Epistemic cognition

Epistemic cognition, sometimes known as epistemological beliefs, or personal epistemology, is "cognition about knowledge and knowing", an area of research in the learning sciences and educational psychology. Research into epistemic cognition investigates people's beliefs regarding the characteristics of knowledge and knowing—as distinct from thinking or believing in general—and the impact of this on learning.

Scope of research

Research on epistemic cognition has drawn on research in epistemology, the area of philosophy concerned with the nature of knowledge.^[1]

The seminal work in the area is characterised as research on student development and as an area of developmental psychology. More recent work has sought to situate epistemic cognition in a broad non-developmental model of learning. This work has linked epistemic cognition at an individual level to models of (1) metacognition, the construct characterising how people think about thinking, and (2) self-regulated learning, which characterises ability to identify learning needs and plan towards them, monitor, and reflect (including the work of Krista R. Muis).

Much of the research in epistemic cognition has taken place in science education contexts, with a focus on the relationship between scientific thinking, and beliefs regarding the 'nature of science', and epistemic cognition. Some of this research reflects the situated nature of scientific practices. Other work has explored relationships between epistemic cognition and constructs including, critical thinking, historical thinking, processing of sources of varying quality and levels of conflict, and broader academic achievement.^[2]

Alongside investigation of learner epistemic cognition, a parallel line of work has investigated teacher epistemic cognition, and the influence of this on teaching practices and classroom assessment.^[3]

Models

The research emerged in part from William G. Perry's research on the cognitive intellectual development of male Harvard College students.^[1][4] Developmental theories of epistemic cognition in this model have been developed by Deanna Kuhn and others, with a focus on the sequential phases of development characterising changes in views of knowledge and knowing.^[1][5] Kuhn said that her work built on Jean Piaget's work in the mid–20th century on genetic epistemology.^[5] In contrast, dimensional models do not characterise epistemic cognition in terms of sequential development. Instead, they posit multiple factors that make up one's beliefs, which may vary independent of each other.^[1]

In recent years, epistemic cognition research has reflected shifts in epistemology, in drawing on naturalized epistemology and virtue epistemology, in situated accounts of epistemic cognition, and a greater focus on the aims and processes of knowing (and beliefs thereof).^[1]

Application to learning

As Sandoval, Greene, and Bråten (2016) outline, epistemic cognition research, largely from the learning sciences community, has found that epistemic cognition is related to academic performance, and other learning constructs.^[1] However, there are concerns regarding standard psychometric instruments (surveys) used to measure epistemic cognition, and evidence that epistemic cognition may be domain- and perhaps task-specific, rather than general.^[1]

References

1. Sandoval, William A.; Greene, Jeffrey Alan; Bråten, Ivar (March 2016). "Understanding and promoting thinking about knowledge: origins, issues, and future directions of research on epistemic cognition". Review of Research in Education. 40 (1): 457–496. doi:10.3102/0091732X16669319. hdl:10983/25598. ISSN 0091-732X. JSTOR 44668629. S2CID 149020448.
2. Knight, Simon (28 March 2017). "Epistemic cognition: A lens onto fake news". The Psychologist. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
3. Buehl, Michelle M.; Fives, Helenrose (2016). "The role of epistemic cognition in teacher learning and praxis". In Greene, Jeffrey Alan; Sandoval, William A.; Bråten, Ivar (eds.). Handbook of Epistemic Cognition. Educational psychology handbook series. New York: Routledge. pp. 247–264. ISBN 9781138013407. OCLC 911594486.
4. Perry, Jr., William G. (1999) [1970]. Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme. Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0787941182. OCLC 39455948.
5. Kuhn, Deanna (1992). "Piaget's child as scientist". In Beilin, Harry; Pufall, Peter B. (eds.). Piaget's Theory: Prospects and Possibilities. The Jean Piaget Symposium series. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 185–208. ISBN 9780805810509. OCLC 24380541.

Further reading

• Barzilai, Sarit; Zohar, Anat (January 2014). "Reconsidering personal epistemology as metacognition: a multifaceted approach to the analysis of epistemic thinking". Educational Psychologist. 49 (1): 13–35. doi:10.1080/00461520.2013.863265.
• Bendixen, Lisa D.; Feucht, Florian C., eds. (2010). Personal Epistemology in the Classroom: Theory, Research, and Implications for Practice. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511691904. ISBN 9780521883559. OCLC 422765224.
• Briell, Jeremy; Elen, Jan; Verschaffel, Lieven; Clarebout, Geraldine (2011). "Personal epistemology: nomenclature, conceptualizations, and measurement". In Elen, Jan; Stahl, Elmar; Bromme, Rainer; Clarebout, Geraldine (eds.). Links Between Beliefs and Cognitive Flexibility: Lessons Learned. Dordrecht; New York: Springer. pp. 7–36. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1793-0_2. ISBN 9789400717923. OCLC 731920071.
• Brownlee, Jo; Schraw, Gregory J.; Berthelsen, Donna, eds. (2011). Personal Epistemology and Teacher Education. Routledge research in education. Vol. 61. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203806616. ISBN 9780415883566. OCLC 700930354.
• Greene, Jeffrey Alan; Sandoval, William A.; Bråten, Ivar, eds. (2016). Handbook of Epistemic Cognition. Educational psychology handbook series. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315795225. ISBN 9781138013407. OCLC 911594486.
• Hofer, Barbara K.; Pintrich, Paul R., eds. (2002). Personal Epistemology: The Psychology of Beliefs about Knowledge and Knowing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. doi:10.4324/9780203424964. ISBN 0805835180. OCLC 45603981.
• Kitchener, Karen Strohm (July 1983). "Cognition, metacognition, and epistemic cognition: a three-level model of cognitive processing". Human Development. 26 (4): 222–232. doi:10.1159/000272885. JSTOR 26764585.
• Kitchener, Richard F. (2011). "Personal epistemology and philosophical epistemology: the view of a philosopher". In Elen, Jan; Stahl, Elmar; Bromme, Rainer; Clarebout, Geraldine (eds.). Links Between Beliefs and Cognitive Flexibility: Lessons Learned. Dordrecht; New York: Springer. pp. 79–103. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1793-0_5. ISBN 9789400717923. OCLC 731920071.
• Moshman, David (2015). Epistemic Cognition and Development: The Psychology of Justification and Truth. New York: Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9781315884684. ISBN 9781848725133. OCLC 883648773.

External links

• Resource page on epistemic cognition research – International Society of the Learning Sciences