor is there evidence of political will to do so.

Update proposals

In December 2016, the European Commission released an assessment proposing to update and modernize the agreement which includes services and public procurement.[9] The report concluded with two options; Enhanced Commercial Framework (ECF) or Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA).[10] As of 2020 March, the Council hadn't adapted either of the proposals. Since 2015, the Turkish government has had several meetings to assess updating the agreement.[11]

Euro-Mediterranean free trade area

Turkey is also a member of the Euro-Mediterranean partnership and as such is interested in concluding free trade agreements with all other Mediterranean partners, with a view to the creation of a Euro-Mediterranean free trade area, originally aimed for by 2010.

Criticism

The agreement is criticized by some, as the agreement itself does not provide any political or economic powers to Turkey in the European Union while granting some to the Union towards Turkey; thus it is compared to the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire. [12]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Turkey - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  2. ^ Larch, Mario; Schmeißer, Aiko F.; Wanner, Joschka (2020). "A Tale of (almost) 1001 Coefficients: The Deep and Heterogeneous Effects of the EU-Turkey Customs Union". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 59 (2): 242–260. doi:10.1111/jcms.13058. hdl:10419/198858. ISSN 1468-5965.
  3. ^ Bilin Neyapti, Fatma Taskin and Murat Üngör. "Has European Customs Union Agreement Really Affected Turkey's Trade?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  4. ^ Aytuğ, Hüseyin; Kütük, Merve Mavuş; Oduncu, Arif; Togan, Sübidey (2017). "Twenty Years of the EU-Turkey Customs Union: A Synthetic Control Method Analysis" (PDF). JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 55 (3): 419–431. doi:10.1111/jcms.12490. hdl:11693/37085. S2CID 53560157. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  5. ^ "The EU and Turkey need each other. Could upgrading the customs union be the key?". 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  6. ^ "The EU-Turkey Customs Union in the light of TTIP and beyond the economic relations". 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  7. ^ "Talks between Turkey, EU to update Customs Union deal to start in 2017". Daily Sabah. 30 August 2016. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  8. ^ "Turkey avoids economic pain with EU trade agreement". 6 May 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  9. ^ "Turkey - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  10. ^ "Study of the EU-Turkey" (PDF). European Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  11. ^ "T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı". Ministry of Trade (Turkey) (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  12. ^ Metin Aydoğan [in Turkish]. "Avrupa Birliğini Yaratan Nedenler ve Türkiye" [Reasons Which Created the European Union, and Turkey] (PDF) (in Turkish). Retrieved 22 January 2024. Anlayışını 19.yüzyıl sömürgeciliğinden alan Gümrük Birliği Protokolü'yle Türkiye ekonomik, siyasal ve hukuksal hükümranlık haklarını, üye olmadığı bir dış güce devretmeyi kabul ediyor ve kendisini Avrupa'nın bir yarı – sömürgesi haline getiriyordu. Gümrük Birliği Protokolü tam ve tartışmasız bir biçimde ağır bir kapitülasyon anlaşmasıydı [With Customs Union Protocol which gets its mentality from 19th century colonialism, Turkey was accepting to delegate its political and legal sovereignty rights to a foreign power which [Turkey] is not a member and was transforming itself into a semi-colony of Europe. Customs Union Protocol was fully and unequivocally, a harsh capitulation agreement]

External links

Baca informasi lainnya:

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Tempe (disambiguasi). TempePotongan tempe yang belum di masakAsalWilayahPulau JawaNegara asal IndonesiaPembuatJawaRincianJenisMakanan kedelai, fermentasi, Daging palsu dan plant-based meat analogue (en) Metode penyajianfermentasi, seduh dan direbus hingga mendidih Bahan utamaKedelai lbs Tempe (baca: tèmpé) adalah makanan khas Indonesia yang terbuat dari fermentasi kedelai atau beberapa bahan lain yang menggunakan beberapa jenis kapang Rhizopus, seperti Rhizopus …

Political philosophy during the 1912 US presidential election This article is about Theodore Roosevelt's progressive political platform announced that was during his 1912 presidential campaign. For the right-wing movement in the 2010s, see Neo-nationalism. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (October 2018) This article is part of a series …

