The Diadochi fought over and carved up Alexander's empire into several kingdoms after his death, a legacy which reigned on and continued the influence of ancient Greek culture abroad for over 300 more years. This map depicts the kingdoms of the Diadochi c. 301 BC, after the Battle of Ipsus. The five kingdoms of the Diadochi were:
In ancient Greek, diadochos[3] is a noun (substantive or adjective) formed from the verb, diadechesthai, "succeed to,"[4] a compound of dia- and dechesthai, "receive."[5] The word-set descends straightforwardly from Indo-European *dek-, "receive", the substantive forms being from the o-grade, *dok-.[6] Some important English reflexes are dogma, "a received teaching," decent, "fit to be received," paradox, "against that which is received." The prefix dia- changes the meaning slightly to add a social expectation to the received. The diadochos, being a successor in command or any other office, expects to receive that office.
Basileus
It was exactly this expectation that contributed to strife in the Alexandrine and Hellenistic Ages, beginning with Alexander. Philip had married a woman who changed her name to Olympias to honor the coincidence of Philip's victory in the Olympic Games and Alexander's birth, an act that suggests love may have been a motive as well. Macedon's chief office was the basileia, or monarchy, the chief officer being the basileus, now the signatory title of Philip. Their son and heir, Alexander, was raised with care, being educated by select prominent philosophers. Philip is said to have wept for joy when Alexander performed a feat of which no one else was capable, taming the wild horse, Bucephalus, at his first attempt in front of a skeptical audience including the king. Amidst the cheering onlookers Philip swore that Macedonia was not large enough for Alexander.[7]
Philip built Macedonia into the leading military state of the Balkans. He had acquired his expertise fighting for Thebes and Greek freedom under his patron, Epaminondas. When Alexander was a teenager, Philip was planning a military solution to the contention with the Persian Empire. In the opening campaign against Byzantium he made Alexander "regent" (kurios) in his absence. Alexander used every opportunity to further his father's victories, expecting that he would be a part of them. At the report of each of Philip's victories, Alexander was said to lament that his father would leave him nothing of note to do.[citation needed]
There was a source of disaffection, however. Plutarch reports that Alexander and his mother bitterly reproached him for his numerous affairs among the women of his court.[8] Philip then fell in love and married a young woman, Cleopatra, when he was too old for marriage. (Macedonian kings traditionally had multiple wives.) Alexander was at the wedding banquet when Attalus, Cleopatra's uncle, made a remark that seemed inappropriate to him. He asked the Macedonians to pray for an "heir to the kingship" (diadochon tes basileias). Rising to his feet Alexander shouted, using the royal "we," "Do we seem like bastards (nothoi) to you, evil-minded man?" and threw a cup at him.[citation needed] The inebriated Philip, rising to his feet and drawing his sword to defend Attalus, promptly fell. Making a comment that the man who was preparing to cross from Europe to Asia could not cross from one couch to another, Alexander departed, to escort his mother to her native Epirus and to wait himself in Illyria. Not long after, prompted by Demaratus the Corinthian to mend the dissension in his house, Philip sent Demaratus to bring Alexander home. The expectation by virtue of which Alexander was diadochos was that as the son of Philip, he would inherit Philip's throne.
In 336 BC Philip was assassinated, and the 20-year-old Alexander "received the kingship" (parelabe ten basileian).[9] In the same year Darius succeeded to the throne of Persia as Šâhe Šâhân, "King of Kings," which the Greeks understood as "Great King." The role of the Macedonian basileus was changing fast. Alexander's army was already multinational. Alexander was acquiring dominion over state after state. His presence on the battlefield seemed to ensure immediate victory.
When Alexander the Great died on June 10, 323 BC, he left behind a huge empire which comprised many essentially independent territories. Alexander's empire stretched from his homeland of Macedon itself, along with the Greek city-states that his father had subdued, to Bactria and parts of India in the east. It included parts of the present day Balkans, Anatolia, the Levant, Egypt, Babylonia, and most of the former Achaemenid Empire, except for some lands the Achaemenids formerly held in Central Asia.
Successors
The hetairoi (Ancient Greek: ἑταῖροι), or companion cavalry, added flexibility to the ancient Macedonian army. The hetairoi were a special cavalry unit composed of general officers without fixed rank, whom Alexander could assign where needed. They were typically from the nobility; many were related to Alexander. A parallel flexible structure in the Achaemenid army facilitated combined units.
