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Eastern long-necked turtle
	Ventral view of female
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Pleurodira
Family:	Chelidae
Genus:	Chelodina
Subgenus:	Chelodina
Species:	C. longicollis
Binomial name
	Chelodina longicollis; Shaw, 1794
Synonyms
	Testudo longicollis Shaw, 1794; Chelodina novaehollandiae Duméril & Bibron, 1835; Chelodina sulcata Gray, 1856; Chelodina sulcifera Gray, 1856;

The eastern long-necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis)^[6]^[7] is an east Australian species of snake-necked turtle that inhabits a wide variety of water bodies and is an opportunistic feeder.^[7] It is a side-necked turtle (Pleurodira), meaning that it bends its head sideways into its shell rather than pulling it directly back.

Distribution

The species is found throughout south eastern Australia where it is found west of Adelaide (South Australia) eastwards throughout Victoria, Northern Territory and New South Wales, and northwards to the Fitzroy River of Queensland. Where these turtles come in contact with Chelodina canni they freely hybridise, exhibiting hybrid vigor in the Styx River Drainage of Queensland.^[7]^[8] They have been introduced to Tasmania, likely via the pet trade.^[9]

The wide distribution of the eastern long-necked turtle has allowed it to tolerate climates that are far colder than those that most other pleurodire turtles occur in, including southerly and high-altitude temperate climates. In 2023, a high-altitude long-necked turtle from the New England Tablelands was found brumating in a pool that had completely frozen for 15 days during the winter, marking the first documented case of a pleurodire turtle overwintering under ice.^[9]

Description

The carapace is generally black in color, though some may be brown. It is broad and flattened with a deep medial groove. The scutes are edged in black in those individuals with a lighter background color.^[7] The plastron is also very broad and is cream to yellow in color with sutures edged in black.^[7] The neck is long and narrow, typical of the subgenus Chelodina, and reaches a length of approximately 60% of the carapace length. The neck has numerous small pointed tubercles and is grey to black in color dorsally, cream below, as is the narrow head.^[7] Females tend to grow to larger sizes and have deeper bodies. The maximum sizes recorded for females and males varies throughout the range, in river environments of the Murray it is 28.2 cm (11.1 in) and 24.9 cm (9.8 in) respectively, whereas in the Latrobe Valley it is 21.6 cm (8.5 in) and 18.8 cm (7.4 in) respectively.^[7] It is thought this is linked to productivity of the local environment.^[7]

When it feels threatened, this turtle will emit an offensive smelling fluid from its musk glands. This trait gives the turtle one of its other common names, "stinker".^[10]

Diet

The eastern long-necked turtle is carnivorous, eating a variety of animals. This includes insects, worms, tadpoles, frogs, small fish, crustaceans, molluscs, plankton, and carrion.^[11]

Lifecycle

Females of this species take 10 years to reach maturity.^[12]

In early summer, the female will lay between two and ten eggs in the banks of her aquatic habitat. Three to five months later the hatchlings break out of their shells. These young turtles often fall prey to predators such as fish and birds. Females will lay one to three clutches of eggs per year.

Gallery

At the Washington National Zoo
Neck bent back into its shell
In an aquarium
Covered in algae, Victoria, Australia
Peering from its shell, Carnarvon National Park, Queensland, Australia

References

^ ^a ^b Shaw, G. (1794) Zoology of New york. Vol 1. Davis, London.
^ Duméril, André Marie Constant and Bibron, Gabriel (1835) Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Vol. 2. Paris: Roret.
^ Gray, John Edward. (1856). On some new species of freshwater turtesfrom North America, Ceylon and Australia, in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1855 (23):197–202. [Published Feb 1856].
^ Gray, John Edward. (1856). Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). London: British Museum, [Published Mar 1856].
^ ^a ^b Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B., and Bour, R.]. 2014. "Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status". In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):000.329–479 doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014
^ Kennett, R; Georges, A. (1990). "Habitat utilization and its relationship to growth and reproduction of the eastern long-necked turtle, Chelodina longicollis (Testudinata: Chelidae), from Australia". Herpetologica. 46 (1): 22–33. JSTOR 3892599.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kennett, R., Roe, J., Hodges, K., and Georges, A. 2009. Chelodina longicollis (Shaw 1784) – eastern long-necked turtle, common long-necked turtle, common snake-necked turtle. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5, pp. 031.1–031.8, doi:10.3854/crm.5.031.longicollis.v1.2009
^ McCord, William P.; Thomson, Scott A. (2002). "A new species of Chelodina (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) from northern Australia". Journal of Herpetology. 36 (2): 255–267. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0255:ansoct]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 1565998. S2CID 84527325.
^ ^a ^b Dowling, James; Bower, Deborah S.; Nordberg, Eric J. (2024). "Overwintering under ice: A novel observation for an Australian freshwater turtle". Ecology and Evolution. 14 (7): 11578. Bibcode:2024EcoEv..1411578D. doi:10.1002/ece3.11578. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 11247112. PMID 39011131.
^ Eisner, T.; Jones, T.H.; Meinwald, J.; Legler, J.M. (1978). "Chemical composition of the odorous secretion of the Australian turtle, Chelodina longicollis". Copeia. 1978 (4): 714–715. doi:10.2307/1443705. JSTOR 1443705.
^ "Chelodina longicollis (Common Snake-necked Turtle)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Shine, Richard; Iverson, John B. (1995). "Patterns of Survival, Growth and Maturation in Turtles". Oikos. 72 (3): 343–348. Bibcode:1995Oikos..72..343S. doi:10.2307/3546119. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3546119.