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (فبراير 2017) رون بونهام   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 31 مايو 1942(1942-05-31)مونسي الوفاة أبريل 16, 2016 (عن عمر ناهز 73 عاماً)مونسي الطول 6 قدم 5 بوصة (2.0 م) مركز اللعب لاعب هجوم ص…

الضرائب في الولايات المتحدة الضرائب الفيدرالية ضريبة الحد الأدنى البديلة ضريبة أرباح رأس المال ضريبة الشركات الضريبة العقارية الضرائب الغير مباشرة ضريبة الأجور الإيرادات الضريبية ضريبة الهديا ضريبة الدخل دائرة الإيرادات الداخلية قانون الإيرادات الداخلية نماذج الضرائب

Levan Kobiashvili Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Levan KobiashviliTanggal lahir 10 Juli 1977 (umur 46)Tempat lahir Tbilisi, Uni SovietTinggi 6 ft 0 in (1,83 m)[1]Posisi bermain MidfielderDefenderKarier junior Awasa Tbilisi Metallurg RustaviKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1993–1994 Metallurg Rustavi 25 (0)1995–1998 Dinamo Tbilisi 36 (3)1997 → Alania Vladikavkaz (pinjam) 21 (5)1998 → SC Freiburg (pinjam) 26 (3)1998–2003 SC Freiburg 123 (27)2003–2010 Schal…

Сипахитур. Sipahi Тип телесеріал Телеканал(и) Show TVЖанр бойовикТривалість серії 140 хв.Компанія CNP FilmСценарист Алі ДоганчайРежисер Гокан Інан Доган Уміт КараджаПродюсери Мехмет Канполат Саді КанполатУ головних ролях Каан Йилдирим Озге Гюрель Керем Алишик Сінан Тузджу Ерка

بيوتر راتشكوڤسكي معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1851دوباساري الوفاة 1910ريزكني مواطنة الإمبراطورية الروسية  الحياة العملية المهنة سياسي،  وعسكري  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   بيوتر راتشكوڤسكي : (1853 م - 1910 م) ، كان رئيس مكتب العلاقات الخارجية بأوكرانا (الشرطة السياسية السرية للأمبرا…

Part of a series on theCatholic Church by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sier…

Hiroshi Kajiyama梶山 弘志Menteri Ekonomi, Perdagangan, dan IndustriPetahanaMulai menjabat 25 Oktober 2019Perdana MenteriShinzō AbePendahuluIsshu Sugawara Informasi pribadiLahir18 Oktober 1955 (umur 68)Hitachiōta, Ibaraki, JepangPartai politikPartai Demokrat LiberalSunting kotak info • L • B Hiroshi Kajiyama (梶山 弘志code: ja is deprecated , Kajiyama Hiroshi, lahir 18 Oktober 1955) adalah seorang politikus Partai Demokrat Liberal, seorang anggota DPR dalam Parlem…

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Ясная Поляна. В Анучинском районе Приморья тоже есть село Ясная Поляна. СелоЯсная Поляна 45°34′28″ с. ш. 134°18′59″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект Федерации Приморский край Муниципальный район Дальнереченский Сельс…

1983 film by Lekh Tandon Doosri DulhanPosterDirected byLekh TandonWritten byAnil BarveProduced byDharampal GuptaArun Kumar GuptaStarringVictor BanerjeeSharmila TagoreShabana AzmiRelease date14 October 1983 (1983-10-14)Running time2 hours 33 minCountryIndiaLanguageHindi Doosri Dulhan (transl. Second bride) is a 1983 Bollywood film directed by Lekh Tandon. It stars Victor Banerjee, Sharmila Tagore, Shabana Azmi in lead roles. The music of the film was composed by Bappi Lahiri.…

Nagari Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta[1]ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦁꦫꦠ꧀Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Adiningrat1755–sekarang Bendera Kasultanan (Gula Klapa)[2][3][4][5] Lambang (Praja Cihna) Lagu kerajaan: Gendhing Monggang[6], Gendhing Raja Manggala[7], Gendhing Prabu Mataram[8].Wilayah Kesultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat saat iniIbu kotaKota YogyakartaBahasa resmiJawaBahasa …