Staff meetings to adjust command structure were nearly a daily event in Alexander's army. They created an ongoing expectation among the hetairoi of receiving an important and powerful command, if only for a short term. At the moment of Alexander's death, all possibilities were suddenly suspended. The hetairoi vanished with Alexander, to be replaced instantaneously by the Diadochi, men who knew where they had stood, but not where they would stand now. As there had been no definite ranks or positions of hetairoi, there were no ranks of Diadochi. They expected appointments, but without Alexander they would have to make their own.
For purposes of this presentation, the Diadochi are grouped by their rank and social standing at the time of Alexander's death. These were their initial positions as Diadochi.
Craterus was an infantry and naval commander under Alexander during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire. After the revolt of his army at Opis on the Tigris in 324, Alexander ordered Craterus to command the veterans as they returned home to Macedonia. Antipater, commander of Alexander's forces in Greece and regent of the Macedonian throne in Alexander's absence, would lead a force of fresh troops back to Persia to join Alexander while Craterus would become regent in his place. When Craterus arrived at Cilicia in 323 BC, news reached him of Alexander's death. Though his distance from Babylon prevented him from participating in the distribution of power, Craterus hastened to Macedonia to assume the protection of Alexander's family. The news of Alexander's death caused the Greeks to rebel in the Lamian War. Craterus and Antipater defeated the rebellion in 322 BC. Despite his absence, the generals gathered at Babylon confirmed Craterus as Guardian of the Royal Family. However, with the royal family in Babylon, the Regent Perdiccas assumed this responsibility until the royal household could return to Macedonia.
Antipater was an adviser to King Philip II, Alexander's father, a role he continued under Alexander. When Alexander left Macedon to conquer Persia in 334 BC, Antipater was named Regent of Macedon and General of Greece in Alexander's absence. In 323 BC, Craterus was ordered by Alexander to march his veterans back to Macedon and assume Antipater's position while Antipater was to march to Persia with fresh troops. Alexander's death that year, however, prevented the order from being carried out. When Alexander's generals gathered at the Partition of Babylon to divide the empire between themselves, Antipater was confirmed as General of Greece while the roles of Regent of the Empire and Guardian of the Royal Family were given to Perdiccas and Craterus, respectively. Together, the three men formed the top ruling group of the empire.
Originally the Epigoni (/ɪˈpɪɡənaɪ/; from Ancient Greek: Ἐπίγονοι "offspring") were the sons of the Argive heroes who had fought in the first Theban war. In the 19th century the term was used to refer to the second generation of Diadochi rulers.
Without a clear successor, Alexander's generals quickly began to dispute the rule of his empire. The two contenders were Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus and his unborn child with Roxana. Meleager and the infantry supported Arrhidaeus while Perdiccas and the cavalry supported waiting until the birth of Roxana's child.
A compromise was arranged, with Arrhidaeus being crowned as Philip III. If Roxana's child was a son, they would rule jointly. Perdiccas was named Regent and Meleager as his lieutenant. Eventually, Roxana did give birth to Alexander's son, Alexander IV. However, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered and assumed full control.
Meanwhile, the news of Alexander's death had inspired a revolt in Greece, known as the Lamian War. Athens and other cities joined, ultimately besieging Antipater in the fortress of Lamia. Antipater was relieved by a force sent by Leonnatus, who was killed in action, but the war did not come to an end until Craterus's arrival with a fleet to defeat the Athenians at the Battle of Crannon on September 5, 322 BC. For a time, this brought an end to any resistance to Macedonian domination. Meanwhile, Peithon suppressed a revolt of Greek settlers in the eastern parts of the Empire, and Perdiccas and Eumenes subdued Cappadocia.
Soon, however, conflict broke out. Perdiccas' marriage to Alexander's sister Cleopatra led Antipater, Craterus, Antigonus, and Ptolemy to join in rebellion. The actual outbreak of war was initiated by Ptolemy's theft of Alexander's body and its transfer to Egypt. Although Eumenes defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, in a battle at which Craterus was killed, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes during an invasion of Egypt.
Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Partition of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia, to which was added Lycaonia. Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace, while the three murderers of Perdiccas—Seleucus, Peithon, and Antigenes—were given the provinces of Babylonia, Media, and Susiana respectively. Arrhidaeus, the former Regent, received Hellespontine Phrygia. Antigonus was charged with the task of rooting out Perdiccas's former supporter, Eumenes. In effect, Antipater retained for himself control of Europe, while Antigonus, as leader of the largest army east of the Hellespont, held a similar position in Asia.
Soon after the second partition, in 319 BC, Antipater died. Antipater had been one of the few remaining individuals with enough prestige to hold the empire together. After his death, war soon broke out again and the fragmentation of the empire began in earnest. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. A civil war soon broke out in Macedon and Greece between Polyperchon and Cassander, with the latter supported by Antigonus and Ptolemy. Polyperchon allied himself to Eumenes in Asia, but was driven from Macedonia by Cassander, and fled to Epirus with the infant king Alexander IV and his mother Roxana. In Epirus he joined forces with Olympias, Alexander's mother, and together they invaded Macedon again. They were met by an army commanded by King Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice, which immediately defected, leaving the king and Eurydice to Olympias's not so tender mercies, and they were killed (317 BC). Soon after, though, the tide turned, and Cassander was victorious, capturing and killing Olympias, and attaining control of Macedon, the boy king, and his mother.
The Wars of the Diadochi were a series of conflicts, fought between 322 and 275 BC, over the rule of Alexander's empire after his death.
In 310 BC Cassander secretly murdered Alexander IV and Roxana.
The Battle of Ipsus (301 BC)
The Battle of Ipsus at the end of the Fourth War of the Diadochi finalized the breakup of the unified Empire of Alexander. Antigonus I Monophthalmus and his son Demetrius I of Macedon were pitted against the coalition of three other companions of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia. Antigonus was killed, but his son Demetrius took a large part of Macedonia and continued his father's dynasty. After the death of Cassander and Lysimachus, following one another in fairly rapid succession, the Ptolemies and Seleucids controlled the vast majority of Alexander's former empire, with a much smaller segment controlled by the Antigonid dynasty until the 1st century.
Under the rule of its first three monarchs Ptolemy I Soter, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, and Ptolemy III Euergetes, Ptolemaic Egypt reached its zenith of power and prestige in its first eighty years of existence, while heading off a number of crises and challenges along the way. The reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–203 BC)is marked by historians as the beginning of the decline of Ptolemaic Egypt. However, the kingdom would persist for another 200 years.
The Ptolemaic rulers gradually embraced Egyptian traditions, such as sibling royal marriages, which the Ptolemaic dynasty frequently partook in. The cosmopolitan nature of Ptolemaic Egypt can be seen with the Rosetta Stone, an edict ordered by Ptolemy V Epiphanes (204–180 BC), would be written in three languages: Egyptian hieroglyphs, Coptic, and Greek. However, the Ptolemaic rulers' insistence on the incorporation of Greek influences into Egyptian society led to many peasant revolts and uprisings throughout the course of the kingdom's existence.
This division was to last for a century, before the Antigonid Kingdom finally fell to Rome, and the Seleucids were harried from Persia by the Parthians and forced by the Romans to relinquish control in Asia Minor. A rump Seleucid kingdom survived in Syria until finally conquered by Pompey in 64 BC. The Ptolemies lasted longer in Alexandria, though as a client under Rome. Egypt was finally annexed to Rome in 30 BC.
Historical uses as a title
Aulic
In the formal "court" titulature of the Hellenistic empires ruled by dynasties we know as Diadochs, the title was not customary for the Monarch, but has actually been proven to be the lowest in a system of official rank titles, known as Aulic titulature, conferred – ex officio or nominatim – to actual courtiers and as an honorary rank (for protocol) to various military and civilian officials. Notably in the Ptolemaic Kingdom, it was reported as the lowest aulic rank, under Philos, during the reign of Ptolemy V Epiphanes.
Modern concept
Diadochi (Διάδοχοι) is an ancient Greek word that currently modern scholars use to refer primarily to persons acting a role that existed only for a limited time period and within a limited geographic range. As there are no modern equivalents, it has been necessary to reconstruct the role from the ancient sources. There is no uniform agreement concerning exactly which historical persons fit the description, or the territorial range over which the role was in effect, or the calendar dates of the period. A certain basic meaning is included in all definitions, however.
