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Donner und Blitzen River
Donner und Blitzen River
	Donner und Blitzen River near Page Springs campground
	Location of the mouth of the Donner und Blitzen River in Oregon
Etymology	German for thunder and lightning. Given in 1864 by soldiers who crossed the river during a thunderstorm.
Location
Country	United States
State	Oregon
County	Harney
Physical characteristics
Source	southwest of Steens Mountain
• location	Harney County, Oregon
• coordinates	42°32′02″N 118°43′52″W / 42.53389°N 118.73111°W
• elevation	6,527 ft (1,989 m)
Mouth	Malheur Lake
• location	Harney County, Oregon
• coordinates	43°17′30″N 118°49′12″W / 43.29167°N 118.82000°W
• elevation	4,101 ft (1,250 m)
Length	60 mi (97 km)
Basin size	791 sq mi (2,050 km2)
Discharge
• location	3.5 miles (5.6 km) southeast of Frenchglen
• average	126 cu ft/s (3.6 m3/s)
• minimum	4.2 cu ft/s (0.12 m3/s)
• maximum	4,270 cu ft/s (121 m3/s)
National Wild and Scenic River
Type	Wild
Designated	October 28, 1988

The Donner und Blitzen River^{[needs IPA]} is a river on the eastern Oregon high desert that drains a relatively arid basin, the southern portion of Harney Basin, from roughly 20 to 80 miles (30 to 130 km) south-southeast of Burns including Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Though much of its course is marsh, it offers scenic glaciated canyons, unique ecosystems, and exceptional wild trout fisheries.^[7] Named by soldiers of German origin, the Donner und Blitzen River translates as "thunder and lightning".^[8] The name usually brings to mind two of Santa Claus's reindeer,^[9] but the river is named for a thunderstorm the soldiers experienced as they crossed the river;^[2] dry lightning is an almost daily occurrence in the region during certain times of the year.

The Donner und Blitzen River arises as an intermittent stream on the lower slopes west of Steens Mountain at the 6,500-foot (2,000 m) level at 42°32′02″N 118°43′52″W / 42.533779°N 118.731023°W / 42.533779; -118.731023 (Donner und Blitzen River source), roughly 80 miles (130 km) south-southeast of Burns and 11 miles (18 km) northwest of Alvord Lake and empties at 43°17′30″N 118°49′12″W / 43.291542°N 118.8199273°W / 43.291542; -118.8199273 (Donner und Blitzen River mouth) into Malheur Lake.^[3]^[1] Numerous nearby springs create its tributaries including South Fork Blitzen River,^[10] Little Blitzen River, Big Indian Creek, Little Indian Creek, Fish Creek, Mud Creek, and Ankle Creek. It collects these and runs north or northwest, descending rapidly to the plateau floor, then turns northward to Malheur Lake, which has no outlet. It does not pass through any cities, though it comes within 2 miles (3.2 km) of Frenchglen. Much of the river runs through what was once the P Ranch, one of the largest ranches in the west until the ranch was purchased by the United States Government in 1935.^[11]

The Blitzen is home to a native species of Great Basin Redband Trout amongst many other unique forms of flora and fauna. Over the last century, the fish population has decreased due to increased human activity in the surrounding areas.^[12] As part of the 2000 Steens Mountain Protection Act, congress and President Clinton signed off on the creation of the Donner und Blitzen Red Band Trout Reserve.^[13] The Reserve was designated “to conserve, protect, and enhance the Donner und Blitzen population of redband trout and the unique ecosystem of plants, fish, and wildlife of a river system.”^[14]

In 1988, 72.7 miles (117.0 km) of rivers in its basin were designated Wild and Scenic, and another 14.8 miles (23.8 km) were added in 2000.^[7] The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) lists seven temperature impairments on the river system.^[15] The maximum recorded flow of 4,270 cubic feet per second (121 m³/s) occurred on April 26, 1978, and was extrapolated from a calibrated value of 1,900 cu ft/s (54 m³/s). The minimum recorded flow 4.2 cu ft/s (0.12 m³/s) occurred December 9, 1972, caused by widespread freezing.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Donner und Blitzen River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0875952772.
^ ^a ^b Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates.
^ "Donner und Blitzen River". The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. Columbia University Press via Bartleby.com. 2000. Archived from the original on July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
^ National Resources Conservation Service (2006). "Donner und Blitzen – 17120003 8-Digit Hydrologic Unit Profile" (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 18, 2008.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b "Water-data report 2007: USGS 10396000 Donner und Blitzen River near Frenchglen, OR" (PDF). United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Wild and Scenic Rivers System". National Park System. January 7, 2005. Retrieved August 8, 2006.
^ Stefoff, Rebecca (1 September 2005). Oregon. Marshall Cavendish. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7614-2022-4.
^ Jouris, David (1994). All Over the Map: An Extraordinary Atlas of the United States. Ten Speed Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-89815-649-1. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
^ The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) lists source and mouth coordinates for the Donner und Blitzen River that include the South Fork as part of the main stem. In this article, Donner und Blitzen River refers to the full length of the river between those sets of coordinates.
^ Oster, Clarence A (2005). "Oregon Places: The P Ranch House Fire: An Eyewitness Account". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 106 (2): 284–293.
^ Anderson, Mathew. Migratory Life History of Redband Trout in the Donner und Blitzen River (Report). Oregon State University. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.482.9259.
^ Elwell; Philipp; Williams; Williams (June 2011). "Native Fish Conservation Areas: A Vision for Large-Scale Conservation of Native Fish Communities". Fisheries. 36 (6): 273. doi:10.1080/03632415.2011.582398.
^ "16 U.S. Code § 460nnn–72.Donner und Blitzen River Redband Trout Reserve". Retrieved 28 March 2020.
^ "Total Maximum Daily Loads (Section 303(d) List Fact Sheet) for Watershed Donner und Blitzen". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Retrieved August 8, 2006.
^ "National Water Systems Information Interface". USGS. Retrieved August 8, 2006.