Doggystyle is the debut studio album by American rapper Snoop Doggy Dogg. It was released on November 23, 1993, by Death Row and Interscope Records. The album was recorded and produced following the D-O Double G's appearances on Dr. Dre's debut solo album The Chronic (1992), to which Snoop contributed significantly. The West Coast style in hip-hop that he developed from Dre's first album continued on Doggystyle.[1] Critics have praised Snoop Dogg for the lyrical "realism" that he delivers on the album and for his distinctive vocal flow.[1][2]
Despite some mixed criticism of the album initially upon its release, Doggystyle earned recognition from many music critics as one of the most significant albums of the 1990s, as well as one of the most important hip-hop albums ever released.[3][4] Much like The Chronic, the distinctive sounds of Doggystyle helped introduce the hip-hop subgenre of G-funk to a mainstream audience, bringing forward West Coast hip-hop as a dominant force in the early-mid 1990s.[1][5]
Doggystyle debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 806,858 copies in its first week alone in the United States, which was the record for a debuting artist and the fastest-selling hip-hop album ever at the time. Doggystyle was included on The Source magazine's list of the 100 Best Rap Albums, as well as Rolling Stone magazine's list of Essential Recordings of the '90s.[citation needed]About.com placed the album in No. 17 of the greatest hip hop/rap albums of all time.[6] The album was certified 4× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). By November 2015, the album had sold 7 million copies in the United States, and over 11 million copies worldwide.[7][8][9]
Conception
Background
In 1992, Snoop Dogg came to attention of the music industry through his vocal contributions on Dr. Dre's The Chronic. That album is considered to have "transformed the entire sound of West Coast rap" by its development of what later became known as the "G-funk" sound.[5]The Chronic expanded gangsta rap with profanity, anti-authoritarian lyrics and multi-layered samples taken from 1970's P-Funk records.[5] Snoop Doggy Dogg contributed vocals to Dre's solo single, "Deep Cover", which led to a high degree of anticipation among hip hop for the release of his own solo album.[2]
Doggystyle and The Chronic are associated with each other mainly because each prominently featured Snoop Dogg and because both contain G-funk style production from Dr. Dre. The two releases are linked by the high number of vocal contributions from Death Row Records artists, including Tha Dogg Pound, RBX, The Lady of Rage,[10] while both contain a high density of misogyny and profanity in their lyrics.[11] In addition, the two albums are each viewed by critics as early "G-funk classics", and have been described as "joined at the hip". 'Doggystyle' also marked the debut of Death Row vocalist, Nanci Fletcher - the daughter of jazz legend Sam Fletcher.[1][11]
Gangsta rap has been criticized for its extreme lyrics, which are often accused of glamorizing gang violence and black-on-black crime. The Gangsta rappers responded that they were simply describing the realities of life in places such as Compton, California, and Long Beach, California.[12][13] Describing Doggystyle in 1993, Snoop Doggy Dogg likewise points to the album's realism, and the extent to which it is based on his personal experience. He said, "I can't rap about something I don't know. You'll never hear me rapping about no bachelor's degree. It's only what I know and that's that street life. It's all everyday life, reality."[14] Explaining his intentions, Snoop Doggy Dogg claims he feels he is a role model to many young black men, and that his songs are designed to relate to their concerns. "For little kids growing up in the ghettos," he said, "it's easy to get into the wrong types of things, especially gangbanging and selling drugs. I've seen what that was like, and I don't glorify it, but I don't preach. I bring it to them rather than have them go find out about it for themselves."[14] He further explained the "dream" that he would pursue after making the album: "I'm going to try to eliminate the gang violence. I'll be on a mission for peace. I know I have a lot of power. I know if I say, 'Don't kill', niggas won't kill".[14]
Recording
Snoop Dogg (formerly known as Snoop Doggy Dogg) (pictured in 2005) wrote the majority of Doggystyle while in the studio.
Doggystyle was recorded in early 1993 at Death Row Studios. It was produced in a style similar to The Chronic; some critics called it a "carbon copy".[2] Snoop Doggy Dogg collaborated with two music groups, 213 and Tha Dogg Pound. Daz Dillinger, of the latter group, accused Dr. Dre of taking sole recognition for producing the album and alleged that Warren G and himself contributed substantially to the production of the project.[15] Death Row Records co-founder Marion "Suge" Knight stated in 2013 that, "Daz pretty much did the whole album", and that credit was signed over to Dr. Dre for a fee.[16] Snoop Doggy Dogg said Dr. Dre was capable of making beats without the help of collaborators and addressed the issues with Warren G and Daz, stating "They made beats, Dre produced that record". He discussed the track "Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)", mentioning that Daz and Warren G brought Dr. Dre the beat but "Dre took that muthafucka to the next level!"[17] Bruce Williams, closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, discussed the recording process during Dre's time at Death Row Records, stating:
Dre's going to be the first one in the studio and the last one to leave. He'll start messing with a beat. As the beat starts pumping, the guys start filtering in. Everybody will get their little drink and smoke in. Soon enough, the beat starts to make a presence. You'll look around the room and every cat that was a rapper – from Kurupt to Daz to Snoop – will grab a pen. They would start writing while Dre is making a beat so by the time he's finished with the beat, they are ready to hit the booth and start spittin'. To see those young cats – they were all hungry and wanted to make something dope. The atmosphere that was there, you couldn't be wack.[18]
Williams said the album was never finished and because of the demand for the record, the distributors insisted the album be completed, otherwise they would cancel the album's orders. This resulted in Dr. Dre mixing the album and inserting the skits within 48 hours, which enabled the album to be released.[18]Rolling Stone writer Jonathan Gold described how Dr. Dre produced a beat from scratch to complete instrumental: "Dre may find something he likes from an old drum break, loop it and gradually replace each part with a better tom-tom sound, a kick-drum sound he adores, until the beat bears the same relationship to the original that the Incredible Hulk does to Bill Bixby".[19] Gold also described how the track progressed with other musicians adding to the song, stating "A bass player wanders in, unpacks his instrument and pops a funky two-note bass line over the beat, then leaves to watch CNN, though his two notes keep looping into infinity. A smiling guy in a striped jersey plays a nasty one-fingered melody on an old Minimoog synthesizer that's been obsolete since 1982, and Dre scratches in a sort of surfadelic munching noise, and then from his well-stocked Akai MPC60 samples comes a shriek, a spare piano chord, an ejaculation from the first Beastie'srecord—'Let me clear my throat'—and the many-layered groove is happening, bumping, breathing, almost loud enough to see."[19]
While recording Doggystyle with Dr. Dre in August 1993, Snoop Dogg was arrested in connection with the death of Phillip Woldermarian, a member of a rival gang who was shot and killed in a gang fight. According to the charges, the rapper's bodyguard shot Woldermarian as Snoop Dogg drove the vehicle; the rapper claimed it was self-defense, alleging the victim was stalking him. He spent most of 1995 preparing the case which went to trial in late 1995. He was cleared of all charges in February 1996 when he began working on his second album, Tha Doggfather.[2]
Title significance and artwork
The album's title alludes to the doggy stylesex position and is a reference to the musician's name. The artwork was done by the late artist Darryl "Joe Cool" Daniel, Snoop Dogg's cousin, who died in July 2024.[20] The artwork represents the themes covered in the album and the style of implementation of those ideas. Some critics believe the artwork portrays a woman merely as a hole to be filled by the man, which they believe adheres to the narcissistic and sexist lyrical themes Snoop Dogg covers.[21] In this interpretation, the cover art and lyrics convey what they refer to as the self-indulgent "gangsta" lifestyle, drugs, cars, sex, and money.[21] The artwork uses several quotes from the 1982 George Clinton single "Atomic Dog". The quotes come from the dogs at the top of the brick wall on the album cover, which say, "Why must I feel like dat?", "Why must I chase da cat?" and "Nuttin' but da dogg in me".[22]
Music
Production
Snoop collaborated with fellow hitmaker Dr. Dre (pictured in 2008) on the album production.
Dre's handling of the production was praised by critics. AllMusic writer Stephen Erlewine stated: "Dre realized that it wasn't time to push the limits of G-funk, and instead decided to deepen it musically, creating easy-rolling productions that have more layers than they appear". He added that the beats were "laid-back funky, continuing to resonate after many listens".[1]Rolling Stone writer Touré noted "The Chronic's slow, heavy beats were a sonic representation of angry depression as accurate as Cobain's feedback blasts; Doggystyle is leaner, with its high-tempo Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield-derived tracks". He went on to say that "Most of Dre's hooks and nearly all his beats refuse to linger, as if the songs themselves are nervous, fearful of exposure, restless to get offscreen."[23]Entertainment Weekly magazine's David Browne mentioned that "The mix of samples and live music on Dre's latest, The Chronic, gave it texture and depth, and he continues his knob-turning growth on Doggystyle, fluidly weaving together a gaggle of background singers and rappers, quirky samples, his trademark horror-flick keyboard lines".[24] The Source magazine columnist wrote: "Dre's brand of G-funk may be common now, but it is still painstakingly well-produced".[10]
In 2023, former Death Row CEO, Suge Knight, stated that Daz Dillinger had actually produced the album.[25]
Lyrics
Snoop Doggy Dogg's lyrics were generally praised by critics, although they caused some controversy. He was acclaimed for the realism in his rhymes and his harmonious flow.[1][2] AllMusic's Stephen Erlewine commended Snoop Doggy Dogg, saying: "he's one of hip-hop's greatest vocal stylists with this record" and he "takes his time, playing with the flow of his words, giving his rhymes a nearly melodic eloquence. Snoop is something special, with unpredictable turns of phrase, evocative imagery, and a distinctive, addictive flow".[1]Time magazine's Christopher John Farley noted "Snoop's rapping isn't flashy, but it is catchy" and stated "His relaxed vocal style is a perfect match for Dre's bass-heavy producing. Snoop's voice is lithe enough to snake its way around the big beats," said Farley on November 29, 1993.[26]
The ideas put forward through the lyrics include Snoop Doggy Dogg's adolescent urges, as he freely talks of casual sex, smoking marijuana and gunning down rival gang members. Time magazine remarked that the notions "are often unnecessarily graphic; at some points they're downright obscene" and that "the album would have been stronger if such misgivings about the criminal life, as well as Snoop's touches of introspection, had been applied to some of the cruder songs".[27] The album also covered gun play, drug dealing and pimping. The New York Times said that the lyrical concepts were delivered in "crudest, rudest terms".[28]
Some critics said Snoop Doggy Dogg was "obsessed with being a 'G', a gangster, a lawbreaker who smokes dope and kills with impunity" and that his lyrics depict the black-on-black crime in the inner-cities.[21] The lyrics involve many derogatory terms against women, with expressions such as "bitches" and "hoes" being used throughout, which illustrates the feeling of sexism and oppression within American society.[21] In certain tracks Snoop Doggy Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound casually speak of group sex, illustrating the demeaning of women.[29] Snoop Doggy Dogg's lyrics depict drugs, alcohol, sex, and money as methods of escape from oppression, but they also show an underside of the "gangsta" lifestyle and the results of following this lifestyle.[21] The lyrics' violent representations, including murder and aggressive behaviour, have also generated controversy. C. DeLores Tucker of the National Political Congress of Black Women named gangsta rap "a profane and obscene glorification of murder and rape", which can be attributed to Doggystyle.[29]
"Lodi Dodi" and "Murder Was the Case" were not official singles, but they received radio airplay and charted in Rhythmic Top 40.[34] An 18-minute music video was shot for the two songs, with an accompanying Murder Was the Case soundtrack.[36] The video won the 1995 Video of the Year award at The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards. "Gin and Juice" was nominated at the 37th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Rap Solo Performance. A bonus track, "Gz Up, Hoes Down", was included in the album's first pressing, but not in later versions because of sample clearance issues. Snoop Doggy Dogg could not gain the rights to use the beats because the record company was not willing to pay license fees for using the samples.[37] "Gz Up, Hoes Down" was later released on the Death Row compilation "15 Years on Death Row".
A track titled "Tha Next Episode" was listed as the last track on the back cover of the first pressings, but not included in any pressing. It is considered the original material used for the 2000 Dr. Dre single "The Next Episode" but bears no resemblance to the later song. It was 4 minutes and 36 seconds (4:36) long.[38] "Tha Next Episode" was later released on the Dr. Dre mixtape Pretox under the name "Chronic Unreleased Studio Session", but only 1:10 long. "Doggystyle" featuring George Clinton was a 5:26 long outtake from the album sessions. It is a singing melody with vocals dominating the song and it extensively samples "Oh I" by Funkadelic from their album The Electric Spanking of War Babies. Jewell & The Brides of Funkenstein are featured on the chorus.[38] The song was released on Death Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1 amongst other songs recorded by Snoop Doggy Dogg during his tenure at Death Row.
Legacy and influence
Hip-hop music
Doggystyle is seen by many hip hop pundits as a "classic".[39] It is credited with defining West Coast hip hop; shifting the emphasis to more melodious, synth-driven, and funk-induced beats. About.com stated during the period the album was released, "Gangsta rap never sounded so sweet." The album is credited for further establishment of the slurred "lazy drawl" that sacrificed lyrical complexity for clarity and rhythmiccadence on Doggystyle and The Chronic.[1][2] The album is considered one of the first G-funk albums, the style of which many rappers duplicated in later years.[1]
Hip-hop culture
It has been suggested by some writers and publications that Doggystyle has considerably affected African-American culture. Some publications have held the rap genre responsible for social problems such as sexual violence and sexism, which has been blamed on Snoop Doggy Dogg and other rappers for calling their controversial lyrics "keeping it real."[40] The problems of sexual violence and sexism are attributed to lyrics degrading women such as "bitches" and "ho's," which some believe have influenced black males.[21][41] Snoop Doggy Dogg and other hip hop artists, including N.W.A, especially Eazy-E, Dr. Dre and Ice Cube (due to their success) and 2Pac, have been held accountable for developing the gangsta rap form; a genre which articulated the rage of the urban underclass and its sense of intense oppression and defiant rebellion,[21] which has been attained through the ability to communicate free of censorship, and has allowed hip hop culture to become a dominant style and ethos throughout the world.[21]Mariah Carey sampled the song "Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)" in her 1999 album Rainbow for the remix of Heartbreaker which featured Missy Elliott and Da Brat.
The writers of Enculturation, Steven Best and Douglas Kellner, have noted that Snoop Doggy Dogg and other rappers only condemn violence when it is directed against them, otherwise "they celebrate it, internalize it, and embrace it as an ethos and means of self expression," which some believe has an effect on the black-on-black crime.[21] The release of music videos from Doggystyle and The Chronic has enabled the artists to add visual illustrations to their lyrics, which generally involve Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg driving around South Central Los Angeles in a lowrider (a vehicle with lowered suspension). This imagery of the "gangsta lifestyle" is thought to have influenced young black males into trying to live the same lifestyle and it is also noted by T. Denean, writer of Pimps Up, Ho's Down: Hip Hop's Hold on Young Black Women, that the videos highlight the representation of class, race and Black masculinity within contemporary urban America.[42]
Subsequent work
Doggystyle is generally considered Snoop Dogg's best album, in addition to being his highest charting and best-selling album as his later albums were certified double Platinum, Platinum or Gold although Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told was certified double Platinum making it his second best selling album and also his only other one to be certified multi Platinum.[2][43][44][45]
It differs from following albums as his later work featured production from multiple individuals, such as The Neptunes, Timbaland and Daz Dillinger, with reduced input from Dr. Dre, which shows a shift from G-funk production.[2] Snoop Doggy Dogg's follow-up album, Tha Doggfather (1996), did not involve Dr. Dre, as he left Death Row Records. As a result, DJ Pooh was the main beat-maker for the album. Tha Doggfather followed the methods of a G-funk record and initially sold well, but received mixed reviews and failed to produce a major hit single.[2] In 1998, Snoop Dogg left Death Row and joined No Limit Records, changing his stage name from Snoop Doggy Dogg to Snoop Dogg. During his tenure at the label, he continued several of the themes from Doggystyle with follow-ups to earlier songs, such as "Gin & Juice II" (1998) and "Snoop Dogg (What's My Name II)" (2000).[46]
Subsequent studio albums such as Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss (2002) and R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece (2004) exhibited a more mainstream, pop-oriented theme with new sounds, but remained "hardcore throughout" and featured "plenty of street and commercial appeal".[46] These releases included three hit singles, "Beautiful", "Drop It Like It's Hot" and "Signs". Snoop Dogg was credited for returning to his G-funk roots in 2006, which was established with his eighth studio album, Tha Blue Carpet Treatment (2006).[2] The album was noted for being a "hard and very G-Funk record".[2]
In March 2022, Doggystyle and other Death Row albums were removed from all streaming platforms.[47]
In October 2022, Snoop announced a spiritual sequel of the album, Missionary, also produced by Dr. Dre. The album was released by Death Row Records and Dr. Dre's label, Aftermath, on December 13, 2024.[48]
On March 10, 2023, Doggystyle and many other Death Row releases were brought back to streaming services.[49]
Doggystyle was released to widespread critical acclaim. Rolling Stone writer Touré mentioned "Doggystyle is filled with verbal and vocal feats that meet its high expectations. It speeds through 55 minutes of constant talk as if on a suicide hot line".[23]David Browne of Entertainment Weekly noted "It is the most limber, low-rider gangsta album to date" and went on to say "Doggystyle is a grim, bleak-faced record. It's set in a dead-end, no-tomorrow world of cheap thrills".[24]Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated "Doggystyle and The Chronic stand proudly together as the twin pinnacles of West Coast G-funk hip-hop of the early '90s"[1]Stylus magazine presented "The Chronic vs. Doggystyle" article, and stated a strong point of Doggystyle compared to Dre's album was its follow-up singles and that "some of the album tracks are more famous than the singles".[11]
Vibe magazine expressed that "Snoop is no ordinary gangsta; that's impossible for an artist this playful. On his debut, with Dre riding shotgun anthems abound as often as gin-soaked debauchery".[57]The Source magazine gave the album a 4/5 mic rating. It said Snoop Doggy Dogg emerged as a rapper who lived up to all the advance hype which came from his work on The Chronic, and discussed songs on the record, stating "If 'Murder Was The Case' is a stroke of near genius, then 'Lodi Dodi' is an example of total genius."[10]NME magazine called the lead single "a pinnacle he conquered effortlessly" and went on to name the record a "benchmark album".[58]
The album also received some negative criticism. Erlewine mentioned the album did not "surprise or offer anything that wasn't already on The Chronic".[1] Christopher John Farley noted Snoop Doggy Dogg had little examination over his emotions and feelings.[27] David Browne spoke of "Ain't No Fun", stating it was an example of how "musically artful, yet lyrically repellent, this album can be" and went on to say, "It's easy to be impressed one moment and appalled the next".[24] Renowned rock critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "dud" rating,[59] which signifies "a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought. At the upper level it may merely be overrated, disappointing, or dull. Down below it may be contemptible."[60]Q'sDanny Kelly observed: "Snoop Doggy Dogg's record is more or less a 19-track homage to/gleeful rip off of George Clinton's 'Atomic Dog' ... It's inclined to become a touch unimaginative; a tad, let's be honest, dull ... And the sleeve competes with The Waterboys' Dream Harder and Billy Joel's River of Dreams as the worst attached to a recent release."[61]
Despite the initial mixed criticism, critical perception of the album later improved, as Doggystyle has earned several accolades and rankings on critics' "best album" lists.[citation needed] A review of the album's reissue upped Q's rating from three to four stars out of five. "A modern classic," observed reviewer Tom Doyle.[55] In 2020, "Doggystyle" placed 340 in Rolling Stone's Top 500 Albums of All Time. The album was also placed at number 84 on Apple Music's 100 Best Albums list in 2024.[62]
Doggystyle debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, powered by spectacular first week sales of 806,000 copies.[65] In the second week Doggystyle remained at the top of the Billboard 200, selling 378,000 copies.[66][67] In the third week the album dropped to number 2 on the chart, selling 259,000.[68][69] In the fourth week the album dropped to number 3 on the Billboard 200, selling 297,000 copies.[70][71] In the fifth week the album remained number 3 on the Billboard 200, selling 407,000 copies.[72] In the sixth week the album returned to the top of the Billboard 200, selling 270,000 copies, marking Doggystyle's last week at the top of the chart to date.[72][73]Doggystyle topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart for five weeks.[44]
As of November 2015, the album had sold seven million copies in the United States, and over eleven million copies worldwide.[7]
It was certified four times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on May 31, 1994.[74] It is Snoop Doggy Dogg's most successful album; his following albums were certified single or double platinum.[75]Doggystyle first appeared on music charts in 1993, peaking on the Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums at No. 1.[43][44] It re-peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 in January 1994, when it was already certified three times platinum by the RIAA.[76] The record was mildly successful in Europe, reaching No. 18 in Sweden, No. 21 in Germany and No. 35 in Austria. It also peaked at No. 25 on the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand album chart.[77][78][79][80] At the end of 1994, the album was No. 3 on the Billboard Year-End Top Albums Chart and No. 1 on the Billboard Year-End Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart.[81][82] It re-entered the charts in 2003, peaking on the Ireland Albums Top 75 at No. 70.[83] As of September 2015[update], it had spent a total of 74 nonconsecutive weeks on the Billboard 200 album chart.[84]
"Gz Up, Hoes Down" was included on initial album pressings, but was subsequently omitted due to sample clearance issues. It was later included on the 2006 compilation, 15 Years on Death Row, as well as 30th anniversary vinyl and CD pressings.
2001 pressings and onwards condense the album's interludes with the proceeding tracks; totaling 13 tracks.
On the U.S. original release's back cover "Gz Up, Hoes Down" is erroneously listed after "Pump Pump" instead of immediately before.
Original pressings in Europe features track names for all interludes - the interlude track names listed above are taken from the said European release. "W Balls" was the only interlude listed on the original American release. All interludes, including "W Balls" were later omitted from all track listings.
The original pressings of the album, which contains "Gz Up, Hoes Down", list an outro track titled, "Tha Next Episode", but does not feature on any pressings of the album. A low-quality recording of the song later leaked online sometime in the late 2000s.
Cut tracks
"Tha Next Episode", produced by and featuring Dr. Dre, was listed on the track listing provided to retailers before the album's release, but does not feature on any pressings of the album. A similar instrumental (i.e., it used the same sample as its main melody) was later used for Warren G's track "Runnin' Wit No Breaks" from his 1994 debut album, Regulate...G Funk Era[85] Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre later recorded a track titled "The Next Episode" for Dre's second studio album, 2001, which is completely different from the original.
"The Root of All Evil (Outro)", featuring Teena Marie, was recorded during the album sessions but remained unreleased until its inclusion on the compilation album Death Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1. The instrumental was later significantly reworked and used for the remix of "California Love", by 2Pac featuring Dr. Dre.
"Every Single Day", featuring Kurupt, Jewell and Nate Dogg, was recorded during the album sessions, remaining unreleased until an alternate version was released on Tha Dogg Pound compilation album 2002.
^ ab"Archived copy". www.djluicidal.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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Set of phonetic symbols used for voice quality, such as to transcribe disordered speech Chart of the Voice Quality Symbols, as of 2016 Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) are a set of phonetic symbols used to transcribe disordered speech for what in speech pathology is known as voice quality. This phrase is usually synonymous with phonation in phonetics, but in speech pathology encompasses secondary articulation as well. VoQS symbols are normally combined with curly braces that span a section of spe...
Bahasa Rhaeto-RomanRaetian(diperdebatkan)PersebaranItalia, SwissPenggolonganbahasaIndo-EropaItalikRomanBaratGallo-RomanBahasa Rhaeto-RomanKode bahasaGlottolognoneLokasi penuturan Portal Bahasa L • B • PWBantuan penggunaan templat ini Bahasa Rhaeto-Roman, Bahasa Rheto-Roman, atau Bahasa Raetia, ialah subrumpun bahasa tradisional dari bahasa Roman yang dituturkan di sebelah utara dan timur laut Italia dan di Swiss. Nama Rhaeto-Roman mengacu kepada bekas Provinsi Romawi di Rae...
هاستينغس الإحداثيات 40°35′21″N 98°23′30″W / 40.589166666667°N 98.391666666667°W / 40.589166666667; -98.391666666667 تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[1][2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة آدمز عاصمة لـ مقاطعة آدمز خصائص جغرافية المساحة 37.629585 كيلومتر مربع35.375786 كيلومتر م...
Spanish politician (born 1968) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (April 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translat...
Italian fantasy comics series This article is about the comics series. For the animated version of this series, see W.I.T.C.H. (TV series). For the video game adaptation, see W.I.T.C.H. (video game). For feminist group, see Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell. For other uses, see Witch (disambiguation). W.I.T.C.H.Promotional poster featuring the five members of the current generation of Guardians of the Veil, with leader Will holding the mystical Heart of KandrakarPublication...
Michael Jackson: Unauthorized AuthorChristopher AndersenPublisherSimon & SchusterPages384ISBN0-671-89239-8 Michael Jackson: Unauthorized in a 1994 biography of the late pop star Michael Jackson, written by celebrity biographer Christopher Andersen. Development According to Andersen, work started on the book in early 1991 when he received a call from a fellow journalist, who told him that two workers at Jackson's Neverland Ranch allegedly witnessed Jackson fondling a young celebrity. Ander...
For the cyanide antidote, see 4-Dimethylaminophenol. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine Names IUPAC names N,N-Dimethylpyridin-4-amineDimethyl(pyridin-4-yl)azaneDimethyl(pyridin-4-yl)amine Preferred IUPAC name N,N-Dimethylpyridin-4-amine Other names 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridineN,N-Dimethyl-4-aminopyridineDMAP4-Dimethylaminopyridine4-(Dimethylamino)azineN,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazine4-(Dimethylamino)azabenzeneN,N-Dimethyl-4-aminoazabenzene Identifiers CAS Number 1122-58-3 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image...
1990 video game 1990 video gameFinal BlasterCover artDeveloper(s)NovaPublisher(s)NamcoSeriesBosconianPlatform(s)PC-EngineReleaseJP: September 28, 1990Genre(s)Scrolling shooterMode(s)Single-player Final Blaster[a] is a 1990 vertically scrolling shooter developed by Nova and published by Namco for the PC-Engine. Controlling the Blaster Mark II Phoenix starfighter, the player is tasked with wiping out the Bosconian alien race before they destroy Earth. Gameplay involves shooting down ene...
Akhir Di Antara Kita Sampul edisi IndonesiaPengarangColleen HooverNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaInggrisGenreRomanLatar tempat/waktuBostonPenerbitAtria BooksTanggal terbit2 Agustus, 2016Jenis mediaPrint (paperback)Halaman376ISBNISBN 978-1-5011-1036-8 (First edition)OCLC928481387Desimal Dewey813/.6LCCPS3608.O623 I84 2016Diikuti olehIt Starts with Us Akhir Di Antara Kita adalah sebuah novel romansa karya Colleen Hoover, yang diterbitkan oleh Atria Books pada tahun 201...
Building on the Southern Illinois University Carbondale campus Faner HallGeneral informationTypeEducationalArchitectural styleBrutalist architectureLocationSouthern Illinois University CarbondaleAddress1000 Faner DriveCarbondale, Illinois 62901Coordinates37°42′54″N 89°13′08″W / 37.715°N 89.219°W / 37.715; -89.219Current tenantsSIUC College of Liberal ArtsUniversity MuseumCompleted1974[1]Cost$12.75 millionOwnerSouthern Illinois University CarbondaleD...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Manapad – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Village in Tamil Nadu, IndiaManapad ManavaivillageManapadLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaShow map of Tamil NaduManapadManapad (India)Show map o...