The New Latin terminology was introduced by the historians of universal Greek history of the 19th century. Their comprehensive histories of ancient Greece typically covering from prehistory to the Roman Empire ran into many volumes. For example, George Grote in the first edition of History of Greece, 1846–1856, hardly mentions the Diadochi, except to say that they were kings who came after Alexander and Hellenized Asia. In the edition of 1869 he defines them as "great officers of Alexander, who after his death carved kingdoms for themselves out of his conquests."[10]
Grote cites no references for the use of Diadochi but his criticism of Johann Gustav Droysen gives him away. Droysen, "the modern inventor of Hellenistic history,"[11] not only defined "Hellenistic period" (hellenistische ... Zeit),[12] but in a further study of the "successors of Alexander" (nachfolger Alexanders) dated 1836, after Grote had begun work on his history, but ten years before publication of the first volume, divided it into two periods, "the age of the Diadochi," or "Diadochi Period" (die Zeit der Diodochen or Diadochenzeit), which ran from the death of Alexander to the end of the "Diadochi Wars" (Diadochenkämpfe, his term), about 278 BC, and the "Epigoni Period" (Epigonenzeit), which ran to about 220 BC.[13] He also called the Diadochi Period "the Diadochi War Period" (Zeit der Diadochenkämpfe). The Epigoni he defined as "Sons of the Diadochi" (Diadochensöhne). These were the second generation of Diadochi rulers.[14] In an 1843 work, "History of the Epigoni" (Geschichte der Epigonen) he details the kingdoms of the Epigoni, 280-239 BC. The only precise date is the first, the date of Alexander's death, June, 323 BC. It has never been in question.
Grote uses Droysen's terminology but gives him no credit for it. Instead he attacks Droysen's concept of Alexander planting Hellenism in eastern colonies:[15] "Plutarch states that Alexander founded more than seventy new cities in Asia. So large a number of them is neither verifiable nor probable, unless we either reckon up simple military posts or borrow from the list of foundations really established by his successors." He avoids Droysen's term in favor of the traditional "successor". In a long note he attacks Droysen's thesis as "altogether slender and unsatisfactory." Grote may have been right, but he ignores entirely Droysen's main thesis, that the concepts of "successors" and "sons of successors" were innovated and perpetuated by historians writing contemporaneously or nearly so with the period. Not enough evidence survives to prove it conclusively, but enough survives to win acceptance for Droysen as the founding father of Hellenistic history.
M. M. Austin localizes what he considers to be a problem with Grote's view. To Grote's assertion in the Preface to his work that the period "is of no interest in itself," but serves only to elucidate "the preceding centuries," Austin comments "Few nowadays would subscribe to this view."[11] If Grote was hoping to minimize Droysen by not giving him credit, he was mistaken, as Droysen's gradually became the majority model. By 1898 Adolf Holm incorporated a footnote describing and evaluating Droysen's arguments.[16] He describes the Diadochi and Epigoni as "powerful individuals."[17] The title of the volume on the topic, however, is The Graeco-Macedonian Age..., not Droysen's "Hellenistic".
Droysen's "Hellenistic" and "Diadochi Periods" are canonical today. A series of six (as of 2014) international symposia held at different universities 1997–2010 on the topics of the imperial Macedonians and their Diadochi have to a large degree solidified and internationalized Droysen's concepts. Each one grew out of the previous. Each published an assortment of papers read at the symposium.[18] The 2010 symposium, entitled "The Time of the Diadochi (323-281 BC)," held at the University of A Coruña, Spain, represents the current concepts and investigations. The term Diadochi as an adjective is being extended beyond its original use, such as "Diadochi Chronicle," which is nowhere identified as such, or Diadochi kingdoms, "the kingdoms that emerged," even past the Age of the Epigoni.[19]
^Carney, Elizabeth; Ogden, Daniel (2010). "Preface". Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^"Diadochi and Successor Kingdoms". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Greece and Rome. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010.
Sources
Anson, Edward (2014). Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors. MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Austin, M. M. (1994). The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman conquest: a selection of ancient sources in translation. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Grote, George (1869). A History of Greece: from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great. Vol. XI (New ed.). London, England: John Murray.
Holm, Adolf (1898) [1894]. The History of Greece from Its Commencement to the Close of the Independence of the Greek Nation. Vol. IV: The Graeco-Macedonian age, the period of the kings and the leagues, from the death of Alexander down to the incorporation of the last Macedonian monarchy in the Roman Empire. Translated by Clarke, Frederick. London; New York: Macmillan.
Shipley, Graham (2000). The Greek World After Alexander. Routledge History of the Ancient World. New York, NY: Routledge.
Walbank, F.W. (1984). "The Hellenistic World". The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VII. part I. Cambridge, England.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Republik Bolivaria VenezuelaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela (Spanyol) Bendera Lambang Semboyan: Dios y Federación (Indonesia: Tuhan dan Federasi)Lagu kebangsaan: Gloria al Bravo Pueblo (Indonesia: Kemuliaan bagi Rakyat Berani)Ibu kota(dan kota terbesar)Caracas10°30′N 66°58′W / 10.500°N 66.967°W / 10.500; -66.967Bahasa resmiSpanyolPemerintahanRepublik presidensial• Presiden Nicolás Maduro• Wakil Presiden Delcy Rodríguez LegislatifA...
Former Australian federal electoral division This article is about the Australian federal electorate. For the New South Wales state electorate, see Electoral district of Illawarra. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Division of Illawarra – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and...
Das Dekanat Tamsweg ist ein Dekanat der römisch-katholischen Erzdiözese Salzburg. Es umfasst den Lungau. Dechantsitz ist Tamsweg. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Pfarren mit Kirchengebäuden 2 Dekanat 3 Dechanten 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Pfarren mit Kirchengebäuden Pfarre Pfarrverband Seit Patrozinium Kirchengebäude Bild Lessach Lessach – Ramingstein – Seetal – Tamsweg – Thomatal – Unternberg bei Tamsweg 1813 Hl. Paulus Pfarrkirche Lessach Mariapfarr Mariapfarr – Mauterndorf – Twen...
Kordilleren-Eisschild maximale Ausdehnung des Glacial Lake Missoula (im Osten) und des Glacial Lake Columbia (im Westen) von den Missoula- und Columbia-Fluten überschwemmte Gebiete Lage des Glacial Lake Columbia Der Glacial Lake Columbia war der von einem Eisdamm am Columbia River gebildete Stausee; der Eisdamm stammte vom Okanogan-Lappen des Kordilleren-Eisschildes, als der Lappen während der Wisconsin-Vereisunga etwa 1.300 km² des Waterville-Plateau we...
Ten artykuł dotyczy planety. Zobacz też: inne znaczenia tego słowa. Wenus Planeta Wenus w naturalnych kolorach, sfotografowana przez sondę Mariner 10 Odkrywca nieznany; planeta znana w starożytności Charakterystyka orbity (J2000) Ciało centralne Słońce Półoś wielka 1,0821×1011 m0,72333199 au[1] Obwód orbity 6,80×1011 m4,545 au Mimośród 0,00677323[1] Perycentrum 107 476 002 km0,71843270 au Apocentrum 108 941 849 km0,72823128 au Okres orbitalny 224,701 d0,615 roku[1] Synodyczny...
Vengeur-class ship of the line For other ships with the same name, see HMS Blenheim. HMS Blenheim, c. 1855 History United Kingdom NameHMS Blenheim Ordered4 January 1808 BuilderDeptford Dockyard Laid downAugust 1808 Launched31 May 1813 FateBroken up, 1865 General characteristics [1] Class and typeVengeur-class ship of the line Tons burthen1747 tons bm Length176 ft (54 m) (gundeck) Beam47 ft 6 in (14.48 m) Depth of hold21 ft (6.4 m) PropulsionSails, 18...
Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data[1] Retroposons are repetitive DNA fragments which are inserted into chromosomes after they had been reverse transcribed from any RNA molecule. Difference between retroposons and retrotransposons In contrast to retrotransposons, retroposons never encode reverse transcriptase (RT) (but see below). Therefore, they are non-autonomous elements with regard to transposition activity (as opposed to transposons). Non-long terminal re...
Monument to the Heroes of the AirRomaniaFor To the Airmen Heroes of the World War IUnveiled21 July 1935LocationAviators' Square, Bucharest, RomaniaDesigned byIosif Fekete, Lidia KotzebuieEROILOR AERULUI The Monument to the Heroes of the Air (Romanian: Monumentul Eroilor Aerului), located in the Aviators' Square, on Aviators' Boulevard, Bucharest, Romania, was built between 1930 and 1935 by sculptors Lidia Kotzebue [ro] (1885–1944), and by Iosif Fekete [ro]. ...