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Eurogames. EurogamerJenis situsJurnalisme permainan videoPemilikGamer NetworkPenyuntingTom BramwellSitus webeurogamer.netPeringkat Alexa▲ 4,679 (Januari 2014[update])[1]KomersialYaDaftar akunOpsional (gratis)DiluncurkanSeptember 1999StatusAktif Eurogamer adalah situs web Britania Raya yang berfokus pada berita, ulasan, dan fitur lainnya yang berhubungan dengan permainan video. Situs ini dioperasikan oleh Gamer Network Ltd., dengan kantor pusat di Brig…

Eingangsbereich (2019) Das Naturhistorische Museum Basel «Archive des Lebens» ist ein Naturkundemuseum in Basel. Es wurde 1821 gegründet und ist seit 1849 im damals eröffneten Museum an der Augustinergasse. Es deckt die meisten Bereiche der Naturwissenschaften ab. Sein Auftrag ist das Erweitern, Bewahren, Erforschen, Dokumentieren und Vermitteln der naturwissenschaftlichen Sammlungen. Direktor Hans Walter Schaub modernisierte von 1959 bis 1979 die Präsentation. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Ausstell…

Video game series by Idea Factory This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hakuoki – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hakuoki薄桜鬼 〜新選組奇譚〜(Hakuoki: Shinsengumi Kitan)GenreOtome, historical fantasy[1] Ani…

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) ديك بوش معلومات شخصية الميلاد 2 ديسمبر 1931  ديفونبورت،ديفون  الوفاة 4 أغسطس 1997 (65 سنة)   مواطنة المملكة المتحدة  عضو في الجمعية البريطانية للمصورين الس…

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2022) توسيادالشعارالتاريخالتأسيس 1971 الإطارالنوع منظمة غير حكومية المقر الرئيسي إسطنبول البلد  تركيا التنظيمموقع الويب tusiad.org… تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي ب…

рос. 3-я дивизия ПВОКраїна  РосіяВид  Повітряні силиУ складі 45-та армія ВПС і ППООснащення ЗРК С-300ПС[1] 3-тя[2] дивізія ППО — з'єднання сил ППО в складі 45-ї армії ВПС і ППО Північного флоту Росії. Структура До складу дивізії входять[1][3][4][5]: 33-й …

British psychoanalyst Rose EdgcumbeBorn12 May 1934London, EnglandDied22 August 2001(2001-08-22) (aged 67)NationalityBritishAlma materUniversity College LondonSpousePeter Theobald Rose Edgcumbe (12 May 1934 – 22 August 2001), sometimes known as Rose Edgcumbe Theobald, was a British psychoanalyst, psychologist and child development researcher. Biography Edgcumbe was born in London, and as a child during the London Blitz of World War II, she and her mother were evacuated to Yorkshire in…

Season of television series Season of television series FrasierSeason 1DVD coverStarring Kelsey Grammer Jane Leeves David Hyde Pierce Peri Gilpin John Mahoney Country of originUnited StatesNo. of episodes24ReleaseOriginal networkNBCOriginal releaseSeptember 16, 1993 (1993-09-16) –May 19, 1994 (1994-05-19)Season chronologyNext →Season 2List of episodes The first season of Frasier originally aired from September 16, 1993, to May 19, 1994, on NBC, consisting of a total of 24…

Wichita, Kansas Weather Forecast OfficeThe Wichita, Kansas National Weather Service office.Agency overviewJurisdictionFederal Government of the United StatesHeadquarters2142 S. Tyler Road, Wichita, KS37°39′17.7″N 97°26′36.1″W / 37.654917°N 97.443361°W / 37.654917; -97.443361Employees23Agency executivesSuzanne Fortin, Meteorologist in ChargeChance Hayes, Warning Coordination MeteorologistParent agencyNational Weather ServiceMapLocation of the National Weather S…

