In architecture, a cupola (/ˈk(j)uːpələ/)[1] is a relatively small, usually dome-like structure on top of a building[2] often crowning a larger roof or dome.[3][4] Cupolas often serve as a roof lantern to admit light and air or as a lookout.
The word derives, via Italian, from lower Latin cupula (classical Latin cupella), from Ancient Greekκύπελλον (kúpellon) 'small cup' (Latin cupa), indicating a vault resembling an upside-down cup.[a]
The cylindrical drum underneath a larger cupola is called a tholobate.
Background
The cupola evolved during the Renaissance from the older oculus. Being weatherproof, the cupola was better suited to the wetter climates of northern Europe. [citation needed] The chhatri, seen in Indian architecture, fits the definition of a cupola when it is used atop a larger structure.[citation needed]
Cupolas can also appear as small buildings in their own right.
The square, dome-like segment of a North American railroad train caboose that contains the second-level or "angel" seats is also called a cupola.[7][8]
Interior of cupola ceiling in the old Synagogue of Győr, Hungary.
Ribbed cupola crowns the minaret of the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia.
Inside of Armenian Orthodox church cupola in Lviv, Ukraine.
View from the interior of the Cupola module on the International Space Station.
Trompe-l'œil painting of a cupola in a church in Northern Italy (Brivio)
The turret of a Japanese Type 91 Ha-Go light tank with its distinctive, bubble-shaped commander's cupola
On armoured vehicles
The term cupola can also refer to the protrusions atop an armoured fighting vehicle due to their distinctive dome-like appearance. They allow crew or personnel to observe, offering very good all round vision,[9] or even field weaponry, without being exposed to incoming fire. Later designs, however, became progressively flatter and less prominent as technology evolved to allow designers to reduce the profile of their vehicles.
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