Uang kertas Belanda 2,50 gulden (1927) Gulden Firenze tahun 1341Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Gulden – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Gulden (Belanda: gulden, bahasa Inggris: guilder) adalah mata uang Belan...
TransallTypeConsortiumIndustryAerospaceFoundedJanuary 1959[1]Area servedWorldwideProductsAircraftOwnersNord Aviation, Weser Flugzeugbau (VFW) and Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB) Transall (Transport Allianz) was a consortium created to design and manufacture the Transall C-160 military transport aircraft. Established in 1959, the company was initially a joint venture between Nord Aviation of France and Weser Flugzeugbau (WFB) and Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB) of Germany. It was later operate...
1982 novel The Red Dove First editionAuthorDerek LambertCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenreThrillerPublisherSphere BooksPublication date1982Media typePrint The Red Dove is a 1982 thriller novel by the British writer Derek Lambert.[1] References ^ Stone p.258 Bibliography Nancy-Stephanie Stone. A Reader's Guide to the Spy and Thriller Novel. G.K. Hall, 1997. This article about a thriller novel of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for ...
Charles II menandatangai kesepakatan dengan Prancis pada tahun 1670 Aliansi Tiga merupakan istilah yang digunakan untuk menyebut perjanjian persekutuan antara tiga negara untuk tujuan politik.[1][2] Aliansi ini disebut juga Aliansi Tri Sekutu.[2] Ada beberapa Aliansi Tiga yang cukup terkenal.[2] Misalnya pada tahun 1668, Inggris, Belanda dan Swedia bersekutu untuk melakukan usaha mengimbangi Prancis.[2] Prancis pada tahun tersebut mengalami kemajuan pes...
هذه المقالة عن إكس مان كرتون في مارفل كومكس. لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع إكس مان (توضيح). هذه المقالة عن إكس مان كرتون في مارفل كومكس. لسلسلة الأفلام التي تدعى بإكس مان، طالع إكس مان (سلسلة أفلام). الغرباء الرجال-إكس معلومات شخصية المواقع الموقع الموقع الرسمي تعديل �...
This picture shows the front entrance of the College SA offices. College SA is a Distance Learning Private and Business College, located in Tygervalley Bellville, South Africa. College SA offers Business, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)[1] to students, both in South Africa and internationally. History College SA was initially established in partnership with the Curro School Group, as Curro College in 2007. In 2008, the Curro School Partners sold their shares, an...
Systemic criticism of Tesla, Inc. and its products and leadership Protest against the building of a Tesla Gigafactory on February 22, 2020 This article is part of a series aboutElon Musk Awards and honors Views Filmography Companies Zip2 X.com PayPal SpaceX Starlink Tesla, Inc. Energycriticismlitigation OpenAI Neuralink The Boring Company Thud X Corp. Twitteracquisitiontenure as owner xAI In popular culture Elon Musk (Isaacson) Elon Musk (Vance) Ludicrous Power Play Members Only The Platonic ...
Private university in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Universityجامعة أبوظبيMottoKnowledge to achieve and wisdom to leadTypePrivate research universityEstablished25 June 2003; 20 years ago (25 June 2003)FounderAli bin Harmal DhaheriAccreditationCAAADEKAcademic affiliationWASCEQUIS AACSBSHRMRIBAChairmanAli bin Harmal DhaheriChancellorGhassan AouadAcademic staff145[1]Students8,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students[2][3]LocationKhal...
New Zealand rower Kerri WilliamsMNZMWilliams in 2022Personal informationBirth nameKerri Leigh GowlerBorn (1993-12-18) 18 December 1993 (age 29)Raetihi, New ZealandEducationNga Tawa Diocesan School[1]Height1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight76 kg (168 lb)[2]RelativeJackie Gowler (sister)SportCountryNew ZealandSportRowingEvent(s)Coxless pair, Coxless four, EightClubAramaho Wanganui Medal record Women's rowing Representing New Zealand Olympic Games ...
English physician George Oliver George Oliver (13 April 1841 – 27 December 1915) was an English physician. He was born in Middleton-in-Teesdale, County Durham, the second son of W. Oliver, a surgeon. He attended the boarding school in Gainford, Yorkshire and was then medically educated at University College, London and University College Hospital, where he qualified MB in 1865 and MD in 1873. He moved to Harrogate, Yorkshire and ran an extensive practice there from 1876 until his retirement...