American journalist (1958–1999) Larry LeeBorn(1958-10-16)October 16, 1958Rockford, Illinois, USDiedDecember 28, 1999(1999-12-28) (aged 41)Guatemala City, GuatemalaCause of deathAssassination by stabbingEducationUniversity of Arkansas (BA); University of Missouri (MA, Journalism)OccupationFinancial & economic reporterEmployerBridgeNewsParentLehman Lee & Vera Lewis Larry Dale Lee, (16 October 1958 – 28 December 1999) was an American financial and economic journalist for B…

A mini-bus in Karachi Karachi Transport Ittehad (KTI) is coalition of owners of private buses, minibuses, taxis and rickshaws in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Karachi Transport Ittehad sets the fares of private Transport in Karachi.[1] A Pakistani auto rickshaw in Karachi See also Transport in Karachi Transport in Pakistan Jinnah International Airport Auto rickshaw Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority Makran Coastal Highway Port of Karachi Port Qasim Karachi Cantonment Railway Station National …

Runestones erected in Uppland, Sweden in the 11th century U 937 is currently in the park of Uppsala University and features a triquetra. U 990 has a stylized cross. U 991 has the same runic text as U 937. U 999 is the oldest of the four stones. The Funbo runestones constitute a group of four runestones originally from Funbo in the province of Uppland, Sweden, which were raised by members of the same family during the eleventh century. The following presentations show the runic script translitera…

Questa voce sull'argomento pattinatori su ghiaccio olandesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Wim van der Voort Nazionalità  Paesi Bassi Pattinaggio di velocità Palmarès Competizione Ori Argenti Bronzi Giochi olimpici 0 1 0 Mondiali - Velocità 0 0 1 Europei - Velocità 0 2 0 Per maggiori dettagli vedi qui   Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Willem Wim van der Voort ('s-Gravenzande, 24 marzo 1923 – Delft, 23 ottobre 20…

Catalán Talgo El Catalán Talgo en la estación de Ginebra en 1979 encabezado por una BB 9300 de la SNCF.LugarUbicación España España  Francia Suiza SuizaDescripciónTipo TEE (1969-1982) IC (1982-1987) EC (1987-2010)Inauguración 1 de junio de 1969Clausura 18 de diciembre de 2010Inicio Barcelona-Estación de FranciaFin Estación de Ginebra-CornavinCaracterísticas técnicasLongitud 864 kilómetrosExplotaciónOperador RENFE / Renfe Operadora SNCF[editar datos en Wikidata&#…

Travel AgentSenior EditorMark RogersCategoriesTravel industryFrequencyBiweeklyPublisherJohn McMahonFounded1930CompanyQuestex, LLCCountryUnited StatesBased inNew York CityLanguageEnglishWebsiteOfficial website Travel Agent is a biweekly trade magazine, published by Questex, LLC and targeted at travel agency professionals, featuring travel industry news.[1][2][3] It is based in New York City.[2][4] History and profile The magazine was established in 1930. …

The symbol of Sanamahi religion The Meitei Manipuri philosophy or Kanglei Meetei philosophy refers to the philosophical traditions of Ancient Manipur (Ancient Kangleipak).[1][2] In 15th century BC, the Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya, one of the foremost and the oldest Meitei scriptures based on the antique philosophical traditions, was written in Ancient Manipur. It is the basis of the ideology of Sanamahism, the precursor to Meitei religion.[3][4]…

Railway station in New Zealand EketahunaNew Zealand Government Railways regional railGeneral informationLocationHerbert StreetEketahunaNew ZealandCoordinates40°38′58.37″S 175°42′23.46″E / 40.6495472°S 175.7065167°E / -40.6495472; 175.7065167Elevation227 metres (745 ft)Owned by Railways Department KiwiRail Operated byRailways Department (1889–1988)Line(s)Wairarapa LineDistance126.82 kilometres (78.80 mi) from WellingtonPlatformssingle sideTracksmain…

Australian-American solar and climate scientist Judith LeanAlma materAustralian National University (BS)University of Adelaide (PhD)AwardsNASA Group Achievement AwardScientific careerFieldsPhysics, climatologyInstitutionsUnited States Naval Research Laboratory Judith L. Lean is an Australian-American solar and climate scientist. She is a senior scientist at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. Lean is a three time recipient of the NASA Group Achievement Award and an elected member a…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya