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State funeral of Richard Nixon
	Richard Nixon (left) in 1993 with then-president Bill Clinton (right), a year before his death.
Location	Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, Yorba Linda, California, U.S.
Organized by	President Bill Clinton
Participants	Gerald Ford; Jimmy Carter; Ronald Reagan; George H. W. Bush; Bill Clinton; Spiro Agnew; Bob Dole; Henry Kissinger; Pete Wilson; Sir Edward Heath (former UK Prime Minister); Zou Jiahua (Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China)

On April 22, 1994, Richard Nixon, the 37th president of the United States, died after suffering a significant stroke four days earlier, at the age of 81.

His state^[1] funeral followed five days later at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in his hometown of Yorba Linda, California. He was the first former president to die in 21 years since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973, while Nixon was president.

Nixon's wife, Pat, died on June 22, 1993. Just under ten months later, on April 18, 1994, Nixon had a cerebrovascular accident at his home in Park Ridge, New Jersey, and was taken to New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center.^[2] After an initial favorable prognosis, Nixon slipped into a deep coma and died four days later at the age of 81. His body was flown to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, Orange County, California, via SAM 27000, the presidential plane used as Air Force One while Nixon was in office.^[3] His body was transported to the Nixon Library and laid in repose. A public memorial service was held on April 27, attended by world dignitaries from 85 countries and all five living presidents of the United States, the first time that five U.S. presidents attended the funeral of another president.

Nixon's state funeral is unique among recent presidential state funerals in that, in accordance with his own wishes, none of the elements of the state ceremonies occurred in the nation's capital.^[4]^[5]

Death and tributes

Nixon suffered a significant stroke at his Park Ridge, New Jersey home, while preparing to eat dinner on Monday, April 18, 1994, at 5:45 p.m. EDT.^[6] An ambulance was called and he was taken to New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center. He was conscious but unable to speak, and his vision was impaired.^[7] It was determined that a blood clot resulting from his heart condition had formed in his left atrium (upper heart), then broke off and traveled to his brain. His condition was determined to be stable the following day,^[2] as he was alert but unable to speak or move his right arm and leg.^[6] Nixon's prognosis was hopeful, and he was moved from the intensive care unit into a private room. His condition worsened that Tuesday night, however, complicated by symptoms of cerebral edema, or swelling of the brain.^[6] Nixon's living will stipulated that he was not to be placed on a ventilator to sustain his life.^[6] On Thursday, April 21, Nixon quickly sank into a deep coma. The following night, he died at 9:08 p.m., April 22, 1994. He was 81 years old.^[6]^[7] His daughters, Tricia and Julie, were by his side.^[6] The Vander Plaat Funeral Home in Wyckoff, New Jersey handled the funeral arrangements for President Nixon, just as they did for his late wife.

U.S. President Bill Clinton announced Nixon's death in the White House Rose Garden and proclaimed a national day of mourning five days later. Clinton stated that Nixon was "a statesman who sought to build a lasting structure of peace" and praised his "desire to give something back to this world."^[6] Clinton said that he was "deeply grateful to President Nixon for his wise counsel."^[6] Tributes also came from former Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.^[6] Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, former South Dakota Senator George McGovern (who ran against Nixon in the 1972 election), former Senator Howard Baker, Senator Bob Dole, Senator John McCain and Senator Ted Kennedy also reflected on Nixon's death.^[6] Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad extended his condolences to Bill Clinton on the death of Nixon.^[8]

Events in California

Transportation to the Nixon Library

Following the news of Nixon's death, tributes were placed at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, California, the site of his birthplace.^[3] On April 26, the casket was placed into VC-137C SAM 27000, a member of the presidential fleet used as Air Force One while Nixon was in office, and flown from Stewart Air Force Base in Orange County, New York, to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, Orange County, California.^[9]^[3] The body was transported in a motorcade, by hearse, to the Nixon Library.

