Eremophila alternifolia

Narrow-leaved poverty bush
Growing in the ANBG
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Genus: Eremophila
Species:
E. alternifolia
Binomial name
Eremophila alternifolia
Synonyms[1]
  • Bondtia alternifolia Kuntze orth. var.
  • Bontia alternifolia (R.Br.) Kuntze
  • Eremophila alternifolia R.Br. var. alternifolia
  • Eremophila alternifolia var. latifolia F.Muell. ex Benth.
  • Pholidia alternifolia (R.Br.) Wettst.
  • Stenochilus alternifolius (R.Br.) Kraenzl.

Eremophila alternifolia, commonly known as the narrow-leaved emu bush[2] or narrow-leaved poverty bush,[3] is a plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, and is endemic to areas between the far west of New South Wales, the far south of the Northern Territory and the southern half of Western Australia. It is a variable shrub, with respect to its growth form, leaf shape and flower colour. Aboriginal Australians used the leaves to treat ailments such as colds and skin infections and pharmacological testing has shown that the leaves contain compounds that affect cardiac activity.

Description

Eremophila alternifolia is a shrub with many branches and varying in height but mostly 1–4 m (3–10 ft). The branches have many raised resin glands and raised leaf scars. The leaves are arranged alternately and are usually 20–40 mm (0.8–2 in) long, 1–3 mm (0.04–0.1 in) wide although other dimensions are common. The leaves vary in shape from almost cylinder-shaped to flattened and egg-shaped but have a small point on the end.[4][5][6][7][8]

The flowers are purple, red, pink, white, cream, or yellow and appear on the plant from early winter to early autumn. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils on an s-shaped stalk which is usually 20–40 mm (0.8–2 in) long. There are 5 greenish-yellow or reddish, egg-shaped sepals, mostly 7–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long with the outer ones slightly smaller. The 5 petals are 18–30 mm (0.7–1 in) long and joined at their base to form a tube with the upper 4 lobes pointed and the lower one spreading. Flowering occurs from June to October and is followed by fruit which are cone-shaped, dry, woody, glabrous and 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long.[4][5][6][8]

Taxonomy and naming

The species was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae.[9][10] The specific epithet (alternifolia) is a botanical term meaning "having leaves that alternate on each side of a stem".[11]

Other common names for this species are round-leaved poverty bush, scented poverty bush, emubush, native honeysuckle, honeysuckle and narrow-leaved fuchsia bush.[12]

In 1870, George Bentham described two subspecies in Flora Australiensis:[13]

  • E. alternifolia R.Br. var. alternifolia has more cylindrical or needle-shaped leaves, usually spotted petals and a wider distribution, mainly north of the Trans-Australian Railway and including the Northern Territory and New South Wales;[8]
  • E. alternifolia R.Br. var. latifolia F.Muell. ex Benth. has broader leaves, flowers without spots and is found mainly south of the Trans-Australian Railway in Western Australia and South Australia .[8]

Distribution

Eremophila alternifolia occurs in arid areas of Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory and the Barrier Range in New South Wales, in many different habitats with stony or red soil.[14][15][3][16]

Conservation status

In Western Australia this poverty bush is widespread and is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.[3]

Uses

Medicine

Parts of this plant have been used as a traditional medicine. A small quantity was used in a preparation for treating colds and inflammation of the throat, an infusion of the leaves as a soporific, and other parts combined as a topical treatment. An indigenous name for the plant, Tarrtjan translated as "Goldfields", a region in the West where it is found.[15][17] Compounds such as verbascoside present in the leaves of this species have been shown to have both antibacterial properties and the ability to dilate blood vessels.[18]

Horticulture

This eremophila is an attractive shrub which is covered with masses of flowers in season. As with other members of the genus, it is sold as a drought resistant garden plant that is appealing to birds.[15] It is a common garden plant, growing best in dry climates, but has also been grown in more humid areas. Most forms are moderately frost tolerant but require well-drained soil and full sun. It is most easily propagated from cuttings.[19][20][21]

References

  1. ^ a b "Eremophila alternifolia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Eremophila alternifolia". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  3. ^ a b c "Eremophila alternifolia". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  4. ^ a b Chinnock, R.J. (Bob) (2007). Eremophila and allied genera : a monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae (1st ed.). Dural, NSW: Rosenberg. pp. 617–618. ISBN 9781877058165.
  5. ^ a b Chinnock, Robert J. "Eremophila alternifolia". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, Plantnet. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  6. ^ a b Archer, William. "Eremophila alternifolia". Esperance Wildflowers. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  7. ^ "Eremophila alternifolia". Lucid Central. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d Brown, Andrew; Buirchell, Bevan (2011). A field guide to the eremophilas of Western Australia (1st ed.). Hamilton Hill, W.A.: Simon Nevill Publications. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9780980348156.
  9. ^ "Eremophila alternifolia". APNI. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  10. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. London. p. 518. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  11. ^ Brophy, Joseph J.; Craven, Lyndley A.; Doran, John C. (2013). Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. p. 73. ISBN 9781922137517.
  12. ^ "Eremophila alternifolia". APNI. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  13. ^ Bentham, George; von Mueller, Ferdinand (1870). Flora Australiensis (Volume 5). London: Lovell Reeve & Co. p. 30. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  14. ^ "Eremophila alternifolia R.Br". PlantNET - New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  15. ^ a b c Eremophila alternifolia — Poverty Bush FloraBase: Plant of the Month — February 2012
  16. ^ Paczkowska, Grazyna; Chapman, Alex R. (2000). The Western Australian flora : a descriptive catalogue. Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia. p. 333. ISBN 0646402439.
  17. ^ Richmond, Guy S. (1993). "A review of the use of Eremophila (Myoporaceae) by Australian Aborigines". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. 15 (2): 101–107.
  18. ^ Pennacchio, Marcello; Ghisalberti, Emilio L (January 2000). "Indigenous knowledge and pharmaceuticals". Journal of Australian Studies. 24 (64): 173–175. doi:10.1080/14443050009387569. S2CID 54745135.
  19. ^ "Eremophila alternifolia". Australian Native Plants Society Australia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  20. ^ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (1983). Australian native plants : a manual for their propagation, cultivation and use in landscaping (2nd ed.). Sydney: Collins. p. 212. ISBN 0002165759.
  21. ^ Boschen, Norma; Goods, Maree; Wait, Russell (2008). Australia's eremophilas : changing gardens for a changing climate. Melbourne: Bloomings Books. p. 66. ISBN 9781876473655.

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