Lying in repose

Carried by eight military pallbearers representing all branches of the United States military, Nixon's body was placed in the library lobby and lay in repose from the afternoon of Tuesday, April 26 to the afternoon of Wednesday, April 27.^[3] Despite severe rain, police estimated that roughly 50,000 people waited in lines up to 18 hours to walk past the casket and pay their respects.^[3]

Funeral service

The funeral service was held on Wednesday, April 27, on the grounds of the Nixon Library. The service was attended by over 4,000 people, including family members, President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary, former Presidents and First Ladies George and Barbara Bush, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, and Gerald and Betty Ford.^[3] Former Vice President Spiro Agnew, who served with Nixon throughout most of his presidency, also attended along with former Vice President Dan Quayle. Former First Ladies Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and Lady Bird Johnson both did not attend due to illness (Onassis died three weeks later from non-Hodgkin lymphoma). A congressional delegation consisting of over one hundred members was present, and a foreign diplomatic corps of over two hundred.^[3] Other members of Nixon's administration who attended included Elliot Richardson, James R. Schlesinger, William P. Rogers, James Thomas Lynn, George W. Romney, Alexander Haig, Herbert Stein, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Other guests included Nixon's opponent in the 1972 election George McGovern, Charles Colson, who served time in prison due to his part in the Watergate Scandal, Robert Abplanalp, Bebe Rebozo, and California State Assembly Speaker Willie Brown.^[10]

International guests included:

United Nations: Secretary General of the United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali
People's Republic of China: Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China Zou Jiahua
Russia: Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Alexander Shokhin
Canada: Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada Lloyd Axworthy
United Kingdom: former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Edward Heath
France: former Foreign affairs Minister of France Jean-Bernard Raimond
Japan: former Prime Minister of Japan Toshiki Kaifu
Israel: former President of Israel Chaim Herzog

The service was officiated by the Reverend Billy Graham, a friend of Richard Nixon's, who called him "one of the most misunderstood men, and I think he was one of the greatest men of the century."^[6] Eulogies were delivered by Graham, Henry Kissinger, Senator Bob Dole, California Governor Pete Wilson and President Clinton.^[3] Dole could not hold back his tears at the end of his speech.^[11]

Following the service, Nixon was buried beside his wife; Pat had died on June 22, 1993. They are buried only steps away from Richard Nixon's birthplace and boyhood home.

His funeral also marked the last major public appearance of former President Ronald Reagan, whose Alzheimer's disease was announced later that year.^[12] Reagan would become the next former president to die, ten years later, on June 5, 2004.

References

^ William Cummings (2018-12-03). "From George Washington to George H.W. Bush: The history of presidential funerals". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
^ ^a ^b Perez-Pena, Richard (April 19, 1994). "Nixon 'Stable' After Stroke At His Home". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Funeral Services of President Nixon". Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ William Hamilton and Christine Spolar (April 28, 1994). "Richard Nixon's Long Journey Ends". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
^ Elisabeth Bumiller and Elizabeth Becker (June 8, 2004). "The 40th President: The Plans; Down to the Last Detail, a Reagan Style Funeral". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Weil, Martin and Eleanor Randolph (April 23, 1994). "Richard M. Nixon, 37th President, Dies". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ ^a ^b Black, Conrad (2007), p. 1051
^ "Dr M sends condolences to Clinton". New Straits Times. 1994-04-26.
^ "Nixon Funeral Departure from Stewart Air Base". C-Span. April 26, 1994.
^ Apple, R. W. Jr. (27 April 1994). "THE 37TH PRESIDENT: DIGNITARIES; List of Overseas Guests for Nixon's Funeral is Short". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ Bob Dole weeps at Nixon funeral on YouTube
^ "The American Experience | Reagan | Book Excerpt | Lou Cannon". PBS. 2003-07-11. Archived from the original on 2003-07-11. Retrieved 2022-09-14.